The Internet

Agenda

• Internet History
• Internet Evolution
• Internet Pioneers
• TCP/IP and the World Wide Web
• Conclusion
 What Was the
“Victorian Internet”?
 What Was the
“Victorian Internet”
• The Telegraph
• Invented in the 1840s.
• Signals sent over wires that were
established over vast distances
• Used extensively by the U.S.
Government during the American
Civil War, 1861 - 1865
• Morse Code was dots and dashes,
or short signals and long signals
• The electronic signal standard of
+/- 15 v. is still used in network
interface cards today.
Where Did it All Begin???
The ARPANET | the first internet
 Political Events

1940’s to 1980’s - U.S. vs. Soviet Cold

War
1957 - U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik. The
US forms the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) within the
Department of Defense (DoD) to build
US skills in computer technology.
• The start of global telecommunications.
Satellites play an important role in
transmitting all sorts of data today.
 Brief History of the Internet
• 1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
contracts with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create
ARPAnet
• 1970 - First five nodes:
– UCLA
– Stanford
– UC Santa Barbara
– U of Utah, and
– BBN
• 1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf
• 1984 – On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts
converts en masse to using TCP/IP for its messaging
 What Is the Internet?
• A network of networks, joining many government,
university and private computers together and
providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail,
bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents,
databases and other computational resources.
• The vast collection of computer networks which
form and act as a single huge network for transport
of data and messages across distances which can be
anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the
world.

Written by William F. Slater, III

1996
President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

 What is the Internet?

• The largest network of networks in the

world.
• Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching .
• Runs on any communications substrate.

From Dr. Vinton Cerf,

Co-Creator of TCP/IP
*** Internet History ***
 A Brief Summary of the
Evolution of the Internet WW
Mosaic
Age of
eComme
rce
Create Begins
Interne W 1995
t d
Creat
Named 1993
ed
and 1989
Goes
TCP/IP
Create
TCP/IP
ARPANE d
1984
Hypert T 1972
ext 1969
Invente
Packet d
First Vast Switching 1965
Compute Invented
r 1964
A Silico Network
Mathematica n Envisione
l Chip d
Theory of 1958 1962
Memex
Concei Communicati
ved on
1945 1948

1945 1995
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
 From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow
1940s to 1969
We will prove that packet switching
works over a WAN.

Hypertext can be used to allow

rapid access to text data

Packet switching can be used to

send digitized data though
computer networks
We can accomplish a lot by having a
vast network of computers to use for
accessing information and exchanging ideas

We can do it cheaply by using

Digital circuits etched in silicon.

We do it reliably with “bits”,

sending and receiving data

We can access
information using
electronic computers

1945 1969
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
 From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow
1970s to 1995

Great efficiencies can be accomplished if we use

The Internet and the World Wide Web to conduct business.

The World Wide Web is easier to use if we have a browser that

To browser web pages, running in a graphical user interface context.

Computers connected via the Internet can be used

more easily if hypertext links are enabled using HTML
and URLs: it’s called World Wide Web
The ARPANET needs to convert to
a standard protocol and be renamed to
The Internet
We need a protocol for Efficient
and Reliable transmission of
Packets over a WAN: TCP/IP

Ideas from
1940s to 1969

1970 1995
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA
 The Creation of the Internet

• The creation of the Internet solved the following

challenges:
– Basically inventing digital networking as we know it
– Survivability of an infrastructure to send / receive high-speed
electronic messages
– Reliability of computer messaging

Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

 Tribute to the
Internet Pioneers
• The Internet we know and love today, would not
exist without the hard work of a lot of bright
people.
• The technologies and standards they created make
today’s Internet and World Wide Web possible.
• They deserve recognition and our gratitude for
changing the world with the Internet.
• In this presentation, we will identify and pay tribute
to several of the people who made the Internet and
the World Wide Web possible
 Internet Pioneers in this
Presentation
Vannevar Bush Claude Shannon J. C. R. Licklider

Paul Baran Ted Nelson Leonard Kleinrock

Lawrence Roberts Steve Crocker Jon Postel

Vinton Cerf Robert Kahn Christian Huitema

Brian Carpenter Tim Berners-Lee Mark Andreesen

 Vannevar Bush
• Summary: Vannevar Bush established the U.S. military / university research partnership
that later developed the ARPANET. He also wrote the first visionary description of the
potential use for information technology, inspiring many of the Internet's creators.

