SEE1223: Digital Electronics

3 – Simplification of Logic Using Karnaugh Maps

Ab Al-Hadi Ab Rahman
Dept. of Microelectronics and Computer Engineering
The Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 Karnaugh Maps (K-Map)
• K-Map structure
– 2,3, and 4-variable Karnaugh Maps
• K-Map Grouping and Logic Simplification
• K-Map SOP and POS terms
• K-Map Don’t Care Conditions
• Logic Design using K-Maps

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 Introduction
• Karnaugh Map (K-Map) is a tool for simplifying
digital logic with 2-6 variables
• K-Map, if properly used will produce the
simplest SOP and POS expression possible,
known as the minimum expression
• K-Map simplifies logic through SOP and POS
boolean expressions, and truth table
• In this class, we’ll look at logic simplification of
2, 3, and 4 variables
A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008
 2-variable K-Maps
K-Map is a representation of a truth table, but can
be used to obtain Boolean expressions

F(A,B) truth table

AB F 2-variable K-Map
00 B
0 1 Cell – location of
A
01 each entry
0
10
1
11

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 3-variable K-Map

F(A,B,C) truth table

ABC F
000
001 3-variable K-Map Gray code ordering
010 BC
A 00 01 11 10
011
0
100
1
101
110
111

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 4-variable K-Map
F(A,B,C,D) truth table
4-variable K-Map
A BCD F A BCD F
CD
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 AB 00 01 11 10
00
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 01

0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 11
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
10
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map Example
• Given the following standard form of SOP,
complete the truth table and K-map
F ABC ABC ABC ABC
ABC F
000 0
001 1 A BC BC
A 00 01 11 10
010 1 ABC 0 0 1 0 1
011 0
1 0 0 1 1
100 0
101 0
110 1 AB C
A.A.H Ab-Rahman 111 1 ABC
 K-Map Example
• Given the following SOP expression, complete
the K-Map
F BC AB ABC ABC D ABCD ABCD

F=1 CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 0 0
when B = 0 and C = 0 (1st minterm)
when A = 1 and B = 0 (2nd minterm) 01 0 0 0
0
when A = 1, B = 1, and C = 0 (3rd minterm)
when A = 1, B = 0, C = 1, and D = 0 (4th minterm) 11 1 1 0 0
when A = 0, B = 0, C = 0, and D = 1 (5th minterm)
when A = 1, B = 0, C = 1, and D = 1 (6th minterm) 10 1 1 1 1

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map Grouping
• After SOP expression has been mapped,
minimum expression is obtained by grouping
the 1’s and determining the minimum SOP
expression from the map
• When grouping the 1’s, the goal is to maximize
the size of the groups, and minimize the
number of groups

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map Grouping (cont.)
• Rules for grouping of 1’s
– A group must contain either 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 cells.
For x-variable K-map, 2x cells is maximum
– Each cell in a group must be adjacent to one or
more cells in that same group, but all cells in the
group don’t have to be adjacent to each other
– Always include the largest possible number of 1’s
in a group
– Each 1 on the map must be included in at least
one group. The 1’s already in a group can be
included in another group as long as the
overlapping groups include common 1’s
A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008
 K-Map Minimum Product Term
• For 3-variable K-Map
– 1 cell group yields a 3-variable product term
– 2 cell group yields a 2-variable product term
– 4 cell group yields a 1-variable product term
– 8 cell group yields a value of 1 for the expression
• For 4-variable K-Map
– 1 cell group yields a 4-variable product term
– 2 cell group yields a 3-variable product term
– 4 cell group yields a 2-variable product term
– 8 cell group yields a 1-variable product term
– 16- cell group yields a value of 1 for the expression
A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008
 K-Map Simplification
• Group the 1’s and find the minimum SOP
expression in the K-Map below
A BC
BC
00 01 11 10
BC
A
0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 Expression is minimized
when taking large cell
possible
AB
F AB ABC BC
What is the SOP expression if each cell is taken as a group?

F ABC ABC ABC ABC

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008
 K-Map Simplification
• Group the 1’s and find the minimum SOP
expression in the K-Map below
AB C
BC
A 00 01 11 10
0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1

AB

F AB AB C

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map Simplification
• Group the 1’s and find the minimum SOP
expression CD
AB 00 01 11 10
AB
00 1 1 0 0
AC 01 1 1 1
1
11 0 0 0 0
10 0 1 1 0

A BD
F AB AC ABD

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map Simplification
• Group the 1’s and find the minimum SOP
expression CD
AB 00 01 11 10 D
00 1 0 0 1
BC 01 1 0 1
1
11 1 1 0 1
10 1 0 1 1

A BC
F D BC ABC

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map POS
• K-Maps can also be used to obtain POS
expressions by grouping the 0’s
BC
A 00 01 11 10
0 0 1 0 1
B C 1 0 0 1 1

A B C
A B

F ( B C )( A B )( A B C )

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map POS
• Find the minimum POS expression from the K-
Map below CD
AB 00 01 11 10
A B C
00 1 1 0 0
01 1 1 1
1
11 0 0 0 0
A B 10 0 1 1 0

A D
F ( A D)( A B)( A B C )

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 Don’t Care Conditions
• Don’t Care is the condition when the output
can either be ‘1’ or ‘0,’ which is denoted by ‘x’
in the truth table or K-Map
• For both SOP and POS minimum expression,
‘x’ can be included or ignored

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 Don’t Care Condition (cont.)
• Find minimum SOP expression for the
following K-Map
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 0 1 1 0
01 1 1 x
0
AD 11 1 1 x 1 F AD AB
10 0 0 0 0
AB
If the ‘x’ is replaced by ‘0,’ find the minimum SOP expression

F AD ABC AB D
A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008
 Don’t Care Condition (cont.)
• Find minimum POS expression for the
following K-Map
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 0 0 1
01 0 1 1
0
B C 11 x x 1 1
10 1 0 x 1
B D

F ( B C )( B D)

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008

 K-Map
• To be good at analyzing K-Maps, you need
practice
• Please look at some examples and exercises of
K-Maps in your book
• Next class we’ll look at some real design
examples that utilize K-Map

A.A.H Ab-Rahman August 2008