HCIE Knowledge Points of Simulation

Questions

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 Contents

1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

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5G Option
2 3 3a 3x

NGC EPC EPC EPC

S1-C S1-U S1-C S1-U S1-C S1-U
NG-C NG-U S1-U

gNB LTE eNB gNB LTE eNB gNB LTE eNB gNB

NGC NGC NGC

NG-C NG-U NG-U NG-C NG-U NG-C NG-U

4 5
4a
eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB

NGC NGC NGC

NG-C NG-U NG-C NG-U NG-U NG-C NG-U

eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB gNB eLTE eNB gNB

7 7a 7x

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 RRC Layer

 The RRC layer processes signaling between the UE and the gNodeB.

System messages

NAS signaling Admission control

RRC Security management

PDCP Cell reselection

Measurement reporting
RLC
Handover and mobility
MAC
NAS message transmission
PHY
Radio resource management

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 RRC_INACTIVE

 When the UE is in the RRC INACTIVE mode, the MAC, RLC, and PHY these 3 layer’s
connections of the air interface are suspended.

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PDCP Layer Functions
 The NR PDCP layer is located below the RRC layer or the SDAP layer.
The PDCP layer on the NR network inherits the functions on the LTE
network and integrates the sorting and replication functions.
 Transmission of data on the user plane and control plane Layer 3
 PDCP SN maintenance RRC/NAS IP packet
 Routing and replication (in DC scenarios)
SDAP
 Encryption, decryption, and integrity protection
PDCP
 Reordering Layer 2
Logical RLC
 Discarding due to duplication Channel
 ROHC (user plane) Transport MAC
Channel Layer 1
PHY
Physical
channel

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 MAC Layer Functions

 Similar to the MAC layer functions of the LTE network, the MAC layer functions of the NR
network are as follows:

MAC Layer Function

Mapping between logical channels and transport channels
Multiplexing
Demultiplexing
Scheduling
HARQ
Setting of logical channel priorities

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 HARQ in NR

 To ensure data transmission reliability, the receiver uses the CRC（cyclic redundancy
code） to check data correctness and uses the HARQ retransmission mechanism to
ensure data transmission reliability. HARQ is classified into the following types based
on the distribution of retransmission time:
 Synchronous HARQ: The retransmission of an HARQ process occurs at a fixed time, and
the receiver knows the time when the transmission occurs in advance.

 Asynchronous HARQ: Retransmission of an HARQ process may occur at any time, and a
receive end does not know a transmission occurrence time in advance.

 HARQ is classified into non-adaptive HARQ and adaptive HARQ based on whether
the data characteristics change during retransmission. Different from LTE, NR uses
asynchronous adaptive retransmission in both the uplink and downlink.

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Uplink Asynchronous Adaptive HARQ

 Asynchronous adaptive HARQ is used in the uplink. Therefore, does not need to feed
back ACKs and NACKs.

PDCCH Reception failure PDCCH Scheduled retransmission

DCI（UL grant） DCI（UL grant）

T=K2 T=K3

PUSCH

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 Time Domain Resources

Radio frame
Basic data transmission period

Unit for allocating uplink and

Subframe Subframe … Subframe
downlink subframes

Slot Slot
…
Slot Minimum unit of data scheduling
and synchronization

Symbol Symbol … symbol Basic unit of modulation

The general structure of the time domain on the air interface meets the requirements of
data and signaling transmission.

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 Frame Structure (Cont.)
 5G defines a sub-slot architecture called Mini-Slot. Mini-Slot consists of two or more
symbols (to be further studied). Mini-Slot mainly applies to Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency
Communication (URLLC) scenarios.

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 Numerology

 OFDM numerology is a set of basic parameters of the OFDM system, including subcarrier
spacing, CP length, TTI length, and system bandwidth.

 LTE only uses a single 15 kHz subcarrier spacing. That is, 5G numerologies are variable. 5G NR
uses the μ parameter to indicate the subcarrier spacing. For example, μ=0 indicates that the 15
kHz subcarrier spacing (the same as LTE) is used.


Number of Number of Number of
Subcarrier Subcarrier
CP Symbols Slots per Slots per 1 frame = 10 subframes = 40 slots
Configuration Bandwidth
per Slot Frame Subframe

1 subcarrier = 60 kHz
0 15 Normal 14 10 1 1 subframe = 4 slots

1 30 Normal 14 20 2   2

2 60 Normal 14 40 4
1 slot = 14 symbols
3 120 Normal 14 80 8
4 240 Normal 14 160 16
2 60 Extended 12 40 4

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 Self-contained Slot/Subframe

 Features of self-contained slots/subframes discussed in the industry/literature

 The same slot/subframe contains DL part, UL part, and guard period (GP).

 Downlink self-contained slot/subframe carries DL data and corresponding HARQ feedback.

UL control or SRS DL control

ACK/NACK
UL grant
 Uplink self-contained slot/subframe carries UL scheduling information and UL data.

How does the impact of self-contained slots？

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Self-contained Slot/Subframe
 The frame structure introduced in 5G is used to shorten the downlink feedback delay and uplink scheduling
delay to meet ultra-low latency requirements.

 Objectives of self-contained slot/subframe

 Faster downlink HARQ feedback and uplink data scheduling to reduce RTT delay

 Shorter SRS transmission period: tracing of fast channel changes to improve MIMO performance

 Problems in actual application

 A small GP limits the cell coverage.

 High requirements on terminal hardware processing delay: R15 defines the UE basic processing capability of 10-13
symbols under 30 kHz subcarrier spacing.

 Frequent uplink and downlink switchovers increase the GP overhead.

 Only the retransmission delay can be reduced in the downlink.

 Many factors affect end-to-end delay, including the core network and air interface.

 The air interface delay is also limited by the uplink/downlink frame configuration, and the processing delay of
the base station and terminal.
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 BWP Category
RRC connected procedure

default PDCCH indicating downlink assignment

default UE2 BWP inactivity
UE1 UE2 timer
UE2 switch to the
Dedicated Dedicated default BWP
BWPs Active BWPs Active
Switch
default
UE1 active BWP UE2 active BWP UE1 active BWP UE2 active BWP
Carrier bandwidth Carrier bandwidth

Dedicated BWP: BWP configured for a UE in the RRC_CONNECTED state. According to 3GPP specifications, a UE can be
configured with a maximum of four dedicated BWPs through RRC signaling.
 Active BWP: BWP activated for a UE in the RRC_CONNECTED state at a certain moment. It is one of the dedicated
BWPs. According to 3GPP specifications, a UE in the RRC_CONNECTED state can activate only one dedicated BWP at
a time.
 Default BWP: BWP used by a UE in the RRC_CONNECTED state after its BWP inactivity timer expires. The default BWP
is also one of the dedicated BWPs. RRC signaling indicates which dedicated BWP of the UE is configured as the
default BWP.

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 Downlink Physical Signals
DMRS for the PDSCH

Demodulation reference
Downlink DMRS for the PBCH
signal (DMRS) for the PDCCH
physical
signals

Phase-tracking reference signal (PT-

Channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS)
RS), used in high-band scenarios

Compared with 4G, 5G cancels the PHICH and PCFICH channels. The ACK of the 5G uplink data is delivered
through the PDCCH. Therefore, the PHICH is not required. The number of PDCCH symbols is configured.
Therefore, PCFICH is not required.

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 SSB Introduce
SSB
239
P
B
C  The PBCH and PSS/SSS are collectively referred to as synchronization
192
H signal block (SSB).
182
P P  Different from LTE, the SSB can be flexibly configured. It can be
Subcarrier
P B S B configured at any location of a carrier.
Number S C S C
S H S H  In the time domain, the SSB occupy 4 symbols.
56
 In the frequency domain, the SSB occupy 20 RBs.
47
P
B
C
0 H
0 1 2 3

OFDM symbol number

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 PSS/SSS
PSS: primary synchronization signal

SSS: secondary synchronization signal

The PSS/SSS carries synchronization information.

NR cell IDs range from 0 to 1007 and are divided into three groups, with 336 NR cell IDs in
each group. The group number is obtained from the three PSS sequence numbers, and the
intra-group number is obtained from the 336 SSS sequence numbers.

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CORESE
 In NR, PDCCH time-domain and frequency-domain resources are flexible. Therefore, the concept of
CORESET is introduced to define PDCCH resources in NR.

 The CORESET indicates the number of symbols occupied by the PDCCH (in the time domain),
number of RBs (in the frequency domain), slot period, and offset.

 In the frequency domain, the COREST includes several PRBs, with a minimum of six PRBs. In
the time domain, the number of symbols is 1 to 3.

 Each cell can be configured with multiple CORESETs (0 to 11). COREST0 is used for RMSI
scheduling.

 The CORESET must be contained in the corresponding BWP.

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Type Common PDCCH Group Common PDCCH UE-Specific PDCCH
Function Common message Indicate Slot Format User-level data scheduling and
scheduling（RMSI/OSI、 Indicator（SFI）and Pre- power control information
Paging、Msg2/4、） emption Indication（PI） scheduling
Time Domain 1~3 symbol（MIB or RRC Configuration） 1~3 symbol（RRC Signaling
Configuration）
Frequency Domain Initial BWP Dedicated BWP（Maximum Full
Bandwidth）
Aggregation Level 4/8/16 1/2/4/8/16
RS DMRS ¼ density
Mapping Mode Time-domain-preferred interleaving mapping Time-domain-preferred
interleaving/non-interleaving
mapping
CORESET MIB or RRC RRC Signaling RRC Signaling
Configuration Configuration Configuration
blind Detection CSS (Common Search Space) USS(UE-Specific Search Space)
Space
Number of Blind RMSI：4 for AL 4, 2 for AL 8，1 for AL16，Total：44/36/22/20 for 15/30/60/120KHz
Detections （R

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 PDCCH Aggregation Level

 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs can be aggregated on a PDCCH according to NR specifications.

