UNIT 4 PHP FUNCTIONS nas hundreds of base functions and thousands more vi ns Besides Built-in PHP functions, we can create our own fncibae onan isa block of statements that can be used Fepeatedly in a program, A i function will not execute immediately when a page loads. A function spe executed by a call to the function. wil ye defined function inPHP + Auser defined function declaration starts with the word “function. + Afunction name can start with a letter or underscore (not anumber). + Function names are case-insensitive. syntax function functionName() { code to be executed; } Sample "; } Personal(“rahul”,1990); Personal(“sam”,1995); > OUTOUT Rahul born in 1990 Sam born in 1995, PHP Default Argument Value When designing your functions, it is often helpful to be able to assign eas default values for parameters that aren’t Passed - PHP does this for most Tey Of its functions, and it saves you having to pass in parameters most of the |, time if they are usually the same. To define your own default parameters for a function, simply add | Constant value you would like them set to after the variables, like this: Example sing PHP sing Using? output aiPal! ail paisonnt i runctions- Returning Values HP pr ie return statement immediately terminates the execution of itis called from within that function. To let a function retu : ve, use the return statement. 2 al ee ae = function square(snum) { return Snum * $num, } Output 16 Afunction can not return multiple values, but similar results can be obtained by returning an array. Variable Scope The scope of a variable is the context within which it is defined. For the most part all PHP variables only have a single scope. We can also introduce local scope inside user-defined function. Any variable used inside function is by default limited to the local function scope. ‘Argument Passing: Passing Arguments By References 7 i in We can pass a variable by reference to 2 function so the function ce Modify the variable. Example speci it the submission type Peclfles the destination an " = yf af ="hidden” name="form_submitted” value="1"/ ; vfs used to check whether the form has been scbnieee hidden OF not, ye pitting action attribute of the form specifies the submissi asses the data. The method attribute specifies the sub; te post method the form data to the server ion URL that mission type. f ilt in PHP super global arr: i i this is the buil gl ay variable that is used quessubmitted via HTTP POST method. ee qhe array variable can be accessed from any script in the program; it jasaglobal scope. this method is ideal when you do not want to display the form post vaesin the URL. good example of using post method is when submitting login details tothe server. Ithas the following syntax. HERE, "$ POST[...]” is the PHP array “Nariable_name’” is the URL variable name. *4P GET method is used to get a is Thisis the built in PHP super global array variable that sSsubmitted via HTTP GET method. + in the proeram® ‘ipt il ha The array variable can be accessed fro™ any scrip bal scope. ft RL. Thismethod displays the form values!” theU. deal for search engine forn It's idea the results. it ha: | orm action="http://localhost/course.php” method="get”>

Course name:

BCA BCom | | s/p> Hy | y the i mit button, When the user makes a selection and clicks the ESS z ith no Spa ser combine these elements in this order with no SP | , elements: | . * tf | oe word action nttp://localhos | e URL in quotes after the : | hese e following characters . hi A question mark (2) denoting that " Constitute a query string:Web Programming Wing mi ; al sign, and the match; ntrol name, an equal sig! ING val A form con ug (course=bca) mpersand (&) and the next NAME-VALUE pair (Submitese ny times as the server querystring-length limit allows. a Ee) cated TT | Ee aa [the browser thus constructs the URL string: — | | _etp://localhost/ course php?course =bca&Submit=Select | ~The get method of form handling offers one big advantage ucts an actual new and differentiable URL. ues this page. The result of forms Using The g the post method: It constr string. Users can now bookmark the post method is not bookmarkable. The get method is not suitable for logins because the username ang password are fully visible onscreen as well as potentially stored in the cen browser's memory as a visited page. Every get submission is recorded in the Web server log, data se included. Because the get method assigns data to a server environment variable, the length of the URLis limited. The post method Post is the preferred method of form submission today, such as adding information to a database. The form data set is included in the body of the form when it is forwarded to the processing agent (in this case, PHP). No visible change to the URL will result according to the different data submitted, The post method has these advantages: ° It is more secure than get because user-entered information ® never visible in the URL query string, in the server logs, precautions, such as always using the