CE43-A/B
PRINCIPLES OF
TRANSPORTATION
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. GIOVANNI B. NARCISO,
M’ENG.(CE), Mat’l. Eng’r.
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. Introduction and Background
2. Roads & Bridges: Basic Construction & Equipment
3. Human Factors and Geometric Design
4. Traffic Flow Theory and Capacity
5. Transportation Safety, Planning & Demand
6. Transportation Systems Management
and Operations
7. Transportation Systems and Impacts
References:
1. Transportation Engineering-A Practical Approach to
to Highway Design, Traffic Analysis & Systems
Operations (B. Kuhn, McGraw Hill, 2019)
2. Highway Safety Design Standards (DPWH, 2012)
3. Construction Planning, Equipment & Methods, 6th Ed.
(Peurifoy/Schexnayder, 2002)
4. Elements of Roads and Highways, 2nd Ed.(M. Fajardo)
INTRODUCTION
Transport is a key sector in the Philippine
economy, linking population and economic
centers across the islands.
The transport system consists
of:
road
water
air
rail
pipe transport
Road Transport
Water Transport
Air Transport
Rail Transport
Pipe Transport
Example: The Malampaya Deepwater Gas-to-Power Project
Since its inception in 2001, Malampaya has been providing a stable supply of energy, meeting 35 to 40 percent of
Luzon’s power needs.
Road Transportation: the most common
mode of transportation
While road transportation is by no means
the sole mode of transportation used
today, however, it represents the most
common mode with which travelers
interact on a daily basis.
Road- a structure that link barangays and
cities in the country, and serve as medium
in transporting goods, commodities and
services from one place to another.
Economic growth is measured on the
length and quality of roads
There are 33,018.25 Km of National Roads
and Highways in the Philippines as of 2019.
Road projects must probably be the most
common type of construction today.
Construction of roads involves the paving,
rehabilitation, and/or reclamation of
degraded pavements in order to achieve a
state of good repair and increase road traffic
safety.
Brief History of Roads:
The early road systems were constructed
primarily for the following purposes:
1.For the movement of armies in their conquest and for defense
against invasion.
2.For transport of food and trade of goods between neighboring
towns and cities.
The Romans, who discovered cement,
expanded their vast empire through extensive
road networks radiating in many directions
from the capital city of Rome.
Many of the roads built by the Romans still
exist even after 2,000 years.
As early as 3rd Century BC, Roman ingenuity displayed the
importance of a correct pavement structure. The main street in Elea,
Rome, is paved with limestone and on one side there is a small
gutter for drainage.
Typical roadway cross section
Classifications of Road:
1.) According to usage
2.) According to national importance
3.) According to its surface course
4.) According to traffic volume
1.) According to Usage :
National Road
Primary National Road - the main highway trunk line and directly connects 3 or more
major cities
Secondary National Road – directly connects smaller cities, provincial and municipal
capitals
Provincial Road - connects two municipalities or cities within a province
City Road -street within the urban area of the city
Municipal Road-street within the poblacion area of a municipality
Barangay Road–roads located outside the poblacion area of a municipality
2. Types of Road According to National Importance
a. Major roads - roads of national importance. They are frequently
used by traffic and lead to vital areas such as major cities and
installations.
Example of major roads are the those roads classified as National
Roads or those which are part of the highway system.
b. Minor roads - roads which are local in nature as they serves only
the interest of the locality such as a street. Minor roads are less
frequently used by traffic.
3. Types of Road According to Surface
Course :
- Earth Road
-Gravel Road
-Asphalt Road
-Concrete Road
Earth Road
It is the simplest form of road constructed by shaping and
smoothing the natural soil traversed by the road line.
Gravel Road
-It is constructed from natural gravel together with a
sufficient amount of good quality soil to serve as binder
- It is sometimes termed as an “all weather road.”
Asphalt Road
-It is frequently described as flexible pavement implying its ability to absorb the
stresses imposed by traffic and weather without cracking.
-However, due to its flexibility, it requires larger volume of base materials
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)Road
-Also called Rigid Pavement because it is strong
in resisting compressive load but weak in resisting
tensile stresses
4. According to Traffic Volume
1.For Heavy traffic load
2.For Medium traffic load
3.For Light traffic load
Difference between Concrete & Asphalt Pavement
PCCP Common Defects
A. Transverse Cracks
As water is ejected, it carries particles of soil, thus result to
progressive loss of support
Field Density Test (FDT)
-To check compaction of Road base materials
Slump Test
-to check workability of fresh concrete
Flexural Strength Tests
-to determine flexural strength on hardened
concrete
fb = MC/I (Flexure Formula)
Asphalt pavement common defects
-Rutting
Engineers Challenge: Real World
Overtaking in both directions is prohibited