The aggregation level indicates the number of CCEs a PDCCH occupies. For
example, aggregation level 1 (not supported currently) indicates that the PDCCH
occupies one CCE and aggregation level 2 indicates that the PDCCH occupies two PDCCH symbol

CCEs.
 By default, the gNodeB selects an appropriate PDCCH aggregation level based
CCE
on the PDCCH channel quality (calculated based on the PDSCH SINR) and the
PDCCH block error rate (BLER) to enable the PDCCH BLER to converge to the …
target BLER.
 With PDCCH initial aggregation level selection optimization enabled, the gNodeB CCE

optimizes PDCCH initial aggregation level selection based on uplink measurement

information and cell load information. With this function, the gNodeB selects an
appropriate PDCCH aggregation level.

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 CSI-RS: Functions

 Main functions and category

 CSI acquisition: used for channel state information (CSI) measurement. The
information reported by a UE includes CQI, PMI, rank indicator (RI), and layer
indicator (LI).

 Beam management: For beam measurement, the information reported by a UE

includes L1-RSRP and CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI).

 RLM/RRM measurement: used for radio link monitoring (RLM) and radio resource
management (handover). The information reported by a UE includes L1-RSRP.

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 Downlink traffic channel feature

Based on CSI-RS measurement, the UE can report the following types of CSI:
 CQI：Indicates the channel quality indicator, which reflects the downlink channel quality. The
meaning is similar to that of LTE.
 PMI：Reports the precoding matrix index, which is used to confirm the precoding matrix. The
meaning is similar to that of LTE.
 RI：Rank reporting, reporting the number of layers expected by the UE.
 LI：Layer reporting, indicating the best layer based on CQI and PMI measurement (new in NR).
 SRS: It is used to estimate the uplink channel quality and is used for uplink scheduling, uplink TA,
and uplink beam management. In the case of reciprocity between uplink and downlink TDD
channels, channel symmetry can also be used to estimate the downlink channel quality.

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 Uplink Physical Signals

DMRS for PUSCH DMRS for PUCCH

Uplink
physical
signals

PT-RS
SRS
SRSs are provided to the base station as
the input for downlink MIMO precoding.

The PT-RS reference signal is added in the uplink, which is used for phase alignment in high-
frequency scenarios.

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 PUCCH: Overview
 Main functions
 Transmits L1/L2 uplink control information (UCI) for downlink and uplink data.
 The L1/L2 UCI includes:
 Scheduling request (SR): used for UL-SCH resource requests.
 HARQ ACK/NACK: used for HARQ feedback of data transmitted on the PDSCH.
 CSI: includes CQI, PMI, RI, LI, and CRI.
 Compared with downlink control information (DCI), UCI has the following
characteristics:
 UCI carries a small amount of information (only those unknown to the gNodeB).
 The DCI can be transmitted only on the PDCCH, and the UCI can be transmitted on the
PUCCH or the PUSCH.

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 PUSCH: Physical Layer Processing
 Waveform: Unlike PDSCH, PUSCH supports two waveforms.
 CP-OFDM: a multi-carrier waveform (with transform precoding disabled)
that supports MU-MIMO

 DFT-S-OFDM: a single-carrier waveform (with transform precoding

enabled) that supports only SU-MIMO and improves the coverage
performance

 Physical layer procedure

Codewords Layers Antenna ports
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper mapper generation
Layer
CP-OFDM mapper
Precoding How about the
Modulation Resource element OFDM signal same and
Scrambling
mapper mapper generation
difference of
Modulation Transform Resource SC-FDMA these two
DFT-S-OFDM Scrambling
mapper precoder element mapper signal gen. process？

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PRACH Overview
 After a cell search, the UE establishes a connection with the cell through a random access
procedure and performs uplink synchronization.
 PRACH: used to transmit preamble sequences.
The gNodeB measures the preamble to obtain the transmission delay between the gNodeB
and the UE, and informs the UE of the uplink timing information through the timing
advance command.
 PRACH resources
 Time domain: time domain location (system frame, subframe, slot, and symbol), duration,
and period
 Frequency domain: start RB and the number of occupied RBs
 Code domain: Preamble sequence.

 A PRACH preamble consists of a cyclic prefix (CP) and a preamble sequence.

 Differences in different formats: The CP length, sequence length, GP length, maximum cell
radius, and number of sequence repetitions are different.

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Preamble Format
14 preamble formats are available for an NR system, including 10 short sequences and four long sequences. For short
sequences, 15, 30, 60, or 120 kHz subcarrier spacing is supported. Sub-6 GHz supports short sequences and long
sequences. mmWave supports only short sequences.

Time Domain
Format Sequence Length Subcarrier Spacing Occupied Bandwidth Maximum Cell Radius
Length
0 839 (long sequence) 1.25 kHz 1.0 ms 1.08 MHz 14.5 km
1 839 1.25 kHz 3.0 ms 1.08 MHz 100.1 km
2 839 1.25 kHz 3.5 ms 1.08 MHz 21.9 km
3 839 5.0 kHz 1.0 ms 4.32 MHz 14.5 km
A1 139 (short sequence) 15·2μ (μ=0/1/2/3) 0.14/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 0.937/2μ km
A2 139 15·2μ 0.29/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 2.109/2μ km
A3 139 15·2μ 0.43/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 3.515/2μ km
B1 139 15·2μ 0.14/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 0.585/2μ km
B2 139 15·2μ 0.29/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 1.054/2μ km
B3 139 15·2μ 0.43/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 1.757/2μ km
B4 139 15·2μ 0.86/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 3.867/2μ km
C0 139 15·2μ 0.14/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 5.351/2μ km
C2 139 15·2μ 0.43/2μ ms 2.16·2μ MHz 9.297/2μ km

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 PRACH Time Domain Location
 The PRACH time domain location refers to the radio frame and subframe where the PRACH is
located, which is determined by the PRACH Configuration Index, as listed in the following table.

PRACH Preamble Subframe number Starting Number of number of time-

Configuration format nSFN mod x  y symbol PRACH domain PRACH PRACH
Index slots within occasions within a duration
a subframe PRACH slot RA
x y N RA,slot
t
N dur
0 0 16 1 1 0 - - 0
1 0 16 1 4 0 - - 0
2 0 16 1 7 0 - - 0
3 0 16 1 9 0 - - 0
4 0 8 1 1 0 - - 0
5 0 8 1 4 0 - - 0
6 0 8 1 7 0 - - 0
7 0 8 1 9 0 - - 0
8 0 4 1 1 0 - - 0
9 0 4 1 4 0 - - 0
10 0 4 1 7 0 - - 0
11 0 4 1 9 0 - - 0
12 0 2 1 1 0 - - 0
13 0 2 1 4 0 - - 0
14 0 2 1 7 0 - - 0

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 CRS

LTE Function NR
DMRS for PBCH
PDCCH,PBCH，PDSCH
CRS DMRS for PDCCH
coherent demodulation
DMRS for PDSCH

 NR no longer uses CRSs, reducing control channel overheads, avoiding inter-cell

CRS interference, and improving spectral efficiency.

 In addition, the NR control channel and data channel use DMRS demodulation.
DMRS for PBCH/PDCCH/PDSCH is used to replace the CRS coherent demodulation
function.

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 Contents

1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

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UE ID(Activating Packet Injection)

Selecting the UE ID type for packet injection

 Only the UEID information needs to be specified in the parameter options of this
command.
 S-TMSI or Random_Value use in NSA network,5G_STMSI or 5G_Random_Value use
in SA network.

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Session Management

 The session management is processed by the SMF to establish, modify, and release PDU sessions

 Each PDU session corresponds to a data connection. The connection can be represented by DNN
 DNN：Data Network Name

 A PDU session can contain multiple QoS Flow. QoS Flow in 5G is similar to EPS bearer in 4G.
Each QoS Flow maps a group of QoS parameters

 All QoS flows in each PDU session use the same tunnel on the NG-U interface

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 5G QoS Architecture
NG-RAN 5GC
 For each UE, 5GC establishes one or more PDU Sessions
UE NB UPF
 5G QoS flow is the smallest granularity for QoS
PDU Session forwarding in a 5G system.
Radio Bearer NG-U Tunnel
 For each UE, the NG-RAN establishes at least one Data
QoS Flow
Radio Bearers (DRB) together with the PDU Session and
QoS Flow
additional DRB(s) for QoS flow(s)
 The NG-RAN maps packets belonging to different PDU
Radio Bearer
QoS Flow sessions to different DRBs
 NAS level packet filters in the UE and in the 5GC
associate UL and DL packets with QoS flows

Radio NG-U  AS-level mapping rules in the UE and in the NG-RAN

associate UL and DL QoS Flows with DRBs

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QFI Introduction

 QFI (QoS Flow ID)

 Used to identity the unique QoS flow, similar as EPS bearer ID in LTE network

 QFI is the unique ID in each PDU session

 QFI is encapsulated in N3 and N9 protocol headers

 Service flows with the same QFI in a PDU session receive the same service forwarding processing

 QFI allocation: It is allocated by SMF

 Similar as LTE network, for each PDU session, there should be one default QoS flow exist, it can be
non-GBR flow or GBR flow

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 5GC QoS Parameters Introduction
QoS Flow 5QI

ARP
Flow type Priority Delay Packet Loss

GBR Non-GBR
Priority Preemptio Preemption
n vulnerabilit
capability y GFBR UE-AMBR
MFBR Session-AMBR
Notification Control RQA
（Optional）
Maximum Packet Loss
Rate
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 EPC NE function Corresponding
NGC NF
MME Mobility management AMF
User authentication AUSF
Session management SMF
PDN-GW Session management
User plane data forwarding UPF
SGW User plane data forwarding
PCRF QoS policy and charging rules PCF
HSS User profile database UDM
 QoS profile, which is provided by the SMF to the AN through the N2 reference point of the AMF or
preconfigured in the AN;