password HTMLinputN for Passwords, are taken) onscreen. There is a much larger limit on the amount of data thet con Passed (a couple of kilobytes rather than a couple of hat characters),anming using PHP ot “ nod has these disadvantages; c ot pe results at a given moment canny * she results should be expired by the eZ It if the user employs the Bac resu! k ot be bookmarked, ‘browser, ; utton t method can be incompatible with very & that an error wilh ms evisit the page which strip the form data as a security menturay firewall setups, 3eigd9 exficfd hg. pyp$ REQUEST Method REQUEST is a super global variable which is widel ne idely used to collect several predefined variables in PHP are “superglobals”, which means that they are always accessible, regardless of scope - and you can access them from any function, class or file without having to do anything special. the PHP superglobal variables are: 1. $GLOBALS 6. $_FILES 2 $_SERVER 7. $_ENV 3, $ REQUEST 8. $_COOKIE 4, $ POST 9. $_SESSION 5. $ GET The $_ REQUEST variable is a variable with the contents of $_GET and $PosT and $_COOKIE variables. Syntax ’ Output 7ning Using PHP es of word_count() © his function isused to display of the ‘ numt gt str_word_count(). This functionis alco yesot "Sin any speciie sl fi s fulin vali elds: ation of input gto str_word_count(string) pomple ‘i, output 1 ,_strrev() strrev() is used for reversing a string. You can use this function to get thereverse version of any string. Syntax strev(string) ample Output &moclew * Strpos() ithin @ Stipos() enables searching particular text ‘in : cage Matching the specific text in 2 na t “lfc position, ifnot found at all, the! Ue 3 ee —— Output 15 5. Str_replace() Beeaze Str_replace() is a built-in function, basically used for replacing specific text within a string. Syntax Str_replace(string to be replaced, text, string) Example Output Welcome to the Programming world 6. strtolower() Used to convert all string characters to lower case letters. 4 OUTPUT welcomeog using PHP sont t all string character ' convert rat | eed © ~ UPper case letters. ae ouppent welcome’ | ee tureut wwercoME upstel) resubstl) ful nction returns a part of a string yyntax a ir(string,start, length) parameter Description quired Specifies the string to return a part of string : Re art :Required. Specifies where to start in the string ‘fie | positive number - Start at a specified position in the string + Anegative number - Start at a specified position from the end of the string. + 0-Start at the first character in string length length :Optional. Specifies the length of the return ed string. Default siothe end of the string. * A positive number - parameter + Negative number - The len, string pe ifthe start parameter is a negative number and len ‘qual to start, length becomes 0. "s echosubstr(“Hello world”,3).”
echosubstr(“Hello world”, 7).
i The length to be returned from the start th to be returned from the end of the gth is less thanWeb Programming Using py Pp _ te ae | “echo “
oe ” fe (Hello world”,-1):"
"; Ilo world”,-10).”
"; echosubstr("Hello world’ -8)."
"; echosubstr(“Hello world”,-4).”
"; ae ative numb echosubste' echosubstr(“Hel | j/nee OUTPUT d ello world lo world orld d ello world lo world orld explode() Used to convert strings into an array variable Syntax explode ( $delimiter , $string ) delimiter : The boundary string Sst ‘welcome to the world of php programming.”; Print_r (explode(“ “Sstr)); > This will produce following result “ Array {[0]=> welcome (1) (d= pea =>to [2] => the [3] => world[4]=> of [7 10. stremp() Itis used to compare two stri i the? eranesereenial ings. If this function returns 0,orig USNS tle pes tax Vempi string sttiNB2) — stig getr2='hal’s | scnostremp(Sstrd, $str2);, 2 a output 0 ys. trim() ttused to remove the whitespaces and other characters syntax trim(string,charlist) string : It is used to specifies string to check charlist : It specifies which character to remove ”; echo trim($str,’php”); b OUTPUT Php programming t Programming | 2 acest | case Make the first character of a string value UPWeb Progranimiing Usin 180 tefirst) ng value lower case 13. Make the fil > OUTPUT rESPECT : include and require functions in php nctions that are used to put the contents of file containing PHP source code into another PHP file. These function are include() and Require(). These functions are ‘the'same if but they have one difference. The difference is that the include() function produces warning, but the script will continue execution, while the require() function produces awarning and fatal error i.e. the script will not continue execution. These are used to put the data of a file into another PHP file before In PHP, there are two fui two function: it is executed by the server. include() Function Theinclude() function is used to put data of one PHP file into another |, PHP file. If errors occur then theinclude() function produces a warning but does not stop the execution of the script i.e. the script will continue to execute. Home About us News