CITY COLLEGE OF SAN JOSE DEL MONTE

Semester 2, A.Y. 2022-2023

BPA112: PHILIPPINE ADMINISTRATIVE THOUGHTS AND INSTITUTIONS

The Importance of Governance & Development and its Inter-relationship

WRITTEN REPORT
_________________________________________________

A Written Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Course BPA112: Philippine Administrative Thoughts and Institutions

Submitted by:
TYRON CALVIN JAY E. TAYAM

Submitted to:
Ivan Conrad
Professor

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Introduction

There are seven key concepts in Governance in Development which are the Good
Governance, State Capacity, Political Economy, Institutionalism, Public Choice, Participatory
Development, And Human Development. The relationship between governance and
development is complex and bidirectional. Good governance can facilitate development by
promoting the public good, transparency, accountability, participation and the rule of law.
Development can also enhance governance by creating more resources, opportunities and
demands for better institutions and policies. In this written report show the importance of
governance and Development and its inter relationship.

Governance: Foundation for Development

Governance refers to the mechanisms, processes, and institutions through which authority
is exercised in a society.
KEY CONCEPTS IN GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Good Governance: Good governance is characterized by accountability, transparency,
participation, and responsiveness. It is essential for sustainable development as it provides a
framework for decision-making, implementation, and evaluation of policies and programs.
2. State Capacity: State capacity refers to the ability of the state to effectively implement
policies and programs. It is essential for promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, and
improving social welfare.
3. Political Economy: Political economy refers to the interaction between politics and
economics. It explores how political institutions, policies, and processes affect economic
outcomes.
4. Institutionalism: Institutionalism is a theory that emphasizes the importance of
institutions in shaping economic and social outcomes. It argues that institutions can
promote economic
growth, reduce poverty, and improve social welfare.

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5. Public Choice Theory: Public choice theory is a theory that explores how individuals make
decisions in the public sphere. It argues that individuals act in their own self-interest, and
that this can lead to inefficient outcomes.
6. Participatory Development: Participatory development is an approach to development
that emphasizes the participation of local communities in decision-making processes. It aims
to empower communities and promote sustainable development.
7. Human Development: Human development is an approach to development that
emphasizes the importance of improving human well-being. It focuses on improving access
to basic services such as education, healthcare, and housing.

good governance creates an environment conducive to development by fostering stability,

rule of law, transparency, accountability, and inclusive policies. It encourages efficient use of
resources, enhances investor confidence, and prioritizes human development. While good
governance alone may not guarantee development, it sets the foundation upon which
sustainable and inclusive development can thrive.

Several countries around the world have experienced successful governance leading to
significant development outcomes. Here are a few examples:
Singapore: Singapore is often cited as one of the most successful examples of good
governance and rapid development. Its government has been known for its efficiency, low
corruption, and long-term planning. It transformed from a small, resource-poor nation into
a global financial and technological hub in a matter of decades.
South Korea: South Korea's rapid transformation from a war-torn nation into a global
economic powerhouse is often attributed to good governance. Government policies focused
on education, technology, and export-led growth have been key factors.
United Arab Emirates: The UAE, particularly Dubai, has experienced remarkable
development through effective governance. Its leadership has invested in infrastructure,
diversification of the economy, and promoting innovation and tourism.
New Zealand: New Zealand consistently ranks high in global governance and development
indices. It is known for its transparent and accountable government, strong social safety
nets, and high quality of life.
Canada: Canada is recognized for its stable political system, strong institutions, and high
standards of living. Its emphasis on inclusivity and diversity contributes to its success.