 Based on different QCIs，Bearer can be divided into two categories：GBR（Guaranteed Bit Rate）
bearer and Non-GBR bearer. GBR bearer The scheduler must guarantee the minimum bit rate for
this type of bearer, Non-GBR bearer The scheduler does not need to guarantee the minimum bit
rate for this type of bearer.
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RRC Reconfiguration Key Elements

SCG radio protocol layer configuration

ReconfigWithSycn includes the parameters for

UE random access, consists of common
configuration and dedicated configuration

spCellConfigDedicated is used to configure the

dedicated BWP for UE

NR measurement configuration for NSA

mobility
SCG UL data split parameters

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spCellConfigCommon Introduction
NR cell frequency configuration
SPCellConfigCommon key information SSB frequency number

NR cell PCI
Point A position

Cell bandwidth
SSB beams information

SSB period In NSA networking, SSB frequency number will

PDSCH DMRS deliver to UE, so UE no need perform blind
position search in NR cell

SSB power

C-RNTI in NR cell

Timer for NSA random access

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Key Elements in SgNodeB Addition Request
S-GW

SGWIP+TEID

ERAB ID and DRB ID

MeNB
SgNB

Indicate bearer type eNB X2U IP+TEID

for SCG

ERAB QoS
parameters

eNodeB IP and TE ID for X2-U spilt bearer

SGW IP and TEID

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 Key Elements in SgNodeB Addition Request （Cont.）

EUTRA Capability is
used by eNdoeB

NR Capability is
UE Capability used by gNodeB

MRDC Capability is
used by gNodB

UE NR capability will be forwarded to gNodeB

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Key Elements in SgNodeB Addition Request （Cont.）
Indicate the target cell
PCI and SSB RSRP

Maximum allowed UE
power for ETURAN and
NR

MCG bearer information

LTE cell information

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Key IEs in Measurement Control

 eventB1-NR-r15： This parameter specifies the threshold for reporting event B1 ，

The RSRP threshold is 0, which corresponds to the RSRP threshold for reporting
event B1：0+（-156dBm）=-156dBm

 Report Type ：SS-RSRP/SS-RSRQ/SS-SINR

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Key Elements in ERAB Modify IND

gNodeB IP and TE ID

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Transmission Address Update in Core Network
Request the MME to
eNB MME change the bearer of the S-GW

S1 interface to the SGWIP+TEID

ERAB MOD IND gNodeB.

MeNB
Switching S1 Path SgNB
eNB IP/TEID gNB IP/TEID

ERAB MOD IND CONF

The new S1 bearer is

successfully set up.


ERAB MOD IND switching the S1-U interface from the LTE side to the NR side and
also hands over the PDCP anchor to the NR side.

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SgNodeB Release Procedure Overview

 SgNodeB Release consists of MeNB trigger and SgNodeB trigger

 Scenarios for MeNB trigger:
 Inter-eNB handover happened (normal case)

 SCG failure detected by UE (abnormal case)

 X2 link problem detected by eNB (abnormal case)

 Scenarios for SgNodeB trigger:

 SCG RSRP is less than A2 threshold (normal case)

 SgNodeB UE inactive timers expires (normal case)

 S1 link problem detected by gNodeB (abnormal case)

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eNB Initiated SgNodeB Release Flow

UE MN SN S-GW MME
1. SgNB Release Request
2. SgNB Release Request Acknowledge
3. RRCConnectionReconfiguration
MN: Master eNB
4. RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete SN: Secondary
gNodeB
5. SN Status Transfer

6. Data Forwarding

7. Secondary RAT Data Volume Report

8. Path Update procedure

9. UE Context Release

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 NR Link Failure Procedure in EN-DC Mode
The UE fails to detect the NR radio link. The SgNB fails to detect the radio link.

UE eNodeB gNodeB UE eNodeB gNodeB

The UE detects an The SgNB detects an

exception. exception.
Suspend SCG

SCG Failure Info-NR

The SgNB initiates a
release procedure.

MeNB-initiated SgNB
release procedure

SCG failure：rlc-MaxNumRetx、scg-ChangeFailure、t310-Expiry、
synchReconfigFailure-SCG、scg-reconfigFailure

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 47

SgNodeB Modification Procedure Overview

 SgNodeB Modification procedre consists of MeNB trigger and SgNodeB trigger

 Scenarios for MeNB trigger:

 Intra-eNB handover trigger

 ERAB creation, release or modification is triggered in eNB

 Scenarios for SgNodeB trigger:

 Intra-gNodeB Pscell change trigger

 Configuration change in SCG bearer

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 48

gNodeB Initiated SgNodeB Modification Procedure
UE MN SN S-GW MME

1. SgNB Modification Required

For providing of Forwarding addresses, SgNB Security Key

2. SgNB Modification Request

3. SgNB Modification Request Acknowledge

MN: Master eNB
4. RRCConnectionReconfiguration SN: Secondary
5. RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete gNodeB
6. SgNB Modification Confirm
7. Random Access Procedure

8. SNStatus Transfer

9. Data Forwarding

10. Secondary RAT Data Volume Report

11. Path Update procedure

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 49

 NR System Message Introduction
Classific
type Information Element Delivery methods
ation

System frame/SSB offset/RMSI SCS configuration/RMSI scheduling

MIB Broadcast
information
MSI
Cell selection info/Cell access related info/Serving cell common
RMSI(SIB1) Broadcast
configuration/Other SI delivery configuration/UE timers and constants

SIB2 Cell reselection parameters for serving cell

SIB3 Cell reselection parameters for intra frequency neighbor

SIB4 Cell reselection parameters for inter frequency neighbor

SIB5 Cell reselection parameters for EUTRAN neighbor cell

OSI Broadcast or on demands
SIB6 ETWS primary notification

SIB7 ETWS secondary notification

SIB8 CMAS(Commercial Mobile Alert Service) notification

SIB9 information related to GPS time and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 50

NR to EUTRAN Handover – With N26 Interface
Source Target AMF MME
eNB
1.RRCReconfiguration(MC) gNodeB
2.RRCReconfigurationCmp
3.MeasurementReport
4.HandoverRequest
5.RelocationRequest
6.HandoverRequest
7.HandoverRequestAck
8.RelocationResponse
9.HandoverCommand
10.RRCReconfiguration(HO)
11.RRCReconfigurationCmp
12.HandoverNotify
13.RelocationCompleteNotification
14.UECONTEXT RELEASE COMMAND
15.RelocationCompleteAck

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 51

 Contents

1. 5G Air Interface 6. 5G Product and Site Solution

2. 5G Signaling 7. 5G Data Configuration

3. 5G Features 8. Operation Maintenance

3.1 MIMO 9. Troubleshooting

3.2 Power Control

3.3 NSA

3.4 Mobility

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 52

channel calibration

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 53

 MM Overview MM Beam MM Features MM Planning MM Deployment

Evolution of MIMO and Beamforming

 LTE beamforming and MIMO adopt different TM modes and CRS ports. CRS is not adopted by the 5G network and the diversity
mode exists. Multiplexing is achieved through multiple data layers.
Beam
Antenna Beamforming Beamforming MU-MIMO
Transmission Mode Management
Channel Capability Channel Capability
Capability
Different transmission
modes including open-
Support eight-antenna Support MU-
loop transmission,
4G horizontal beamforming, Beamforming applies MIMO; difficult Beam management
2/4/8 closed-loop
MIMO bringing low only on the PDSCH. pairing; low is not supported.
transmission, diversity,
beamforming gains efficiency
multiplexing, and
beamforming
Support 3D Support MU-
4G 3D- Beamforming applies Beam management
64 Same as above beamforming, bringing MIMO; high
MIMO only on the PDSCH. is not supported.
high beamforming gains pairing efficiency
All downlink channels
and signals support
5G The TM is not defined. Support 3D Support MU-
beamforming. The Beam management
massive 16/32/64 All channels adopt beamforming, bringing MIMO; high
beams are classified is supported.
MIMO beamforming. high beamforming gains pairing efficiency
into static beams and
dynamic beams.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 54

 MM Overview MM Beam MM Features MM Planning MM Deployment

Broadcast Beam Coverage Scenarios

 The 5G AAUs of various models support this function. In addition to the default scenario, the scenarios listed in the following table are
supported.
Tilt
Coverage Horizontal 3 dB Vertical 3 dB
Scenario ID Scenario Description Adjustment
Scenario Beamwidth Beamwidth
Range

Non-standard 3-sector networking is used to provide wide horizontal coverage.

This type of configuration is suitable for public squares or large buildings. The
SCENARIO_1 Square horizontal coverage in this scenario is better than that in SCENARIO_2. The 110° 6° –2° to +9°
coverage near the cell center in this scenario is slightly poorer than that in
SCENARIO_2.
SCENARIO_2 Non-standard 3-sector networking is used. When there are strong interference 90° 6° –2° to +9°
sources in neighboring cells, the horizontal coverage of a cell can be reduced to
Interference
SCENARIO_3 mitigate the interference from neighboring cells. This configuration is suitable for 65° 6° –2° to +9°
lower-floor coverage because the vertical coverage angle is the smallest.
SCENARIO_4 45° 6° –2° to +9°
Building This configuration is for low-rise buildings and hotspot coverage.
SCENARIO_5 25° 6° –2° to +9°
Mid-rise
Non-standard 3-sector networking is used to provide coverage for mid-rise
SCENARIO_6 coverage and 110° 12° 0° to 6°
buildings. This configuration provides the best horizontal coverage.
public square
SCENARIO_7 Non-standard 3-sector networking is used. When there are strong interference 90° 12° 0° to 6°
Mid-rise sources in neighboring cells, the horizontal coverage of a cell can be reduced to
coverage with mitigate the interference from neighboring cells. This configuration is suitable for
SCENARIO_8 interference covering mid-rise buildings as the vertical coverage angle is larger than that in 65° 12° 0° to 6°
SCENARIO_1 to SCENARIO_5.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 55

Coverage scenario ID of Broadcast Beam.