qpnp inctudet "Tink php”); > Sho>cb>welcome efntml>, ere require() Fun e Require() function is also used to put d. ae pHpP file. Ifthere are any errors then eee S 4 awarning and a fatal error and stops the execution of the eee i ae J iptilleontinue to execute, ite cbody bgcolor="pink”> ch2>Welcome The difference between include and require arises when the file being included cannot be found: include will emit a warning (E_WARNING) and the script will continue, whereas require will emit a fatal error {E COMPILE_ERROR) and halt the script. If the file being included is critical tothe rest of the script running correctly, then you need to use require. Session and cookie management Cookies Cookies are the text files that you can store on Cookies are persist even when the user’s computer 's turned off, va fan store information about the user easily. Cookies are used for al a of purposes (eg: can be used for tracking users responses ane ia can Web access). A cookie is often used to identify a user with php. th create and retrieve cookie values: Sing Cookies ar Provided setcookie() fu lites upto six arguments and | “Ookie this function has to be —— ES ‘on the user's computer. je. This function ion to set @ cooki rao be called before ‘ehtml> tag. For Os. called separately:Web Programing Using py D domain, security); ~~ —] ne, value, expire, path, setcookle(nar of all the arguments Here isthe detail P f the cookie and is stored jn... « This sets the name O! Name 5 environment variable calle HTTP_COOKIE_VARS- This variable is used while accessing cookies | 4 wauethe value of the cookie.(this value is stroed on the efeny | 4 computer, so do not store sensitive information) | a “This specify a future time in seconds since 00:00:00 GMT oq s time cookie will become inaccessible. if thi, n cookie will automatically expire when the Wes Expiry ast Jan 1970. After thi parameter is not set ther Browser is closed. Path-the path on the server in which the cookie will be available on, Domain “ This can be used to specify the domain name in very large domains and must contain at least two periods to be valid. All cookies a: only valid for the host and domain which created them. Security “ This can be set to 1 to specify that the cookie should only be sent by secure transmission usingHTTPS otherwise set to 0 which mea cookie can be sent by regular HTTP. Example Will Create Two Cookies Name And Age These Cookies Wil Be Expired After One Hour. stitle>Setting Cookies with PHP ing Using PHP ern HS ia : essinB cookies with PHP c jides many ways to access cookies PHP prov okies. Simplest way is COOKIE or $HTTP_COOKIE_VARS variables. Following s to use & example saceess ali the cookies set in above example. ehtml> caile>accessing Cookies with PHP | ”; tis equivalent to */ echo SHTTP_COOKIE_VARS[“name”]. “
"; echo §_ COOKIE[“age”] . “
”; [ris equivalent to */ echo $HTTP_COOKIE_VARS[“name”] . “
"; > You can use isset() function to check ifa cookie is set or not. title>Accessing Cookies with PHP ") slbody> itml>Web Programming Ugh 184 : : ting cookie with PHP pele » you should call setcookie() with thena # Jelete a cookie you s 0 SS er Hs does not always work well, however, and shay ' argument © elied on. : ‘ ore: : t to set the cookie with a date that has already expireg« ; It is safes’ es eS ee ae M4 | i : : ‘ i i 4 Session Web pages hold only temporary data, unless you specifically store your data on the server. One way of storing data on the server is to use sessions. Using sessions you can store and retrieve data by name. 182 - 8 = A session creates a file in a temporary directory on the server where registered session variables and their values are stored, This data will available to all pages on the site during that visit. The location of the temporary file is determined by a setting in the php.ini file. © Asession is a global variable stored on the server. 3 a ° [ach session Is assigned a unique id which is used to retrieve stor! | values. | © Whenever a session is cre | \ eated, a cool id is stored on th We conteloing theunialies Unique php session id is displayed in the URL Sessions have the Capacity to stor i rge data compared? fore re we elatively large° 1g using PHP 185 pes ion values are automatically deleted when the b you want to store the values permanently, then eerie is tore ther IM the database should just ke the $ COOKIE array variable, session variables are stored j SESSION array variable, Just like cookies, the session must be gated before any HTML tags. Si want to store important information such as the user id more you ah he server where malicious users cannot temper with them. securely ont you want to pass values from one page to another. youwant the alternative to cookies on browsers that do not support cookies. You want to store global variables in an efficient and more secure way compared to passing them in the URL You are developing an application such as a shopping cart that has to temporary store information with a capacity larger than 4KB. creating a