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These examples demonstrate that good governance, including factors like transparency, rule
of law, low corruption, and long-term planning can lead to significant development and
prosperity for a country and its people. Each of these countries has its unique approach to
governance, but they all share a commitment to the well-being of their citizens and long-
term sustainable development.
Development: Goals and Indicators
There are three dimensions of development:
Economic Dimension: the Economic Dimension of a development deals with the use of
limited resources. An economically sustainable system enables continuous output of goods
and services, avoiding sectorial inequalities that threaten agriculture and industrial
production, and ensuring sustainability in the effective management of a country's internal
and external debt.
Social Dimension: The social dimensions focus on development of peoples. A socially
sustainable system can ensure an adequate and equal distribution of social services such as
education and health care, gender equality, political responsibility and participation.
Environmental Dimension: The environmental dimensions imply the balance of biological
and physical systems. The aim is to enable ecosystems to adapt to changing conditions. An
environmentally sustainable system must develop from the exploitation of renewable
resource systems or environmental investment functions, keeping the resource base stable.
This system also includes the protection of biodiversity, atmospheric balance, and other
ecosystem elements that cannot be classified as economic resources.

Key Development Goals

Key development goals often focus on various aspects of human well-being. While there are
several development goals set by the UN Sustainable Development Organization, here are
some sustainable development goals set by the UN organization:
No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
No Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.
Good health and Well-being: Ensure and healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages.
Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all.
Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

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These are some among the 17 sustainable development goals set by the UN organization
and we hope their goals will achieve and all human being will be happy.

The indicators used to measure development progress used by United Nations is the Human
Development Index (HDI) as a summary measure for assessing long-term progress in three
basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a
decent standard of living. It provides a useful 'snap-shot' of a country's economic and social
development.

Inter-relationship between Governance and Development

Good governance can influence the development process by:
• Improving operational and process effectiveness/efficiency
• Improving project management and deliver
• More prudent regulatory compliance, financial and risk management
• Improving member and stakeholder/employee engagement and communication
flow
• Increasing agility to which an organization can deliver on its purpose and goals

Good governance is vital because it is only through good governance that a country can
create an environment conducive for development. Without good governance,
development may be much harder to achieve even if other favourable conditions exist. The
international community would be better served by pursuing reforms that directly advance
development, instead of a broad agenda that may have, at best, a small indirect impact.

Inclusive governance promotes sustainable development by ensuring that all members of

society have a voice in decision-making processes and access to resources and
opportunities.
Case Study 1: Singapore
Governance Factors:

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Strong Leadership: Singapore has had stable and visionary leadership since gaining
independence in 1965, with the People's Action Party (PAP) in power.
Effective Bureaucracy: The Singaporean government is known for its efficiency, low
corruption levels, and the ability to implement policies effectively.
Rule of Law: The country has a robust legal framework that upholds the rule of law and
enforces property rights.
Development Outcomes:
Economic Growth: Singapore transformed from a resource-poor nation into a global
financial and technological hub. Its per capita GDP is one of the highest in the world.
Education and Healthcare: The government invested significantly in education and
healthcare, leading to a highly skilled workforce and high life expectancy.
Infrastructure: Singapore boasts world-class infrastructure, including transportation,
housing, and public services.
Link to Governance:
Good governance in Singapore, characterized by political stability, low corruption, and
effective public administration, has been instrumental in achieving remarkable development
outcomes.
Transparent and accountable governance has attracted foreign investments and supported
economic growth.
Strategic long-term planning, such as the development of industries and education, has
further enhanced development prospects.

Case Study 2: Nigeria

Governance Factors:
Corruption: Nigeria has faced persistent issues of corruption, with corruption levels being
relatively high for years.
Political Instability: The country has experienced periods of political instability, including
military coups and political conflicts.
Weak Rule of Law: Enforcement of laws and protection of property rights have often been
inadequate.
Development Outcomes:

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Economic Challenges: Despite being rich in oil resources, Nigeria has struggled with
widespread poverty, income inequality, and limited economic diversification.
Health and Education: Health and education indicators lag behind, with low life expectancy
and literacy rates in some regions.
Infrastructure Gaps: Infrastructure development, including power supply and
transportation, faces challenges.
Link to Governance:
Weak governance, characterized by corruption and political instability, has hindered
Nigeria's development efforts.
The mismanagement of oil resources, often linked to corruption, has contributed to
economic challenges.
Inadequate public services and infrastructure development are linked to governance issues,
including inefficient resource allocation.