 The 5G RAN2.1 supports a large number of AAUs. The following table lists the supported
scenarios except the default scenario.

Horizontal 3
Coverage Vertical 3 dB Adjustable
Coverage Scenario Scenario Description dB
Scenario ID beamwidth tilt range
beamwidth
SCENARIO_9 45° 12° 0°~6°
This configuration is for mid-rise buildings and hotspot
SCENARIO_10 Mid-rise building 25° 12° 0°~6°
coverage.
SCENARIO_11 15° 12° 0°~6°
Non-standard three-sector networking with the maximum
Square + high-rise horizontal coverage and high-rise coverage. This scenario is
SCENARIO_12 110° 25° 6°
building scenario recommended when broadcast channels are required to
reflect the coverage of data channels.
In non-standard three-sector networking, when strong
interference sources exist in neighboring cells, the
High-rise coverage
horizontal coverage of the cell can be reduced to reduce
SCENARIO_13 interference 65° 25° 6°
the interference of neighboring cells. The vertical
scenario
coverage angle is the largest, which is applicable to high-
rise coverage.
SCENARIO_14 45° 25° 6°
High-rise building This configuration is for high-rise buildings and hotspot
SCENARIO_15 25° 25° 6°
scenario coverage.
SCENARIO_16 15° 25° 6°

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 56

Downlink Beamforming – Weight Calculation
 Downlink channel characteristics are the keys to improve weighting accuracy. Two methods are available for
obtaining downlink channel characteristics.
 SRS-based weight: Based on TDD channel reciprocity, gNodeBs estimate the downlink channel characteristics using
SRSs received from the UEs to obtain weighting values.

 PMI-based weight: gNodeBs select an optimal weighting value based on PMIs received from the UEs.

 SRS-based weight is suitable for UEs at or near the cell center as the channel characteristics estimation
using SRSs is effective （Larger SINR）. At cell edge, due to the poor channel quality of uplink SRSs, PMI-
based weight is usually adopted （Smaller SINR）.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 57

Downlink Adaptive Selection Between SRS and PMI

 The gNodeB supports adaptive selection of SRS or PMI weights in the downlink so that the
weights can accurately reflect the quality of data channels and ensure data transmission
experience.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 58

 Contents

1. 5G Air Interface 6. 5G Product and Site Solution

2. 5G Signaling 7. 5G Data Configuration

3. 5G Features 8. Operation Maintenance

3.1 MIMO 9. Troubleshooting

3.2 Power Control

3.3 NSA

3.4 Mobility

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 59

Static Power Control

 Offsets to the cell reference power (ReferencePwr) are configured to control the downlink channel
or signal power. The power offset of each channel or signal is specified by different parameters.

 The formula for calculating the ReferencePwr (dBm) is as follows:

ReferencePwr = MaxTransmitPower − 10 × log10 (RBcell × 12)

 The value of MaxTransmitPower is inversely proportional to the number of channels and antennas.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 60

Static Power Control

 Offsets to the cell reference power (ReferencePwr) are configured to control the downlink channel
or signal power. The power offset of each channel or signal is specified by different parameters.

 The formula for calculating the ReferencePwr (dBm) is as follows:

ReferencePwr = MaxTransmitPower − 10 × 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (RBcell × 𝟏𝟐)
 MaxTransmitPower is the maximum transmit power of each channel in the unit of dBm.
 NR FDD: It is specified by the NRDUCellTrp.MaxTransmitPower parameter.

 NR TDD: For macro base stations, it is specified by the NRDUCellTrp.MaxTransmitPower parameter in low-frequency
cells.

 NR TDD: For macro base stations, it is calculated using the following formula in high-frequency cells:
𝑀axTr𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵𝑖 − 10 × log10 (𝑁𝑇𝑋 ). In this formula, 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 is specified by the
NRDUCellTrp.MaxEirp parameter. 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 is the antenna gain of the RF module serving a cell. 𝑁𝑇𝑋 is the number of
transmit antennas, which is specified the NRDUCellTRP.TxRxMode parameter.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 61

Static Power Control (Cont.)

 The power of downlink channels or signals on each RE can be calculated according to the
ReferencePwr and power offset.
ReferencePwr + PowerOffset + 10 × log10 (RFChannelTXNum)
 PowerOffset is the maximum power offset of each channel or signal relative to the cell reference power,
which is configured using the following parameters:
 NRDUCellTrpBeam.MaxSsbPwrOffset for the PBCH and SS in NR TDD low-frequency cells

 NRDUCellTrpMmwavBeam.MaxSsbPwrOffset for the PBCH and SS in NR TDD high-frequency cells

 NRDUFddCellTrpBeam.MaxSsbPwrOffset for the PBCH and SS in NR FDD

 NRDUCellChnPwr.MaxCommonDciPwrOffset for the PDCCH

 NRDUCellChnPwr.TrsPwrOffset for the TRS

 RFChannelTXNum is the number of physical RF transmit channels.

SSB power affects UE reselection and handover.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 62

Data Configuration (Cont.)

 Activation is not required. Optimization command examples are as follows:

 //Configuring the power offset of DCI in common search space (This is a high-risk command.)

 MOD NRDUCELLCHNPWR: NrDuCellId=0, MaxCommonDciPwrOffset=0;

 //Configuring the TRS power offset (This is a high-risk command.)

 MOD NRDUCELLCHNPWR: NrDuCellId=0,TrsPwrOffset=0;

Dynamic configuration of
 //Configuring the target PDCCH BLER (This is a high-risk command.) power
 MOD NRDUCELLPDCCH: NRDUCELLID=0, PdcchBlerTarget=3;

 //Configuring the maximum converged PDSCH power offset (This is a high-risk command.)

 MOD NRDUCELLCHNPWR: NRDUCELLID=0, MaxPdschConvPwrOffset=0;

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 63

Dynamic Power Control (Cont.)

 PDSCH dynamic power control adaptively adjusts the transmit power spectral density (PSD) of UEs
based on the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) for PDSCH scheduling or the remaining power
after scheduling. The PSD adjustment value for the PDSCH is determined by the
NRDUCellChnPwr.MaxPdschConvPwrOffset parameter. PDSCH dynamic power control takes
effect only for UEs using extremely low MCS indexes.

The coverage of the traffic channel is affected.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 64

PRACH Power Calculation

 The PRACH transmit power is calculated using the following formula:

PPRACH  min{PCMAX , Po _ pre  PL   preamble  (N pre  1)   step }
 PCMAX is the maximum transmit power of a UE.

 Po_pre is the target power expected by the gNodeB when the requirements for the preamble detection
performance are met and the PRACH preamble format is 0.This variable is specified by the
NRDUCellUlPcConfig.PreambleInitRxTargetPwr parameter.

 PL is the downlink path loss estimated by the UE. This value is obtained based on the measured RSRP value
of the downlink channel and the transmit power of the synchronization signal block (SSB).

 preamble is the offset of the power for the current preamble format relative to the power for preamble format 0.

 Npre is the number of times the UE sends preambles. This value cannot exceed the maximum number of
preamble transmissions that is specified by the NRDUCellPrach.MaxPreambleTransCnt parameter.

 step is the preamble power ramping step. This variable is specified by the
NRDUCellUlPcConfig.PwrRampingStep parameter.
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 65
Power Ramping

 If a random access procedure initiated by a UE fails before the number of preamble transmissions
reaches the upper limit, the UE retransmits the random access preamble using increased PRACH
transmit power. The overall PRACH transmit power ramping process is as follows:
1. The UE sends a random access preamble.

2. If the gNodeB correctly detects this preamble, it sends a random access response (RAR) to the UE.

3. If the UE does not receive the RAR, it retransmits the preamble with the PRACH transmit power increased by
∆step each time and counts Npre until it either receives an RAR or Npre reaches the maximum number of
preamble transmissions.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 66

 UE Random Access Procedure
UE gNo
 In NSA mode, UE adopts non-contention based random deB
access to NR cell MSG1：Preamble
 The random access procedure should be completed
within T304 timer RAR
 If UE fails random access, it will report SCG failure info
to eNdoeB, inform the failure cause
MAC CE

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 67

Purpose of PUSCH Power Control
The purpose of PUSCH power control is to track large-scale fading and periodically
and dynamically adjust the PUSCH transmit power to reduce interference to
neighboring cells and increase system capacity.