Session In order to create a session, you must first call the PHP session_start funcion and then store your values in the $_SESSION array variable. been loaded, we can use a session tocreate and retrieve values from sessions w the number of times that a page has Let’s suppose we want to kno to do that. The code below shows how ion is used to destroy the whole Ph Session_destroy removes all the session data including cookies associated with the session. ____ Unset only frees the individual session variables.Other data remaixs intact. Destroy All Session Variable Thisis often used to lo; ina session. You can use tl g out of applications that store the login informatio he code belowto destroy your session ing Using PHP wee handling when creating scripts and web applications, error handling is an 1 part. Error handling is the process of catching errors raised by porta d then taking appropriate action. in jour proera™ 2” nerorisan unexpected program result that cannot be handled by ‘am itself. Errors are resolved by fixing the program. An example the proBt ‘ ofan error would be an infinite loop that never stops executing. an exception is unexpected program result that can be handled by the program itself examples of exception include trying to open a file that does not exist. smisexception can be handled by either creating the file or presenting the serwith an option of searching for the file. pap Error handling When an error occurs, depending on your configuration settings, PHP displays the error message in the web browser with information relating tothe error that occurred. PHP offers a number of ways to handle errors. Following are the commonly used methods. 4, Die statements the die function combines the echo and exit function in one. Itis very useful when we want to output a message and stop the script execution when an error occurs. Custom error handlers — these are user defined functions that are called whenever an error occurs. PHP error reporting — the error message depending on your PHP error reporting settings. This method is very useful in development environment when you have no idea what caused the error. The information displayed can help you debug your application. lel) function ipt that opens 2 text file: The following example shows a simple SciWeb Programming Using py Hp 188 aASAS eure eye a gf-fopen("test.xt ey > Y, i the file does not exist shows an error: Warning: fopen(test.txt) [function fopen]: failed to open stream; « No such file or directory in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 2 a To prevent the user from getting an error message, we test whethe, 4 the file exist before we try to access it: ( AS etme Shires é | Now if the file does not exist you get an error like this: File not found The code above is more efficient than the earlier code, because t uses a simple error handling mechanism to stop the script after the error However, simply stopping the script is not always the right way to 8° aT mT oe Tm) le Custom Error Handling Function . You can write your own function to handling any error. PHP proves you a framework to define error handling function. This function’n i tes ion must be able to handle a minimum of two param (Gia level and error message) but can accept up to five parame (optionally: file, line-number, and the error context) “ Syntax errorlin® error_function(error_level,error message, error_context); error_file, ————aming using PHP 189 -esription —T Required - Specifies the errorre — i er fc defined error. Must be a value reboots User ae number, ige| Required - Specifies the error message for the user | message for the user- =e messal jeer ‘defined error file Optional - Specifies the file name in which th e error occurred CGacionlEsS pecifles Re lInelniiberteinicrtnererre peered ine number in which the error Optional - Specifies an arr: ; 1 ay Containing e i and their values in use when the error occured Error levels possible These error report levels are the different ty types of error the user- defined error handler can be used for. These values cab used in combination using loperator. Constant Description Value £ ERROR Fatal run-time errors. Execution ofthe | 1 script is halted E_WARNING Non-fatal run-time errors. Execution of the script is not halted 2 E_PARSE Compile-time parse errors. Parse errors should only be generated by the parser. 