• President Roosevelt appointed Bush to Chairman of the National Defense Research

Committee in 1940 to help with World War II.
• In 1941, Bush was appointed Director of the newly created "Office of Scientific Research
and Development", established to coordinate weapons development research. The
organization employed more than 6000 scientists by the end of the war, and supervised
development of the atom bomb.
• From 1946 to 1947, Bush served as chairman of the Joint Research and Development
Board. Out of this effort would later come DARPA, which would later do the ARPANET
Project.

Quote:
• “Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and
library. It needs a name, and to coin one at random, "memex" will do. A memex is a
device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which
is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an
enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.
• It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is
primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent
screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard,
and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.
– Vannevar Bush; As We May Think; Atlantic Monthly; July 1945

Source: Livinginternet.com
 Claude Shannon
• The Father of Modern Information Theory
• Published a”A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in 1948: Before
Shannon, it was commonly believed that the only way of achieving
arbitrarily small probability of error in a communication channel was to
reduce the transmission rate to zero. All this changed in 1948 with the
publication of A Mathematical Theory of Communication, where Shannon
characterized a channel by a single parameter; the channel capacity, and
showed that it was possible to transmit information at any rate below
capacity with an arbitrarily small probability of error. His method of proof
was to show the existence of a single good code by averaging over all
possible codes. His paper established fundamental limits on the efficiency
of communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of
finding families of codes that achieve capacity. The method of random
coding does not produce an explicit example of a good code, and in fact it
has taken fifty years for coding theorists to discover codes that come close
to these fundamental limits on telephone line channels.

• Created the idea that all information could be represented using 1s and 0s.
Called these fundamental units BITS.
• Created the concept data transmission in BITS per second.
• Won a Nobel prize for his master’s thesis in 1936, titled, “A Symbolic
Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits”, it provided mathematical
techniques for building a network of switches and relays to realize a
specific logical function, such as a combination lock.

Source: http://www.research.att.com/~njas/doc/ces5.html
 J. C. R. Licklider
• Summary: Joseph Carl Robnett "Lick" Licklider developed the idea of a universal network,
spread his vision throughout the IPTO, and inspired his successors to realize his dream by
creation of the ARPANET. He also developed the concepts that led to the idea of the
Netizen.

• Licklider also realized that interactive computers could provide more than a library function,
and could provide great value as automated assistants. He captured his ideas in a seminal
paper in 1960 called Man-Computer Symbiosis, in which he described a computer assistant
that could answer questions, perform simulation modeling, graphically display results, and
extrapolate solutions for new situations from past experience. Like Norbert Wiener, Licklider
foresaw a close symbiotic relationship between computer and human, including
sophisticated computerized interfaces with the brain.

• Quote:
• It seems reasonable to envision, for a time 10 or 15 years hence, a 'thinking center' that will
incorporate the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in
information storage and retrieval.
• The picture readily enlarges itself into a network of such centers, connected to one another
by wide-band communication lines and to individual users by leased-wire services. In such a
system, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the gigantic
memories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users.
• - J.C.R. Licklider, Man-Computer Symbiosis, 1960.

Source: Livinginternet.com
Paul Baran
• Summary: Paul Baran developed the field of packet switching networks while conducting
research at the historic RAND organization.