When Msg3 is sent

Owned MO:
NRDUCELLULPCCONFIG:PreambleInitRxTargetPwr
NRDUCELLULPCCONFIG : DeltaPreambleMsg3
When uplink data is sent:

Owned MO:
NRDUCELLULPCCONFIG: PoNominalPusch
NRDUCELLULPCCONFIG : PathLossCoeff
Configuration procedure:
Task 1： Query Cell Preamble Initial Receive Target Power “PoNominalPusch” and record
it.
Task 2： Query the path loss factor of a cell “PathLossCoeff”and record it.
Task 3：Query the DeltaPreambleMsg3 of cell and record it.
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 68
 Contents

1. 5G Air Interface 6. 5G Product and Site Solution

2. 5G Signaling 7. 5G Data Configuration

3. 5G Features 8. Operation Maintenance

3.1 MIMO 9. Troubleshooting

3.2 Power Control

3.3 NSA

3.4 Mobility

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 69

Random Access Procedure

 NR random access consists of following scenarios:

 Initial access from RRC_IDLE (CBRA)

 RRC Connection Re-establishment procedure(CBRA)

 Handover (CFRA)

 DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED when UL synchronisation status is "non-

synchronised“ (CFRA)

 UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED when UL synchronisation status is "non-synchronised“(CBRA)

 Transition from RRC_INACTIVE (CBRA)

 SgNodeB additional/change procedure(CFRA)

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 70

spCellConfigCommon Introduction
NR cell frequency configuration
SPCellConfigCommon key information SSB frequency number

NR cell PCI
Point A position

Cell bandwidth
SSB beams information

SSB period In NSA networking, SSB frequency number

PDSCH DMRS will deliver to UE, so UE no need perform
position blind search in NR cell

SSB power

C-RNTI in NR cell

Timer for NSA random access

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 71

SgNodeB Additional Procedure
No direct RRC signaling

UE eNodeB gNodeB MME S-GW

MeasObjectNR-r15 4
EventB1-NR-r15
RRC CONN RECFG
RRC CONN RECFG CMP
Measurement
configuration&
Measure
Reprot SSBRSRP
E-RAB Parameters,
pci-r15/rsrpResult- Tunnel address (IP address, TEID),
r15/ssb-index-r15 UE Security Capabilities,
Measurement Report MeNBtoSgNBContainer (CG-
Config)；
SCG additional VendorExtensionInformation
decision
SGNB ADD REQ
radioResourceConfigDed Prepare
icated; PDU Session Resources Admitted To resource
SCG additonal nr-Config-r15; Be Added List,
nrRadioBearerConfig- SgNB to MeNB Container(CG-Config)
r15 SGNB ADD ACK
RRC CONN RECFG

RRC CONN RECFG CMP

SGNB RECONFIG CMP
Random Access to NR Cell

SN Status Transfer
Option3X S1-U ERAB MOD IND
path switch Bearer Modification
ERAB MOD CONF

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 72

NSA DC Data Split

 Data split at the PDCP layer starts after the MeNB receives an
SGNB_ADDITION_REQUEST_ACKNOWLEDGE message from the SgNB, indicating that an X2
tunnel has been set up between the MeNB and the SgNB.

 In this version, all types of services, except the following, support MCG bearer,
MCG_Bearer_EUTRA_PDCP, MCG split bearer, and SCG split bearer:
 Voice services that use the ROHC function: only MCG bearer or MCG_Bearer_EUTRA_PDCP.

 E-RABs with QCIs of 1 or 5: support only MCG bearer or MCG_Bearer_EUTRA_PDCP

 E-RABs with QCIs of 2-4, 65-67, 75, or 82-85: support only MCG bearer, MCG_Bearer_EUTRA_PDCP and
SCG split bearer. In the case of SCG split bearer, the uplink and downlink data is distributed only to the SCG.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 73

 NSA Common Access Fault (Cont.)

 LTE didn’t deliver the NR measurement control information to UE

 NSA switch didn’t enable on LTE side

 PCC anchor and Scg were not configured, need ensure that PCC frequency point consistent with
LTE, Scg frequency point equal to NR SSB frequency point since 5G RAN2.0

 Checking QCI, GBR bearer didn’t support establish NSA DC(QCI 1-4)

 Wrong configuration of 5G neighbor relationship on LTE side

 Core network deliver the IE(nRestriction) in S1AP_INITIAL_CONTEXT_SETUP_REQ，forbid UE

to do NSA service

 Emergency call UE couldn’t establish NSA DC（QCI 1、5）

 Checking UE capability information on LTE side

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 74

Uplink Data Split Policy Configuration (Cont.)

Option 3x, NR Parameters

 The UlDataSplitPrimaryPath and UlDataSplitThreshold parameters specify the data split policy:
 Uplink data distributed only to the MCG: UlDataSplitThreshold = INFINITY and UlDataSplitPrimaryPath = MCG

 Uplink data distributed only to the SCG: UlDataSplitThreshold = INFINITY and UlDataSplitPrimaryPath = SCG

 Uplink dynamic data split:

 UE PDCP buffer data size ≥ UlDataSplitThreshold, and UlDataSplitPrimaryPath = MCG or SCG

 When the UE PDCP buffer data size is less than UlDataSplitThreshold, data is transmitted according to the value of
UlDataSplitPrimaryPath.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 75

Downlink Data Split Policy Configuration

 DlDataMcgSplitBearerMode: Option 3 (LTE Parameters)

 SCG_AND_MCG: dynamic data split

 MCG_ONLY: only distributed to the MCG

 SCG_ONLY: only distributed to the SCG

 DlDataPdcpSplitMode: Option 3x (NR Parameters)

 SCG_AND_MCG: dynamic data split

 MCG_ONLY: only distributed to the MCG

 SCG_ONLY: only distributed to the SCG

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 76

 Contents

1. 5G Air Interface 6. 5G Product and Site Solution

2. 5G Signaling 7. 5G Data Configuration

3. 5G Features 8. Operation Maintenance

3.1 MIMO 9. Troubleshooting

3.2 Power Control

3.3 NSA

3.4 Mobility

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 77

A3 Parameters
 Entering condition for event A3: (Mn + Ofn + Ocn – Hys > Ms + Ofs + Ocs + Off) is true during the
time specified by TimeToTrig.

 Leaving condition for event A3: (Mn + Ofn + Ocn + Hys < Ms + Ofs + Ocs + Off) is true during the
time specified by TimeToTrig.

 Ms and Mn: measurement results of the serving cell and a neighboring cell, respectively

 Hys: hysteresis for an event, which can be configured using the

NRCellIntraFHoMeaGrp.IntraFreqHoA3Hyst parameter

 TimeToTrig: duration during which a condition is met before the event can be triggered, which can be
configured using the NRCellIntraFHoMeaGrp.IntraFreqHoA3TimeToTrig parameter

 Ofs and Ofn: frequency-specific offsets for the serving cell and a neighboring cell, respectively

 Ocs and Ocn: CIO for the serving cell and that for a neighboring NR cell, respectively

 Off: offset for an event, which can be configured using the NRCellIntraFHoMeaGrp.IntraFreqHoA3Offset
parameter. This parameter can be set to a positive or negative value.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 78

Parameters for SA Mobility Management in Connected Mode

 It is recommended that the following parameters be configured.

Parameter Name Parameter ID Value Mandatory/Recommended

Intra-frequency
NRCellIntraFHoMeaGrp.IntraFreq
Handover A3 Time To 320MS(320) Recommended
HoA3TimeToTrig
Trigger
Intra-frequency NRCellIntraFHoMeaGrp.IntraFreq
2 (1 dB) Recommended
Handover A3 Hysteresis HoA3Hyst

Intra-frequency NRCellIntraFHoMeaGrp.IntraFreq
2 (1 dB) Recommended
Handover A3 Offset HoA3Offset

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 79

 RSRP Calculate

 Defines the threshold for reporting event B1,the RSRP threshold value is 0, How about A3 real
Indicates the RSRP threshold for event B1 reporting：0+（-156dBm）=-156dBm level？

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 80

 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

4.1 5G Problem Analysis

4.2 5G Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 81

 NSA SgNB Abnormal Release Procedure and Counters
UE MN SN S-GW MME

1. SgNB Release Required

2. SgNB Release Confirm

3. RRCConnectionReconfiguration A
4. RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete B
5. SN Status Transfer
6. Data Forwarding

7. Secondary RAT Data Volume report

8. Path Update procedure

9. UE Context Release

N.NsaDc.SgNB.AbnormRel：SgNB abnormal release number under LTE-NR NSA DC scenario

As shown at point A, when gNodeB send SgNB Release Required to eNodeB, if the CAUSE in SgNB Release Required is Radio
Connection With UE Lost or Failure in the Radio Interface, the counter N.NsaDc.SgNB.AbnormRel.Radio is incremented by 1.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 82

 Which of the counters can be monitored by the
Key Indicators for NR Coverage drive test tool?
 Similar to LTE, the key indicators related to coverage in 5G are RSRP and SINR. However, the
types of RSRP/SINR in 5G are different from LTE. The LTE CRS function, in NR, is divided into two
measurement quantities: SSB and CSI-RS. Correspondingly, the SS-RSRP/SINR reflects the
coverage and access capability of the broadcast channel, and the CSI RSRP/SINR reflects the
capability of the traffic channel.

 Coverage measurement results defined in 5G:

SS RSRP CSI RSRP SS SINR CSI SINR PDSCH RSRP PDSCH SINR
Idle mode
Connected (Recommend Connected
Idle (broadcast) Service status Service status
mode align the inter-cell mode
SSB.)
Indicates the signal Indicates the SINR of the final
strength of the signal strength RSRP of the data
broadcast channel, of the traffic Reflects the SSB traffic demodulation,
Measure the
which affects the channel, which collision between channel, not reflects the load
CQI and rank.
access and affects the user cells. reported by and
handover experience the UE. interference
performance. rate. information.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 83

Peak Rate Calculation
 The theoretical NR rate calculation is related to the bandwidth, modulation scheme, MIMO mode,
and parameter configuration. A cell with a bandwidth of 100 MHz is used as an example, The
number of symbols occupied by the PDCCH in each slot, the number of symbols occupied by the
broadcast channel, synchronization channel, and the number of symbols occupied by the reference
signal must be considered during theoretical rate calculation, The actual rate also depends on the
impact of the air interface BLER.

 Currently, the NR duplex mode is TDD. Peak rate=RB Number* Number of subcarriers per RB *
Number of symbols per timeslot * Number of Timeslots per Subframe * Coding efficiency
*Modulation order*Stream Number*（1-BLER）*（1- Control information overhead ratio ）
*Slot Assignment

 Based on 3GPP specifications and cell configuration information on the live network ：Cell
bandwidth:100MHZ（273RB），SCS:30KHZ，UL and DL slot assignment:DDDSU_4:1，S
slot:SS2（10:2:2）， Typical coding efficiency :0.892， Up to 8 stream per user ，BLER:0.1，
The control information overhead is about:13.6%， The peak rate is calculated as follows
about:3Gbps.
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 84
MAC Layer Problems

Protocol
Influencing Factors Analysis Method
Layer

HARQ resource allocation failure is a common error.