4 ENOTICE Run-time notices. The script found some- thing that might be an error, but could also happen when running a script normally 8 ECORE_ERROR Fatal errors that occur during PHP's: initial start-up. 16 rors. This occurs £CORE_WARNING | Non-fatal run-time er = [Roe Se during PHP’s jnitial start-up. “USER_ERROR Fatal user-generated err This is like an er using: E_ERROR set by the programm: eh pee es the PHP function trigger_errorl)Web Programme Using py ip em __——Fajusergenerated warning, | —~ [E_USER_WARNING This is like an E_WARNING set by the les programmer using the PHP function er_error() 51 a cea SoResaaial notice. Thisislike an | Se E_NOTICE set by the programmer using he PHP function trigger_error() 1024 festrict Cd ime notices. Enable to have PHP | uy suggest changes to your code which will ensure the best interoperability and forward compatibility of your code. 2048 E_RECOVERABLE ERROR | Catchable fatal error. This is like an x £_ERROR but can be caught by a user defined handle (see also set_error_handler()) 4096 E_ALL All errors and warnings, except level . E_STRICT (E_STRICT will be part of E_ALL as of PHP 6.0) 8191 All the above error level can be set using following PHP built-in library function where level cab be any of the value defined in above table. interror_reporting ([int $level] ) Following is the way you can create one error handling function “ Error: [Sermo echo “Terminating die(); } > Once you define your custom ert PHP built-in library set_error_handler ful PHP Script”; example by calling a function which does not exist. SerrstrSerror_fi le, Serror_line) { ] Serrstr - Serror_file:Serror_line”; ing Tor handler you need to set it a nction. Now lets examineg Using PHP 8 ps m1 " é AIF eportinel E_ERROR ); 01 onhandleError(Serrno, Serrstr,Serror_fije ct ; : | es nepperror: [Serrno] Serrstr - Serror ees | crorebr >" -HleSerortine; | Tt T | echo terminating PHP Script”; NX : | diel) i | set error handler | Se] | gceror_handler("handleError”); | //trigger error a myFunction(); | < iiss Cai Peete See | || txceptions Handling PHP 5 has an exception model similar to that of other programming languages. Exceptions are important and provides a better control over error handling. Try” A function using an exception should be in a “try” block. If the exception does not trigger, the code will continue as normal. However ifthe exception triggers, an exception is “thrown”. Throw ” This is how you trigger an exception. Each “throw” must have at least one “catch”. Catch” A “catch” block retrieves an exception and cr containing the exception information. code following the statement will not ‘d the first matching catch block. If will be issued with an eates an object e When an exception is thrown, : ®ecuted, and PHP will attempt to fin ®ception is not caught, a PHP Fatal Error Caught Exception ... and caught (“catched”) within PHP. block. An exception can be thrown, Code may be surrounded ina tryWeb Pregramming Using yy 17 one corresponding catch block, Muy 0 catch different classes of exceptions 5 (or re-thrown) within a catch block ge ave at least each try musth ai n be used te catch blocks can n be thrown © Exceptions cai Example : i followingis the piece of code, copy and paste this code into afile ang | (4 verify the result. a gg EE = i getMessage(), “\n”; h } el // Continue execution ‘tin echo ‘Hello World’; eta > In the above example $e->getMessage function is used to get error I message. There are following functions which can be used from | ¥rn Exception class. i fe, © getMessage()” message of exception * getCode()” code of exception © getFile()” source filename 5 © getLine()” source line E * getTrace() ” n array of the backtrace() IS * getTraceAsstring()” formated string of trace ! Creating Custom Exception Handler NyBl | (error le = cexning using PHT : jon_hand! 193 exception_handler isthe name ofthe function toby nt exception occurs. THISFUNCKION must be def 10 be called when efi a eption handler) ined before calling Zaphp fancionexception handler(Sexception) ( echo “uncaught exception: ~, Sexception->getMessage(), “\n’ | } , “Nn; get exception handler(‘exception_handler’); | throw new Exception (‘Uncaught Exception’); | echo “Not Executed\n”; > This function must be able to handle a minimum of two parameters | yel and error message) but can accept up to five parameters (optionally: file, line-number, and the error context): Syntax enor function error_levelerror_message,error_file,eror_lne,error_context) Parameter Description error_level Required. Specifies the error report level for the user- defined error. Must be a value number. See table below for possible error report levels error_message | Required. Specifies the error message for the user- fees ieser SEs defined error error file | Optional. Specifies th eee |locerred enter i i vi ror lerorine | Optional. Specifies the line number" which the el e filename in which the error occurred eh ‘it jery vari tional. Specifies an array containing every ce ai ~ “fcontext | Opt occ = | and their values, in use when the ertorWeb Programming Using he ip different types of error the Use Thes 2 indler can < yr hal —_+— ‘Description defined error ane Description Constant___| ime errors. Execution >} Constant Non-fatal run-time errors. Execution the script is not halted * something that might be an error, but could also happen when running a Script normally £_USER_ERROR Fatal user-generated error. This is like an aes E_ERROR set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error() E_USER_WARNING | Non-fatal user-generated warning, This] is like an E_LWARNING set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error() E_USER_NOTICE User-generated notice. This is like an E_NOTICE set by the programmer using the PHP function trigger_error() E RECOVERABLE ERROR | Catchable fatal error. This is like an E_ERROR but can be caught by a usef defined handle (see also set_error ; handler()) j All errors and warnings (E_STRIC! became a part of E_ALL in PHP 5.4) low lets create a function to handle errors: [eNomice 8191 | E_ALL functioncustomError(Serrno, Serrstr) { echo “Error: [$errno] Serrstr