These case studies highlight how governance factors, including leadership, corruption levels,
and the rule of law, can have a profound impact on a country's development outcomes.
Good governance can foster economic growth, social progress, and infrastructure
development, while governance challenges can impede development and perpetuate
inequalities.

Challenges and Obstacles

Some of the challenges of good governance are:
• Corruption at various levels
• Centralization of power and authority
• Criminalization of politics
• Violations of human rights
• Weak legislators with criminal records, poor knowledge about development issues
and low level of education
• Poor people’s participation in development processes
• Less active civil society

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• Poorly empowered grassrots democratic institutions

• Excessive poverty, population growth and high unemployment
• High incidence of HIV/AIDS
• Improper utilization of natural resources
• Lack of proper utilizations of different democratic institutions

Sustainable development faces several barriers and challenges that hinder progress towards
achieving economic, social, and environmental sustainability. These barriers can vary in
complexity and impact, but they collectively pose significant challenges. Here are some key
barriers to sustainable development:

Short-Term Focus: Many individuals, organizations, and governments prioritize short-term

gains over long-term sustainability. This focus on immediate benefits can lead to decisions
that harm the environment or future generations.
Economic Pressures: Economic pressures, such as the pursuit of rapid economic growth or
profit maximization, can undermine sustainability efforts by neglecting environmental and
social considerations.
Lack of Education: A lack of awareness and education about sustainable practices can hinder
adoption. People may not understand the consequences of unsustainable behavior or know
how to make more sustainable choices.
Resource Depletion: Overexploitation of natural resources, including forests, fisheries, and
water sources, can deplete these resources faster than they can regenerate, leading to long-
term environmental degradation.
Climate Change: Climate change poses a significant barrier to sustainability. Rising
temperatures, extreme weather events, and sea-level rise can disrupt ecosystems,
economies, and societies.
Inequality: Economic and social inequalities can impede sustainable development efforts.
Unequal access to resources, education, and opportunities can exacerbate poverty and
environmental degradation.
Lack of Political Will: Political leaders may lack the will or commitment to enact and enforce
policies that prioritize sustainability. Short electoral cycles can discourage long-term
planning.

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Regulatory Gaps: Weak or ineffective regulations can fail to address unsustainable practices,
allowing them to persist and harm the environment and society.
Technological Challenges: Transitioning to more sustainable technologies and practices can
be costly and technologically challenging, making it difficult for industries and individuals to
adopt sustainable alternatives.
Global Interconnectedness: Actions in one part of the world can have far-reaching impacts
elsewhere. Global supply chains, for example, can lead to unsustainable resource extraction
and pollution in one country, affecting others.
Population Growth: Rapid population growth, particularly in areas with limited resources
and infrastructure, can strain ecosystems and make it challenging to provide basic services
sustainably.
Cultural and Behavioral Factors: Cultural norms and behaviors that prioritize consumption
and waste can be a barrier to sustainable living and production.
Political Conflicts: Ongoing political conflicts and instability can divert resources away from
sustainable development efforts and disrupt progress.
Lack of Data and Monitoring: Inadequate data collection and monitoring can hinder efforts
to track progress towards sustainability goals and make informed decisions.

Overcoming these barriers to sustainable development requires concerted efforts from

governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals. It often involves policy changes,
education and awareness campaigns, technological innovations, and international
cooperation to address global challenges like climate change and resource depletion.
Additionally, a shift in mindset towards long-term thinking and a commitment to balancing
economic, social, and environmental objectives is crucial for achieving sustainable
development.

So Transparency is fundamental element to get rid the corruption. Transparent governance

is critical for local governments and the populations they serve because corruption
undermines effective governance, causes resource misallocation, hurts public and private
sector development, and distorts public policy.

Role of Institutions and Policies

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Institutions are the backbone of governance and development. They create the framework
within which societies operate, influencing the distribution of resources, the protection of
rights, and the overall development trajectory of a nation. Effective and well-functioning
institutions are essential for sustainable and inclusive development.
Governments have to align national policies with the breadth and complexity of the SDGs
and must involve public and private parties in policy creation and implementation. In other
words, the achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals is heavily dependent on
effective governance.

countries have made significant improvements in governance through institutional reforms.

