GROUP N°4 – EXP SF203 Part II

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 GROUP N°4 – EXP SF203 Part II

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3
General Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3
Objectives............................................................................................................................ 3
Theory .................................................................................................................................. 4
1. Current balance measurement Experiment ................................................................ 4
Objectives of the Current balance measurement experiment ......................................... 4
Installation of the Current balance measurement experiment ......................................... 5
Procedure of the Current balance measurement experiment ......................................... 5
2. DC Motor Experiment. ................................................................................................ 6
Objectives of DC Motor Experiment. .............................................................................. 6
Installation of DC Motor Experiment. .............................................................................. 6
Procedure of DC Motor Experiment. .............................................................................. 6
3. Faraday’s Law Experiment .......................................................................................... 7
Objectives of Faraday’s Law Experiment ........................................................................ 7
Installation of Faraday’s Law Experiment ....................................................................... 8
Procedure of Faraday’s Law Experiment ........................................................................ 8
4. Jumping ring Experiment ............................................................................................ 9
Objectives of Jumping ring Experiment .......................................................................... 9
Installation of Jumping ring Experiment.......................................................................... 9
Procedure of Jumping ring Experiment ........................................................................ 10
Materials and installation ................................................................................................. 11

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 GROUP N°4 – EXP SF203 Part II

Introduction

General Introduction

These experiments delve into the fascinating interplay between electricity and
magnetism, offering insights into the fundamental principles of electromagnetism. In
the "Current Balance Measurement Experiment," we explore how current-carrying
wires experience magnetic forces within magnetic fields, measuring magnetic field
strength and understanding the factors influencing these forces. The "DC Motor
Experiment" unveils the inner workings of electric motors, illustrating how they
convert electrical energy into mechanical motion through rotor coils and fixed
magnets, showcasing the importance of current and polarity in motor control.

Meanwhile, the "Faraday's Law Experiment" delves into electromagnetic induction,

demonstrating how changing magnetic fields induce electrical currents in coils,
providing a practical link between magnetic flux variations and current generation.

Lastly, the "Jumping Ring Experiment" delves into Lenz's law, revealing how induced
currents in closed loops create magnetic fields opposing external sources,
exemplifying self-induction and real-world electromagnetic phenomena. These
experiments collectively deepen our understanding of the captivating relationship
between electricity and magnetism.

Objectives

The overarching objectives of these experiments are to explore the intricate

connection between electricity and magnetism, unraveling the fundamental principles
that underpin electromagnetism. By investigating phenomena such as magnetic
forces on current-carrying wires, the operation of DC motors, electromagnetic
induction, and Lenz's law, these experiments aim to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the dynamics between these two fundamental forces of nature.

Specific goals encompass measuring magnetic field strength, analyzing the influence
of various parameters on magnetic forces, and elucidating how changing magnetic
fields induce electrical currents. Ultimately, these experiments enable students and
researchers alike to gain practical insights into the practical applications and
theoretical foundations of electromagnetism, fostering a deeper appreciation for the
essential role it plays in our modern technological world.

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Theory

1. Current balance measurement Experiment

When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, it experiences a magnetic

force. Similarly, when a current-carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, the wire
also encounters a force. This is because a current consists of numerous charged
particles in motion, and the overall force on the wire is the result of adding up the
individual forces acting on these charged particles within the wire.

The magnetic force acting on a single charged particle in motion is given by the
equation:

Fparticle = q * V * d * B * sin(θ)

For a current-carrying wire, considering only the length of the wire that intersects
with the magnetic field, we can express the magnetic force as:

Fwire = I * L * B * sin(θ)

In this experiment, a coil with N turns is used. By focusing on the length of the coil
that interacts with the magnetic field, we can calculate the magnetic field strength (B)
using the following formula:

Fcoil = N * I * L * B * sin(θ)

Where:
- F represents the force in Newtons (N).
- N stands for the number of turns in the coil.
- I represents the current in Amperes (A).
- L is the length of the coil that is within the magnetic field in meters (m).
- B represents the magnetic field strength in Tesla (T).

This experiment aims to measure the magnetic field strength using a coil with
multiple turns and the force experienced by it when placed in a magnetic field.

Objectives of the Current balance measurement experiment

1. Determine the magnetic field strength (B) using a coil with multiple turns and the
force experienced by it, in a magnetic field.

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2. Investigate the relationship between the current (I) flowing through the coil, the
length of the coil within the magnetic field (L), and the resulting magnetic force (F).
3. Understand how the magnetic force acting on a current-carrying wire is influenced
by factors such as the number of coil turns (N) and the angle of interaction (θ).
4. Collect data to calculate and verify the magnetic field strength using the formula:

B = (F / (N * I * L * sin(θ)).