”; echo “Ending Script”; die(); }ring PHP ', _goitins alas wre es above is a simple error hana 195 e andlin the © ats the error level and an error neerotene When it is Ssage. It then out tputs the it eo! age and termi iret and mess Bi Fminates the script, AO ef yow that We i created an error handlin enix should be triggered, Pa 8 function we need to LO ec portant fault error handler, for, PHP is the built in error h ye the function above the default error pie araaiate are e duration eZ he de a ingto™ Fae script. rispossible to change the error handler to apply for only some the script can handle different errors in different ways. Hees i Ls ver, isexample we are going to Use our custom error handler forall errors EY inthi set_error_handler(“custom Error”); ey since we want our custom function to handle all errors, the error_handler() only needed one parameter, a second parameter could ge added to specify an error level. ni] ample ‘| Testing the error handler by trying to output variable that does not exists ‘Error: [Serrno] Serrstr”; } /fset error handler Set_error_hand ler(“customError”); IIktigger error echo(Stest); > uld be something ike this: The output of the code above sho ttror: [8] Undefined variable: testWeb Programming Using ip g using PHP ouruniverse made of different objects like sun, earth, imagine our car made of different objects jy me way there is object oriented programm, thing as an object and implement asoftyare 196 object Orie nimagine larly we can gear etc. Sal ssume every! Ped programmini wecar moon ete: simtl wheel, steering ich a concepts which 25° using different objects: Object oriented Concepts pefore we go in detail, lets defin Oriented Programming. + Class “This isa programmer-defined Gata type, which includes loca) functions as well as local data. You can think of a class as a template for making many instances of the same kind (or class) of object. Object “ An individual instance of the data structure defined bys class. You define a class once and then make many objects that belong to it. Objects are also known as instance. Member Variable “ These are the variables defined inside a class. This data will be invisible to the outside of the class and can be accessed via member functions. These variables are called attribute of the object once an object is created. * Member function “ These are the function defined inside a class and are used to access object data. + Inheritance “ When a class is defined by inheriting existing funct®? ofa parent class then itis called inheritance. Here child class wil nhe™ x or few member functions and variables of a parent class- ; eee A class that is inherited from by another class: This: ae led a base class or super class, ra . Class“ eae on ass Aclass that inherits from another class. This isals0 3 ubclass or derived class, * Polymorphism “ This j si! function a te This is an object oriented concept whet® used for different purposes, For example ad e important terms related to Object name will remain same but j : utitt . can do different task, fake diferent pumbael —eRe Ree ee g PHP Usins ins ois Ben a type of polymor, pion piffarant qplernerisicee m pet uments: Similarly functions can iro 28 plementation. ‘i i pstraction ” Any representation of gate entation details are hidden (abstracted), 197 dayihich some or all of ePending on the types of also be overloaded with data in which the Ls ulation “ refers to a concept where we encapsulate all the data ber functions together to form an object. {mem aft ructor “refers to a special type oF function which willbe called conaticalY whenever there is an object formation from a class. aw 5 . tructor “refers toa special type of function which will be called matically whenever an object is deleted or goes out of scope. auto pefining PHP Classes ste general form for defining @ new class in PHP is as follows “ <7php cassphpClass { var Svar; var $var: functionmyfune ($arg1, Sare2) { (1 Here is the description of each line “ The special form class, followed by the name of the cla! Want to define. Aset of braces enclosing any number of variab function definitions. wich folowe d nhs See a ec ead ees have an initial @ conventional $ variable name; they may @ lgnment to a constant value. iss that you Je declarations andWes Programming Ug » standalone PHP functions p, 198 look much like itary definitions - fit sill be used to set and access object dy if Jocal to the class ts ' 2 sample 4 : ve re is an ‘example which defines a class of Books type “ oe LN aca price = $par; } | functiongetPrice(){ echo Sthis->price .”