You need to determine whether the failure is caused
The HARQ process is
by abnormal ACK feedback or scheduling process
exhausted
MAC processing. Feedback abnormality generally refers
to the failure of feedback or a large number of DTXs.

DCI missing detection Check whether the DTX proportion is large.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 85

 DL/UL Peak standard ：
 27-order(256QAM)/28-order（64QAM）

 Peak test location requirements ：

 CSI-RS SINR>30 ，CSI-RSRP（-65dbm~-75dbm）， The RSRP of the test position should not exceed -65
dBm. 。 If the power received by the terminal is too high, clipping occurs on the receiver，as a result, the
SINR decreases and the MCS index decreases. However, also make the rate decreases.

 Multipath environment selection: The downlink high rank depends on the surrounding multipath environment
of the test. It is recommended that the surrounding reflection areas of trees and buildings be selected and
the test point is not directly transmitted to the base station antenna.

 Neighboring cell control: It is recommended that the SSB RSRP of the neighboring cell be 6 dB lower than
that of the serving cell to avoid SSB and TRS interference.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 86

UL TA Abnormal

 To ensure orthogonality of uplink transmission, avoiding intra-cell interference ，The gNodeB

requires that signals from different UEs in the same subframe but different frequency-domain
resources arrive at the gNodeB at the same time.

 TA = 0.51 ns * 512*3*10^8 /2 = 39m，half of LTE.

 TA adjustment ： Downlink bit errors may also be caused by uplink out-of-synchronization，

Therefore, when the BER is high, you can also check the TA to see whether the TA is
adjusted drastically.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 87

 Factors Affecting of E2E 5G Data Transmission
4）SINR/CQI/RI/SRS 6）Alarm

5）Channel Condition 7）Parameter

11）QCI/AMBR
8）Channel Calibration APP
3）UE Capacity HS Server
S
RB/Modulation/Feature
gNodeB
BBU
Route
r
CP X2
E
9）Transmission Packet loss
Switch Firewal
MME/UGW
l

10）Transmission Packet Loss、OutofOrder/Bandwidth

1）TCP Windows/Thread/RTT/MTU
eNodeB BBU
2）Hardware Performance

Factors 1), 2), 3), 6),7) 9), 10), 11), 12), affecting the grant and RBs, 4), 5), 6),7) and 8) affecting the
MCS, BLER, and rank

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 88

 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface 5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

2. 5G Signaling 6. 5G Product and Site Solution

3. 5G Features 7. 5G Data Configuration

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents 8. Operation Maintenance

4.1 5G Problem Analysis 9. Troubleshooting

4.2 5G Other Contents

4.2.1 VR

4.2.2 Other

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 89

 As shown in the this figure, the end-to-end MTP model actually includes the processing delay of three
segments: cloud-pipe-device:
1、 Cloud processing latency： Including the ① VR cloud action obtaining delay 、 ② Rendering
delay、 ③ Encoding delay、 ④ Waiting Send delay。
2、Pipe delay：Including⑤ Uplink transmission delay 、⑥ Downlink transmission delay ，the
sum of these two parts is actually close to the network RTT。
3、 Terminal processing delay ：Including⑦Buffer delay、 ⑧Terminal decoding delay and so
on。

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 90

Protocol in Service

 4K live broadcast uses UDP transmission to ensure real-time performance, when there is
no mechanism such as FEC redundancy coding or RET retransmission, experience is sensitive
to network fluctuation. When the packet loss rate is bigger than 10-5, artifacts occur.
 The frame freezing rate of VR videos (360 videos and mega-screen cinemas) is insensitive to
latency. However, because VR video on demand generally uses TCP transmission,
according to the TCP throughput formula, the delay must meet the requirement of the playback
rate.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 91

 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface 5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

2. 5G Signaling 6. 5G Product and Site Solution

3. 5G Features 7. 5G Data Configuration

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents 8. Operation Maintenance

4.1 5G Problem Analysis 9. Troubleshooting

4.2 5G Other Contents

4.2.1 VR

4.2.2 Other

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 92

SgNB Change Procedure and Counters

Counter ID Counter Name Counter Description Measurement Point

Total number of SCG change As shown at point A in Figure 1, the

attempts for UEs that treat the local L.NsaDc.SCG.Change.Att counter is incremented
1526747853 L.NsaDc.SCG.Change.Att
cell as their PCell in the LTE-NR NSA each time the eNodeB receives an SgNB Change
DC state Required message from the gNodeB.
Total number of successful SCG As shown at point B in Figure 1, the
changes for UEs that treat the local L.NsaDc.SCG.Change.Succ counter is
1526747854 L.NsaDc.SCG.Change.Succ
cell as their PCell in the LTE-NR NSA incremented each time the eNodeB sends an
DC state SgNB Change Confirm message to the gNodeB.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 93

Traffic Volume and User Number
Counter ID Counter Name Counter Description Measurement Point

15267557 L.Thrp.bits.DL.Nsa Total PDCP-layer traffic volume of The traffic volume of successfully transmitted
50 Dc downlink distributed data transmitted downlink PDCP SDUs distributed to the eNodeB
for NSA DC UEs in a cell for NSA DC UEs in a cell is accumulated and
taken as the counter value.

1526755753 L.Thrp.bits.UL.NsaDc Total PDCP-layer traffic volume of uplink distributed The traffic volume of uplink distributed PDCP PDUs received on the
data received for NSA DC UEs in a cell eNodeB side for NSA DC UEs in a cell is accumulated and taken
as the counter value.

1526747850 L.Traffic.User.NsaDc.PCell Average number of UEs that treat the local cell as The number of all UEs in connected mode (in both the LTE PCell
.Avg their PCell in the LTE-NR NSA DC state and the NR PSCell) that are in the LTE-NR NSA DC state and treat
the local cell as their PCell are sampled per second in a cell. At the
end of a measurement period, the average of these sampling
results is taken as the counter value.

1526756802 L.Traffic.User.NsaDc.PCe Maximum number of NSA DC UEs that treat the local The number of UEs in the NSA DC state (UEs connected to both
ll.Max cell as their PCell the LTE PCell and NR PSCell) is sampled per second in a cell. At
the end of a measurement period, the maximum of these sampling
results is taken as the counter value.
1526756803 L.NsaDc.Capable.User.R Average number of NSA-DC-capable UEs in The number of NSA-DC-capable UEs in RRC_CONNECTED mode
RC.Avg RRC_CONNECTED mode in a cell is sampled per second in a cell. At the end of a measurement
period, the maximum of these sampling results is taken as the
L.NsaDc.Capable.User.RRC.Max counter value, and the average
of these sampling results is taken as the
1526756804 L.NsaDc.Capable.User.R Maximum number of NSA-DC-capable UEs in L.NsaDc.Capable.User.RRC.Avg counter value.
RC.Max RRC_CONNECTED mode in a cell

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 94

 SgNB Release Counters
Counter Counter Counter
Measurement Point
ID Name Description
Counter ID Counter Name Counter Description Measurement Point
1526756800 L.NsaDc.MenbTri Total number of MeNB- As shown at point A in Figure 1, the As shown at point A in
g.SgNB.NormRel initiated normal SgNB L.NsaDc.MenbTrig.SgNB.Rel counter is figure 1, the
releases for NSA DC UEs incremented each time the eNodeB L.NsaDc.SgNB.Rmv.Att
in a cell sends an SgNB Release Request counter is incremented
message to a gNodeB. In addition, the Total number of each time the eNodeB
L.NsaDc.MenbTrig.SgNB.NormRel SgNB removal sends an SgNB Release
counter is incremented if the release attempts for UEs Request message to the
cause is one of the following: Action L.NsaDc.S
1526747 that treat the gNodeB.
Desirable for Radio Reasons, MCG gNB.Rmv.
855 local cell as their As shown at point A in
Mobility, RRM purpose, Partial Handover, Att
PCell in the LTE- figure 2, the
Handover Desirable for Radio Reasons,
NR NSA DC L.NsaDc.SgNB.Rmv.Att
Time Critical Handover, Resource
Optimisation Handover, Reduce Load in state counter is incremented
Serving Cell, User Inactivity, Load each time the eNodeB
Balancing, Bearer Option not Supported, sends an SgNB Release
and O&M Intervention. Confirm message to the
gNodeB.
1526756798 L.NsaDc.SgnbTri Total number of SgNB- As shown at point A in Figure 2, the
g.SgNB.NormRel initiated normal SgNB L.NsaDc.SgnbTrig.SgNB.NormRel 15267568 L.NsaDc.M Total number of As shown at point A in
releases for NSA DC UEs counter is incremented each time the 01 enbTrig.Sg MeNB-initiated Figure 1, the
in a cell eNodeB sends an SgNB Release NB.Rel SgNB releases for L.NsaDc.MenbTrig.SgNB.R
Confirm message to a gNodeB and the
NSA DC UEs in a el counter is incremented
release cause is one of the following:
Cell not Available, Resource
cell each time the eNodeB
Optimisation, User Inactivity, and SCG sends an SgNB Release
Mobility. Request message to a
gNodeB.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 95

Accessibility KPI - QoS Flow Setup Success Rate
 This KPI is used to evaluate the QoS flow setup success rate of all services.

Name QoS Flow Setup Success Rate

Measurement Object Cell or RAN

Formula Qos FlowS_SR = (QosFlowSetupSuccess/QosFlowSetupAttempt) x 100%

Associated Counter QoS Flow Setup Success Rate = (N.QosFlow.Est.Succ/N.QosFlow.Est.Att) x 100%

Unit %

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 96

downlink interference randomization

DL_INTRF_RANDOM_SW: If this option is selected, downlink interference randomization is used

for scheduling in light-load scenarios. This decreases inter-cell interference and improves the
downlink throughput. If this option is deselected, inter-cell interference increases and the downlink
throughput decreases in light-load scenarios. The network performance in heavy-load
scenarios is not affected.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 97

Service interfaces in DU-CU separation networking
MME SGW NGCORE In Cloud RAN networking, most interfaces and
protocols do not change much. The new interface
protocol is the F1 interface between the CU and DU.