While the specific reforms and their outcomes vary, here are some examples:
Singapore: Singapore is known for its efficient and corruption-free governance. The
country's institutions, such as the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, have been
effective in combating corruption. Additionally, Singapore's focus on meritocracy and long-
term planning has contributed to its economic success and good governance.
Indonesia: Indonesia has undertaken significant reforms to combat corruption and improve
governance at various levels of government. Initiatives such as the establishment of the
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) have been successful in addressing corruption.
South Korea: South Korea's transformation from a war-torn nation to an economic
powerhouse involved extensive institutional reforms. These reforms focused on
governance, education, and industrial policies, contributing to the country's rapid
development.

These examples demonstrate that countries can make substantial progress in strengthening
governance by implementing a variety of institutional reforms, such as anti-corruption
programs, transparency initiatives, and political and economic reforms. Reforms that are
successful frequently necessitate strong leadership, public support, and a commitment to
long-term change.

International Perspectives

Numerous global initiatives and organizations work to promote good governance and
development worldwide. Here are some notable examples:

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United Nations (UN): The UN plays a central role in global governance and development
through various agencies and initiatives. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
established in 2015, are a prominent framework for addressing global challenges, including
poverty, inequality, and climate change.
World Bank: The World Bank provides financial and technical assistance to developing
countries for a wide range of projects, including infrastructure development, poverty
reduction, and institutional capacity building. It also conducts research on global
development issues.
UNICEF: UNICEF works to protect the rights of children and promote their well-being,
including access to education, healthcare, and protection from exploitation.
These programs and organizations are crucial in furthering global good governance and
sustainable development goals. They collaborate with governments, civic society, and other
stakeholders to address global concerns and promote people's well-being across the globe.
The roles of Foreign aid is the international transfer of capital, goods, or services from one
country to another for the benefit of the recipient country or its people. Aid can be
economic, military, or humanitarian (for example, aid given in the aftermath of natural
catastrophes). International cooperation is required to handle global development concerns
holistically. It supports to the promotion of sustainable development goals and the well-
being of people worldwide by encouraging collaboration, resource sharing, and knowledge
exchange across governments and organizations. However, in an increasingly linked world, it
also necessitates ongoing efforts to overcome hurdles and adapt to changing conditions.
Conclusion
In essence, good governance is a cornerstone of development. It provides the necessary
framework for stability, justice, transparency, and accountability, all of which are critical for
fostering economic growth, reducing poverty, and improving the quality of life for people in
both developed and developing nations.

IX. References
https://www.business.com.tm/post/8602/dimensions-of-development-of-country
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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%20End%20poverty%20in%20all%20its%20forms,education%20and%20promote
%20lifelong%20learning%20opportunities%20for%20all
https://sdgs.un.org/goals

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https://www.google.com/url?q=https://revisesociology.com/category/global-
development/indicators-of-development/
&sa=U&ved=2ahUKEwjo27mYy7iBAxVNs1YBHfVjB3MQFnoECAAQAw&usg=AOvVaw2ptJAnJ
xcSE77M9kMHU_SS
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://revisesociology.com/category/global-
development/indicators-of
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OvVaw2ptJAnJxcSE77M9kMHU_SS
https://article1000.com/challenges-good-governance/amp/
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%20a%20fundamental%20element%20of%20abolishing%20corruption.,and%20private
%20sector%20development%2C%20and%20distorts%20public%20policy.
https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/08/current-situation-nigeria#:~:text=A
%20weakening%20economy%2C%20rising%20insecurity%20and%20violent
%20conflicts,ahead%20of%20national%20and%20state%20elections%20in%202023.
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/PAP-06-2018-002/full/
html#:~:text=Singapore%E2%80%99s%20success%20can%20be%20attributed%20to
%20these%20five,and%20competitive%20compensation%3B%20and%20learning%20from
%20other%20countries.
https://www.good-governance.org.uk/publications/insights/good-governance-and-the-
sustainable-development-goals#:~:text=Governments%20have%20to%20align%20national
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https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/foreign-aid

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