”; } functionsetTitle($par){ S$this->title = Spar; ! aie ere eA } functiongetTitle(){ echo $this->title .”
"; ) } ?> The variable i ‘ i ie. itself $this is a special variable andit referstothesame®™™ Creating Objects in PHP Once you defined yo. ob) a i you like ofthat class nee shen ya coerce ee using new operator, ing is an example of how t© aot 5 “ iy t0 acces member function and process member ing PHP. usi 199, a | Be a ee a | 3 avecreated three object acta “pete rethey will have erecta es separa teindependent ther 2 nce separately. Next we will variables. ‘e vgmember Functions i afer creating your objects, You will be able to call member functions fg to that object. One member function will be able to process ee variable of related object only. ner rallowing example shows how to set title and prices for the three Eiyealling member functions. 2 ———— Sphysics-rsetTitle( “Physics for High School” ); Schemistry->setTitle( “Advanced Chemistry” ); $maths->setTitle( “Algebra” ); sphysics->setPrice( 10 ); $chemistry->setPrice( 15 ); Smaths->setPrice( 7 ); Now you call another member functions to get the values set by in above example “ Sphysics->getTitle(); Schemistry->getTitle(); Smaths->getTitle(); Sphysics->getPrice(); Schemistry->getPrice(); Smaths->getPrice(); This will produce the following result “ Physics for High School Advanced Chemistry Algebra 10 15 7Web Programming Us ing Usin 18 Pp 200 instructor Fun r Func! whenever an 0 by initializing many al function called __construct() to defi tions tions are special type of functions which are ¢ ject is created. So we take full advanten things through constructor function , col aut - this behavioun rovides a speci . sue prow aps a many = 720MM YU Tie eh constructor function. create one constructor for Books class andit ple will r the book at the time of object creation, Following exam will initialize price and title fo construct $par1, $par2 ) { function Sthis->title = $pard; Sthis->price = $par2; } Now we don’t need to call set function separately to set price and title. We can initialize these two member variables at the time of object creation only. Check following example below “ Sphysics = new Books( “Physics for High School”, 10 ); Smaths = new Books ( “Advanced Chemistry”, 15 ); S$chemistry = new Books (“Algebra”, 7 ); /* Get those set values */ Sphysics->getTitle(); Schemistry->getTitle(); Smaths->getTitle(); Sphysics->getPrice(); Schemistry->getPrice(); Smaths->getPrice(); This will produce the following result “ Physics for High Schoo} Advanced Chemistry Algebra, 10 15 aUsing PHP a wearer \ pestructor \ ikea constructor function you can define a destructor function Using \ hi petion destruct). You can release all the resources with-in a destructor. i \ inheritance ) pup class definitions can optionally inherit from a parent class ion by using the extends clause. The syntax is as follows “ definiti dla ss Child extends Parent { } The effect of inheritance is that the child class (or subclass or derived class) has the following characteristics “ Automatically has all the member variable declarations of the parent class. «Automatically has all the same member functions as the parent, which (by default) will work the same wayas those functions do in the parent. following example inherit Books class and adds more functionality based on the requirement. nf class Novel extends Books { var $publisher; functionsetPublisher($par){ $this->publisher = $par; } functiongetPublisher(){ echo $this->publisher. “
”; class Novel keeps two additional Nowapart from inherited functions, member functions.Web Programmi Programming Using py 5 : ridin’ adenine unction OO" vein cnt classes VETO fntions with the ag pcan ett hi lass, M8 can modify the definition gf nt classe lass. a rent cl nae nheted Om d getTitle function function ample getPrice and Be 5 Are overridden lowing & } functiongetTitle(){ echo $this->title - “br/>"; return Sthis->title; } Public Members | pecify otherwise, properties and methods of aclassare Unless you s} public. That is to say, they may be accessed in three possible situations a ; From outside the class in which it is declared i «From within the class in which it is declared «From within another class that implements the class in which itis declared i a now weave seen all members as public members. If you wish to limit the accessibility of the members of a class