S1-U
eNB- S1-C
CU eNB- gNB-CU gNB-CU NG3
CU NG2
F1-U
F1-C
eX2-U
eX2-C
X2-U
X2-C
Xn-U
Xn-C

eNB- eNB- gNB- gNB- gNB- gNB-

DU DU DU DU DU DU

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 98

5G NFs: SMF
NSSF NEF NRF PCF UDM AF

Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Npcf Nudm Naf

Nausf Namf Nsmf
AUSF AMF SMF

N2 N4

UE (R)AN N3 UPF N6 DN

 Session management: Allocates and manages  LI

UE IP addresses, selects and controls UPFs,  CDR collection
configures UPF traffic redirection, and forwards
 Downlink data notification
traffic to a proper destination network.
 Policy control and QoS

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 99

NSA Charging

 Currently, 5G charging supports only offline charging without distinguishing 45 GB traffic. It

is charged based on the total traffic of a subscriber. 5G CDRs are not generated separately.
Traditional 4G CDRs are used.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 100
 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 101
Lampsite BBU Logical Structure

A maximum of four RHUBs can be cascaded.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 102
Lampsite Cat
Cascading
Supported
Interface CPRI port rate capability Maximum distance from the BBU
explain CPRI
identifier （Gbit/s） between or DCU（m）
Topologies
RHUBs At least CAT5e shielded Ethernet
cables are used to connect an
RHUB5921 to a pRRU for a data rate
of 1.25 Gbit/s or 3.072 Gbit/s. At
CPRI_E0~CP Connected to Star topology
1.25/3.072/10.1 NA least CAT6a S/FTP shielded
RI_E7 pRRU and load
Ethernet cables are used to connect
sharing
an RHUB5921 to a pRRU for a data
rate of 10.1 Gbit/s. The maximum
distance between the RHUB5921
and a pRRU is 100 m.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 103
pRRU Cascading

In branch chain (single-link) topology, a pRRU is connected to an RHUB using an Ethernet cable
or optical fiber. pRRUs with Ethernet ports cannot be cascaded. pRRUs with optical ports can be
cascaded.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 104
5G Indoor Digital Product Solution - LampSite Grid

 The LampSite Grid solution applies to indoor multi-

partition coverage scenarios with low traffic volume.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 105
Indoor Distributed Cell Division – Subway
Co-cells are deployed at entrances
and exits, NR station halls,
platforms, and docked platforms.

Entrance station
and exit hall

Fast tunnel switching at platforms:

Extend the coverage to 20 m to 30 m in
the tunnel to construct a handover zone
for trains entering and leaving the
platform, meeting the NR handover
requirements.

platform

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 106
Indoor Distribution Scenario Analysis: Metro

Scenario characteristics Service characteristics: Video and instant messaging services are the
1. The subway station is a closed structure, which is usually divided main service types
into underground station, ground station, and elevated station. The 35.00%
30.00% 2020
underground part is closed and isolated from the network on the 25.00%
ground. 20.00% 2021
15.00%
2. High population flow and certain voice and data service 10.00% 2022
requirements. Generally, multiple operators jointly build the POI 5.00%
0.00% 2023
and antenna distribution system to access various sources and
cover areas such as underground passages, station halls, and
Subway
platforms.

Key points of solution design Solution selection analysis: LampSite Pro+LampSite sharing
1. The LampSite pro solution is used to cover the platform. 1. LampSite Pro is deployed in key areas, such as stations
2. Leaky cables are used in tunnels. and halls, to ensure network performance and user
3. The cell edge, entrance and exit, and outdoor cell edge experience in key areas.
must be properly designed to reduce interference. 2. 5G POI customization supports co-construction and
sharing.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 107
 Indoor Distribution Scenario Analysis: Office Building Hotel
Deployment Suggestions
Lobby Conference room/Ballroom/KTV scenario Hotel guest rooms and multi-partition offices Open office area

 It is recommended that pRRUs be  Determine whether to deploy  Multiple partitions, large penetration  The open office area has few
deployed at elevator entrances to antennas indoors or in corridors loss, and low population and traffic partitions, but the wall around
provide coverage for elevators and based on the room size and depth. density are used to solve the coverage the elevator has great loss.
elevator car. pRRUs are added to  For large conference halls with problem. Therefore, the LightSite solution
other locations in the hall that large areas and high traffic  LightSite is installed on the ceiling is preferred, and the LampSite
cannot meet the coverage requirements, pRRUs with built-in with external antennas. Each external solution with built-in
requirements. antennas or pRRUs+high- antenna of the pRRU provides omnidirectional antennas is the
 In the lobby, ensure that pRRUs are performance directional antennas coverage for two rooms on one side or second choice.
far away from doors and windows. can be used to split sectors. four rooms on both sides. Each pRRU
In addition, use poles to block provides coverage for 12 rooms on
signal leakage. both sides at three points.
 When the LampSite solution is used,
the pRRU internal antenna can cover
four to six rooms on both sides.
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 108
 Indoor Distribution Scenario Analysis: Hospital Deployment
Suggestions
Outpatient building Inpatient building

 The inpatient department scenario is similar to the hotel

scenario. The inpatient department scenario is a multi-
partition scenario and has few traffic requirements. The main
requirement is coverage.
 The outpatient building consists of an open area and most of  The LightSite solution or the pRRU external antenna solution
the multi-partitioned areas. Therefore, the outpatient building is recommended to reduce costs. Each pRRU can cover four to
requires large capacity and coverage. eight rooms on one side, and the coverage area of each pRRU
 The LampSite solution is recommended. pRRUs are installed can reach about 200 to 400 square meters.
on ceilings. The average distance between pRRUs is about 15  If only pRRU internal antennas can be used due to property
m to 18 m, and each pRRU covers an area of 250 m to 300 restrictions, each pRRU provides coverage for three rooms on
m2. one side and covers an area of about 150 square meters.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 109
Indoor Distribution Scenario Analysis: Traffic Hub (Continued)
Functional Area Design

Security check area Shopping area

• Co-cell in island buildings, avoiding interference
• The traffic volume is small. The 2T2R
• The upload service volume is large, and 4T4R
design is used. The cell can be set as a
design is required.
handover area.

Check-in hall
• Large capacity, 4T4R
design
• Narrowband Beam
Antenna Control
Interference

Arrivals hall departure lounge

• 2T2R design, continuous coverage • Ultra-large capacity, large number of VIP customers, and
• Large capacity in the airport pick-up area and 4T4R design
independent coverage of two sectors • The handover zone is set at the boarding gate without
high-speed services.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 110
Indoor Distribution Scenario Analysis: Stadium Deployment
Suggestions

Installation and coverage of Two-layer stand coverage on

stand antennas the north and south sides

Single-layer stand coverage Central site coverage

on the east and west sides

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 111
 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 112
Capacity Specifications

Item Capacity

When configured with 6 UBBPg3 and 2 UMPTg boards:

• 36 cells (8T8R, 100 MHz) for NR TDD sub-6 GHz bands
Maximum number of cells
• 18 cells (32T32R, 100 MHz) for NR TDD sub-6 GHz bands
• 18 cells (64T64R, 100 MHz) for NR TDD sub-6 GHz bands

Maximum throughput DL+UL: 50 Gbit/s (2xUMPTg + 6xUBBPg3)

Maximum number of UEs in RRC

7200
connected mode

Maximum number of DRBs per gNodeB 21600

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 113
 5G Solution and Deployment Test Effect: Platform and Hall

 Main Design Factors

 The distance between stations and halls is 25 m to 30 m. Eight positions are required for each station and
hall. External pRRUs can be used in office areas.
 pRRU deployment: Two rows of pRRUs are deployed in staggered mode along the two sides of the rail.
Built-in pRRUs and external antennas are installed on ceilings and exposed.
 Handover zone design: a) Four pRRUs are deployed near the tunnel entrance on both sides of the platform
to extend 20 to 30 meters into the tunnel to construct a handover zone between trains entering and
leaving the platform to meet NR handover requirements. b) pRRUs are deployed at the entrances of
elevators and escalators in the platform and hall to ensure the switching between the platform and the
hall.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 114
 5G Macro Site Types: D-RAN, C-RAN, Cloud RAN

D-RAN C-RAN Cu cloud deployment

Core Equipment
Traditional, simple The BBUs are deployed in a RAN-CU centralized cloud deployment, better DC, traffic
Room networking centralized place, saving site distribution, edge computing, and intelligent O&M
deployment equipment rooms and After the CU/DU is
providing synergy gains deployed
Aggregation RAN-CU separately, it has
Room higher reliability
F1 requirements and
CU/DU co-deployment avoids single point
of failure
Access Room
Du
CU/DU
Co-deployment
CPRI/eCPRI Du
Site Room
CPRI/eCPRI
CPRI/eCPRI CPRI/eCPRI D
u
Antenna Sys

5G Flexible Deployment Architecture Supports Multiple

Initial phase of 5G deployment Service Requirements

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 115
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 116
 Site
BBU&AAU Front-Haul Power Clock&EHS
Overview

Overview of 5G Front-haul Solutions

DRAN CRAN

Direct Fiber Connection Passive WDM 5G FO

Fibers Passive

5G FO OSN1800

• Turbo Technology, low-cost 100G/200G

• No additional power supply required high bandwidth transmission
• No need for additional transmission • Complex planning of fixed wavelength • Planning-free, commissioning-free,
device modules and difficult maintenance configuration-free, and automatic O&M
• A large number of fibers consumed • Limited monitoring methods and • Remote monitoring of alarms and bit
• Dumb resources and no O&M difficult fault locating errors and quick fault demarcation
capability
• No protection capability, low reliability •
• No protection capability, low Line 1+1 protection, high security
reliability
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 117
 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 118
Interface Protocol stack
Both the NG and Xn interfaces consist of the user plane and control plane. The control
plane protocol stacks of the Xn and NG interfaces are identical at the SCTP and lower
layers.