Installation of the Current balance measurement experiment

1. Begin by assembling the platform, supporter, and coil gripper components.

2. Next, place the digital scale, EVA foam, and magnet on the platform, referring to
the provided diagram for proper positioning. Ensure that the coil is centered between
two other coils.
3. Connect the coil to the DC power supply. It's important to note that the direction of
the generated force will depend on the selected pole configuration.
This organized setup ensures the correct placement and connection of components
for the experiment.

Procedure of the Current balance measurement experiment

1. Following the installation, fine-tune the spacing between the magnets and the
coil's lower side. Optimal spacing for maximum force typically falls within the range of
15-16mm.
2. Activate the digital scale and ensure it reads zero as the initial measurement.
3. Gradually increase the current, taking careful note of the scale's readings at each
increment of current.
4. Employ the formula provided in the theory section to calculate the theoretical
magnetic field corresponding to your measurements.
5. If desired, experiment with variations by reversing the wires and/or altering the
coil's orientation between the magnets to observe different values.

This systematic approach allows for precise adjustments, data collection, and
exploration of various configurations within the experiment.

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2. DC Motor Experiment.

An electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It operates by

using a current-carrying coil (the rotor) to create a magnetic field with north and
south poles. Fixed magnets positioned nearby exert repulsive forces on the rotor's
poles, causing it to start rotating. However, a clever arrangement of a commutator
and brushes ensures that as the rotor turns, the current's direction changes, and the
rotor's poles switch polarity. This polarity reversal maintains the repulsion, allowing
the rotor to keep spinning on its axis, thus driving the motor's mechanical operation.

Objectives of DC Motor Experiment.

1. Explore the fundamental principles of electric motors and their role in converting
electrical energy into mechanical motion.
2. Investigate the interaction between a current-carrying rotor coil and fixed magnets,
leading to the initiation of rotor rotation.
3. Understand the significance of the commutator and brushes arrangement in
reversing current direction and maintaining rotor motion.

4. Demonstrate how changes in electrical current affect the speed and direction of
the motor's rotation.

Installation of DC Motor Experiment.

1. Begin by assembling the platform, magnets, and coils in their designated

positions.
2. Ensure that the coil is capable of rotating smoothly around its axis without any
obstructions.
3. Connect the DC power supply to the designated port on the coils.

Procedure of DC Motor Experiment.

1. Power up the supply and gradually increase the voltage until the coil begins to
rotate. Once it starts rotating, refrain from further voltage increase.
2. Following the observation of the coil's rotation, reverse the direction of the current
and switch the magnet's pole to observe the change in the coil's turning direction.

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3. Faraday’s Law Experiment

Faraday's law of induction tells us that the electromotive force (emf) induced in a
loop is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux passing through
the loop. This relationship is expressed as:

ε = -N * (dΦB / dt)

Where:
- ε represents the induced emf.
- ΦB is the magnetic flux passing through the loop.
- N is the number of loops in the coil.

This formula reveals that emf can be induced in a circuit through various means:
1. The magnetic field strength (B) can change over time.
2. The area enclosed by the loop can change as well.
3. The angle (θ) between the magnetic field and the loop's normal direction can also
vary over time.
4. Any combination of the above factors can occur.

In simpler terms, any alteration in the magnetic flux over time will result in the
generation of an emf.

The experiment aims to demonstrate how a current is induced by altering the

magnetic field passing through a coil. This is achieved by releasing a magnet into a
plastic tube that passes through the coil. The objective is to establish a relationship
between the speed of the magnet's movement and the magnitude of the induced
current.

Objectives of Faraday’s Law Experiment

1. Demonstrate the principle of Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

2. Investigate how changes in magnetic flux over time induce electromotive force
(emf) in a coil.
3. Observe the effect of altering magnetic field strength, area, and orientation on
induced emf.
4. Conduct an experiment involving a magnet moving through a coil to showcase the
practical application of Faraday's law.
5. Establish a quantitative relationship between the speed of the magnet's motion
and the magnitude of the induced current.

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Installation of Faraday’s Law Experiment

1. Begin by setting up the platform and selecting the necessary components,

including a coil and a plastic tube.
2. Please note that for this experiment, you will require a data logger and a current
sensor.
3. Connect the current sensor to the appropriate ports on the coil.
4. Ensure that the data logger is connected to a computer.
5. Measure the distance "h" from the top of the tube to the upper surface of the coil.
This measurement is essential for the experiment.