then you define class members as private or Protected. Private members ele an By designati in which it i ie Sere you limit its accessibility to the cass ed. The private member cannot be referred to from classes that inheri it the class in which ; from outside the class, Inwhich itis declared and cannot be accessag using PHP 203 amber can be made priv fate by Using private ki eyword infron t ee ne ee yeless a vf rte Seat “skoda”; aaa i Psa | Sy] | unction _construct($par) ( | | jan instance of the class pis created: | } | | sncionmyPublicFunction(){ | 1] | ceturn(“t’m visible!”), | | } | pivate function myPrivateFunction() { raturn(“im not visible outside!”); a z } } Wa i when MyClass class is inherited by another class using extends mypublicFunction() will be visible, as will Sdriver. The ‘extending class will have any awareness of or access to myPrivateFunction and Scar secause they are declared private. : ‘his| Protected members ' Aprotected property or method is accessible in the class in which itis declared, as well as in classes that extend that class. Protected members are not available outside of those two kinds of classes. A class member canbe made protected by using front of the member. protected keyword inf Here is different version of MyClass Z classMyClass { Protected $car = “skoda”; Sdriver = “SRK”;Web Programming Using pp mt ___—onatructl($pan { oS) n every time //aninstan His created. } i functionmyPublicFunction() { La “ym visible!”); implementers. Different implementers can implement those interfaces according to their requirements. You can say, interfaces are skeletons which are implemented by developers. return( | cei “i protected function myPrivateFunction() i? return(“I'm visible in child class!”); eo gh } ie we ) i" st Interfaces | F | 4 Interfaces are defined to provide a common function names to the laid | Itis possible to define an interface, like this “ interface Mail { public function sendMail(); } Lda Se Oe ee Then, if another class implemented that interface, like this “ class Report implements Mail { //sendMail() Definition goes here } Constants A constant is somewhat like a variable, Teally more like a function because a ere declare a constant, it does not change. ut in that it holds a value PA tant is immutable. On Y EF MBE ne [ne | EE(eos suring ung PHP = goss — —— | W gaunass | ge eee 205 j 217; — } [Fearenwreaseral? 17; | nti _construct(SincomingValue) { I statements here run every time | jjaninstance of the class | jjiscreated: | I; inthis class, requiredMargin is a constant. It is declared : word const, and under no circumstances can it be changed amas other than 1.7. Note that the constant’s name does not have a ies svariable names do. abstract Classes an abstract class is one that cannot be instantiated, only inherited. youdeclare an abstract class with the keyword abstract, like this ~ abstract class MyAbstractClass When inheriting from an abstract class, all methods marked abstract inthe parent’s class declaration must be defined by the child; additionally, Ritu Needing an instantiation ©’ N not be accessed with an instant e' Method can), these methods must be defined with the same visibility. abstract class MyAbstractClass { abstract function myAbstractFunction() { }} s inside an abstract class must also be Note that function definition: ction tteceded by the keyword abstract. Itis not legal have abstract fun definitions inside a non-abstract ae Static Ki ig ic makes them accessible ke methods as Statler seclared asstat a static Declaring class members oF Tass, Ame ass. faeces ace ovject (ROLEWeb Programming Using pap p following example Try ow oh 5s FOO oa rele static Smy_static = ‘foo’; : alue() { | public function staticV mt i air self::Smy_staticr ice) lee print Foo::Smy_static - Sfoo = new Fool); foo->staticValue() . “\n"; *\n"; print $ > Final Keyword The final keyword, which prevents child classes from overriding a method by prefixing the definition with final. If the class itself is being defined final then it cannot be extended. | Following example resultsin Fatal error: Cannot override final method BaseClass::moreTesting() Sy ‘”; final public function moreTesting() { echo “BaseClass::moreTesting() called
”; } classChildClass extends BaseClass { public function moreTesting() { echo “ChildClas loreTesting() called
"; } >

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