Control Plane User Plane

Xn-AP PDUs

GTP-U
SCTP UDP
IP IP
DLL DLL
PHY PHY

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 119
GPS

GUI Value Range: GPS(GPS), GLONASS(GLONASS), GPS/GLONASS(GPS/GLONASS

with GPS Prioritized), BDS(BDS), BDS/GPS(BDS/GPS with BDS Prioritized),
GPS/BDS(GPS/BDS with GPS Prioritized), GALILEO(GALILEO),
GPS/GALILEO(GPS/GALILEO)
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 120
 Automatic Peer Configuration for the eNodeB and gNodeB in Cross-OSS Scenariose

 In this mode, the eNodeB, gNodeB, and MAE must meet the following conditions:

 For eNodeB
 X2 control-plane host （MO SCTPHOST）、user plane host（MO USERPLANEHOST）、X2 object （MO
X2）、endpoint group（MO EPGROUP）and SCTP parameter template （MO SCTPTEMPLATE）the
configuration is complete.

 NR neighbor relationships have been configured.

 For gNodeB

 X2 control-plane host （MO SCTPHOST）、user plane host（MO USERPLANEHOST）、X2

object（MO gNBCUX2）、 endpoint group （MO EPGROUP）and SCTP parameter template
（MO SCTPTEMPLATE） the configuration is complete.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 121
The priority in the route configuration indicates the priority of the routing list. A smaller value
indicates a higher priority. The default value is 60.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 122
Add an Ethernet Port (New Model)

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 123
Add an Interface (New Model)

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 124
ADD IPROUTE4

Indicates the priority of the

routing table entry. A smaller
parameter value indicates a
higher priority.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 125
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 126
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 127
Add a DU Cell (TDD)

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 128
Add a Cell

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 129
LTE and NR X2 Self-Configuration Triggering Process
eNB IP

U2020

1
2 gNB IP
3

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 130
 X2 Self-Removal

The following X2 self-removal functions are supported:

 X2 self-removal triggered by link faults

An X2 link remains faulty throughout a period specified by the X2 son delete timer
for X2 fault.

 X2 self-removal triggered by immediate faults after initial X2 self-setup

An X2 link becomes faulty immediately after the initial X2 interface self-setup

succeeds.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 131
 Switch for X2 Self-Setup

Function LTE Side NR Side

Parameter: Parameter:
LTE_NR_X2_SON_SETUP_SW X2SON_SETUP_SWITCH
option of the option of the
InterfaceSetupPolicySw X2SonConfigSwitch
Self-Setup
parameter parameter
MML command: MML command:
ADD/MOD ADD/MOD
GLOBALPROCSWITCH GNBX2SONCONFIG

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 132
 Switch for X2 Self-Removal

Function LTE Side NR Side

Parameter:
Parameter:
X2SON_DEL_FOR_X2FAULT_
X2SON_DEL_FOR_X2FAULT_SWIT
X2 self-removal SWITCH option of the
CH option of the
triggered by link X2SonDeleteSwitch parameter
X2SonConfigSwitch parameter
faults MML command:
MML command:
ADD/MOD
ADD/MOD GNBX2SONCONFIG
GLOBALPROCSWITCH

Parameter:
X2 self-removal Parameter:
X2INIT_FAIL_DEL_SWITCH option
triggered by X2INITFAILDELSWITCH
of the X2SonConfigSwitch
immediate faults MML command:
parameter
after initial X2 ADD/MOD
MML command:
self-setup GLOBALPROCSWITCH
ADD/MOD GNBX2SONCONFIG

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 133
 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 134
Query the device IP address.

Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 135
 Resetting a Board

 The reset of the active main control board causes reset of the base station.

 UPEU/USCU/FAN cannot be reset.

GUI mode

MML mode

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Blocking/Unblocking a Board
Block a board. (GUL) Unblock a board. (GUL)

Block a board. (MML) Unblock a board. (MML)

•IMMEDIATE (Immediate) means that the board is blocked and services carried on the board are
interrupted immediately after the command is executed.
•SHUTDOWN (Shutdown) means that the board is blocked when no service is carried on the board.
•DELAY (Delay) means that the board is blocked when no service is carried on the board or after the
time specified by the Duration of the shutting down state parameter is reached.

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Querying the CPRI Line Rate Using MML Commands

The line rates

between the BBU and
RHUB and between
the RHUB and
pRRUs can be
queried.

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Commissioning Mode Selection

 Differences among the three modes

COMMISSIONING BASE STATION BINDING

REQUIRED MATERIALS DOWNTIME
MODE MODE

ESN-based binding (ESN:

U2020-based None The downtime is usually
equipment serial number)
commissioning greater than 30 minutes.
Bar-code-based binding Bar code scanner and printer
ESN-based binding USB flash drive
USB+U2020-based The downtime is usually
commissioning USB flash drive, bar code less than 30 minutes.
Bar-code-based binding
scanner, and printer
LMT+U2020-based
N/A Laptop The downtime is short.
commissioning

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Uploading a Commissioning License (1/2)

The ESN value in the commissioning license must be ANY. For details on the commissioning
license, please see License Management Feature Parameter Description.
Huawei engineers must request the commissioning license using Huawei license application
procedure.
The commissioning license must not be uploaded after compression.
The save path for the commissioning license on the U2020 server is a default path and does not
need to be set.

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 Contents
1. 5G Air Interface

2. 5G Signaling

3. 5G Features

4. 5G Problem Analysis and Other Contents

5. Lampsite and Indoor Distribution

6. 5G Product and Site Solution

7. 5G Data Configuration

8. Operation Maintenance

9. Troubleshooting

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Troubleshooting SCTP Link Faults
 Common fault symptoms are as follows: When SCTP link disconnection occurs, ALM-25888 SCTP
Link Fault may be generated

 Possible causes:
 Any fault occurs at the physical layer, data link layer, or IP layer.

 Incorrect parameter settings at the two ends of an SCTP link cause negotiation failures. The settings
include IP address, VLAN ID, and port number

 Troubleshooting Procedure
 The method of troubleshooting SCTP link disconnection is as follows:
 Check for alarms related to the SCTP link.

 Check whether related alarms are generated at the physical layer, data link layer, and IP layer.

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Troubleshooting SCTP Link Faults (Cont.)
 Troubleshooting Procedure
 Step 3: SCTP signaling tracing
 The four steps of the SCTP link establishment are as follows:

 The SCTP heartbeat detection process is as follows:

 Step 4: Start packet capture or IP layer tracing, If you need to check whether packets are normally
sent and received at the transport layer of the base station, trace messages at the transport layer
(MAC tracing/IP layer tracing) and analyze the exchange process such as through SCTP message
tracing.

 If no response is received after the SCTP_INIT or HEARTBEAT message is sent, check

whether the transmission and the peer end are normal.
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The DU Cell is Unavailable (Cont.)
 Alarms associated with ALM-29870 NR DU Cell TRP Unavailable

Alarm ID Alarm Name Alarm ID Alarm Name

26230 BBU CPRI Optical Module Fault 26235 RF Unit Maintenance Link Failure
Data Configuration Exceeding Licensed
26819 26538 RF Unit Clock Problem
Limit
26264 System Clock Unlocked 26524 RF Unit PA Overcurrent
RF Unit TX Channel Switched Off Through
26210 Board Blocked 26545
Command
26200 Board Hardware Fault 26529 RF Unit VSWR Threshold Crossed
26104 Board Temperature Unacceptable 26503 RF Unit Optical Module Transmit/Receive Fault
26203 Board Software Program Error 26272 Inter-System RF Unit Parameter Settings Conflict
26205 BBU Board Maintenance Link Failure 26120 GPS Clock Output Unavailable
26252 Board Unrecognizable 26121 GPS Antenna Fault
26251 Board Type and Configuration Mismatch 26122 GPS Locked Satellites Insufficient
26204 Board Not In Position 26123 GPS Maintenance Link Failure
26214 Board Powered Off 26260 System Clock Failure
26253 Board Software Auto-Supply Failure 26261 External Clock Reference Not Configured
26254 Board Software Synchronization Failure 26262 External Clock Reference Problem
26533 RF Unit Software Program Error 26263 IP Clock Link Failure
26532 RF Unit Hardware Fault 26818 No License Running in System
26525 RF Unit Temperature Unacceptable

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S1 interface fault in NSA networking
 Symptom
 In NSA networking in the lab, ALM-29201 S1 Interface Fault with Specific Problem being S1 link setup
failure is reported after the eNodeB loads configurations.

 Problem handling Cell Setup Failure Due to Incorrect PLMN Configuration

 The S1 interface tracing result shows that the eNodeB sends an S1AP S1 SETUP REQ message, but MME
return S1AP S1 SETUP FAIL and bring the cause = unknown-PLMN.

 Check the CFGFILE of eNB，configure PLMN to MCC=XXX，MNC = 01

 Confirm with the MME, the PLMN planned in the lab is MCC=XXX，MNC = 02，but not 01，this is the
reason of MME return S1AP S1 SETUP FAIL （cause = unknown-PLMN).

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Detect NG-U
Indicates whether to enable static detection in
compliance with GPRS Tunneling Protocol for User
Plane (GTP-U). If this parameter is set to ENABLE, the
GTP-U static check is enabled. If this parameter is set
to DISABLE, the GTP-U static check is disabled.

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