Procedure of Faraday’s Law Experiment

1. Ensure that the sensor and data logger are correctly connected, and then launch
the operating software. Select the "Graph" mode within the software.
2. After choosing the sensor's position, set the total recording time to 200
milliseconds and a sampling interval of 50 microseconds. Click "Next."
3. Configure the start conditions as needed and click "Finish."
4. Initiate data recording by pressing the "Start/Stop" button, and simultaneously
release the magnet from the upper tube. Record the peak value displayed in the data.
5. To review the peak values, navigate to the "Analysis" section and select "Show
Statistics."
6. Adjust the distance between the top of the tube and the coil. This alteration affects
the velocity of the magnet's free fall as it passes through the coil. The velocity can be
determined using the formula: v = (2 ∗ ∗ ℎ)
Where…
g -> represents gravity (9.81 m/s²)
h -> is the free fall height from the release point to the coil
7. Repeat the experiment a total of 5 times, each time using 6 different heights.
8. Create a graphical representation by plotting the peak values against the
corresponding velocities.

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4. Jumping ring Experiment

Lenz's Law dictates that when an electric current is induced in a closed loop, it will
produce a magnetic field to counteract any changes in the magnetic flux within the
loop's enclosed area.

In our previous experiment, we demonstrated that altering the magnetic field within a
closed loop (coil) could induce an electric current. In contrast, the goal of this
experiment is to illustrate that it's possible to generate a magnetic field that opposes
the magnetic field inducing a current in a ring (loop).

In the setup, an electromagnet serves as the primary source of the magnetic field.
This magnetic field induces a current in the ring, resulting in the creation of a
secondary magnetic field around the ring. Importantly, this secondary magnetic field
acts in the opposite direction to the one generated by the electromagnet.

In this experiment, the electromagnet consists of a coil with an iron core.

Objectives of Jumping ring Experiment

1. Demonstrate and verify Lenz's Law, which states that an induced current in a
closed loop creates a magnetic field opposing changes in magnetic flux.
2. Illustrate the concept of electromagnetic induction by showing how a changing
magnetic field induces a current in a nearby conducting ring.
3. Investigate the phenomenon of self-induction, where the induced current in the
ring produces a magnetic field that opposes the magnetic field generated by the
electromagnet.
4. Observe the practical application of electromagnetic induction principles using an
electromagnet with an iron core.
5. Gain hands-on experience in setting up and conducting experiments related to
magnetic fields and electromagnetic phenomena.

Installation of Jumping ring Experiment

1. Begin by assembling the experimental platform, which includes the N=300 coil, the
power supply, and the aluminum ring.
2. Place the iron core at the center of the coil, ensuring it is properly positioned.
3. Configure the power supply to operate in AC mode, and establish the connection
between the power supply unit and the coil following the provided diagram. It's

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important to note that using DC mode will not result in the required variation in
magnetic flux, rendering the experiment nonfunctional.

Procedure of Jumping ring Experiment

1. Following the installation steps, carefully place the aluminum ring into the iron
core.
2. Position the ring above the coil using an adaptor ring positioned between the iron
core and the coil, or alternatively, a ruler. The objective here is to prevent the ring
from remaining below the electromagnet.
3. Power on the supply unit and gradually increase the voltage until the ring
spontaneously leaps over the coil.
4. Document the height of the ring's oscillations (referred to as "h") and take note of
the corresponding voltage reading.

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Materials and installation

The following materials will be used for this experiment:

1. Aluminum experimental platform

2. Faraday's law magnet
3. Aluminum support base
4. Lenz's law magnet
5. Clap and support rod
6. Tangent Galvanometer
7. Torque on a magnet dipole apparatus
8. Variable magnetic field
9. Current carrying conductor set
10. Hard EVA material stand
11. Electric balance
12. Conductor holder
13. Magnet sets
14. Rotatable circle conductor
15. Coil set: N300x1 - N900x1
16. Transformer Stand
17. EC type Ferrite core made
18. Lenz's law aluminum tube
19. Aluminum ring
20. Iron core
21. Adaptor ring
22. Holder for plastic or aluminum tube
23. Generator model
24. Radio
25. Speaker
26. Connecting cables
27. RCA connecting cable
28. Compass
29. Coil iron core
30. Induction light
31. Generator light

Additional materials that can be useful to assemble the whole experiment

1. AC/DC Power Supply

2. Multimeter
3. Data logger
4. Voltage sensor
5. Current sensor

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To set up the experiment, we will connect the SF203 apparatus to the power supply
and ensure that all components are properly installed.

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