• In 1959, a young electrical engineer named Paul Baran joined RAND from Hughes Aircraft's
systems group. The US Air Force had recently established one of the first wide area
computer networks for the SAGE radar defence system, and had an increasing interest in
survivable, wide area communications networks so they could reorganize and respond after
a nuclear attack, diminishing the attractiveness of a first strike option by the Soviet Union.
• Baran began an investigation into development of survivable communications networks, the
results of which were first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing
B-265, then as paper P-2626, and then as a series of eleven comprehensive papers titled
On Distributed Communications in 1964.
• Baran's study describes a remarkably detailed architecture for a distributed, survivable,
packet switched communications network. The network is designed to withstand almost any
degree of destruction to individual components without loss of end-to-end communications.
Since each computer could be connected to one or more other computers, it was assumed
that any link of the network could fail at any time, and the network therefore had no central
control or administration.
• Baran's architecture was well designed to survive a nuclear conflict, and helped to convince
the US Military that wide area digital computer networks were a promising technology. Baran
also talked to Bob Taylor and J.C.R. Licklider at the IPTO about his work, since they were
also working to build a wide area communications network. His 1964 series of papers then
influenced Roberts and Kleinrock to adopt the technology for development of the ARPANET
network a few years later, laying the groundwork that leads to its continued use today.
• Baran has also received several awards, including the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal,
and the Marconi International Fellowship Award.

Source: Livinginternet.com
 Ted Nelson
• Ted Nelson is a somewhat controversial figure in the computing world. For
thirty-something years he has been having grand ideas but has never seen them
through to completed projects. His biggest project, Xanadu, was to be a
world-wide electronic publishing system that would have created a sort universal
library for the people. He is known for coining the term "hypertext." He is also
seen as something of a radical figure, opposing authority and tradition. He has
been called "one of the most influential contrarians in the history of the
information age." (Edwards, 1997). He often repeats his four maxims by which he
leads his life: "most people are fools, most authority is malignant, God does not
exist, and everything is wrong." (Wolf, 1995)
• Xanadu
• Nelson continued to expound his ideas, but he did not possess the technical
knowledge to tell others how his ideas could be implemented, and so many people
simply ignored him (and have ever since). Still, Nelson persisted. In 1967, he
named his system XANADU, and with the help of interested, mainly younger,
computer hacks continued to develop it.
• Xanadu was concieved as a tool to preserve and increase humanity's literature and
art. Xanadu would consist of a world-wide network that would allow information
to be stored not as separate files but as connected literature. Documents would
remain accessible indefinitely. Users could create virtual copies of any document.
Instead of having copyrighted materials, the owners of the documents would be
automatically paid via electronic means a micropayment for the virtual copying of
their documents.
Xanadu Logo
• Xanadu has never been totally completed and is far from being implemented. In
many ways Tim Berners-Lee's World Wide Web is a similar, though much less
grand, system. In 1999, the Xanadu code was made open source.

Source: www.ibiblio.org/pioneers
 Leonard Kleinrock
• Summary: Leonard Kleinrock is one of the pioneers of digital network
communications, and helped build the early ARPANET.

• Kleinrock published his first paper on digital network communications,

Information Flow in Large Communication Nets, in the RLE Quarterly Progress
Report, in July, 1961. He developed his ideas further in his 1963 Ph.D. thesis, and
then published a comprehensive analytical treatment of digital networks in his
book Communication Nets in 1964.
• After completing his thesis in 1962, Kleinrock moved to UCLA, and later
established the Network Measurement Center (NMC), led by himself and consisting
of a group of graduate students working in the area of digital networks. In 1966,
Roberts joined the IPTO with a mandate to develop the ARPANET, and used
Kleinrock's Communication Nets to help convince his colleagues that a wide area
digital communication network was possible. In October, 1968, Roberts gave a
contract to Kleinrock's NMC as the ideal group to perform ARPANET performance
measurement and find areas for improvement.
• On a historical day in early September, 1969, a team at Kleinrock's NMC connected
one of their SDS Sigma 7 computers to an Interface Message Processor, thereby
becoming the first node on the ARPANET, and the first computer ever on the
Internet.
• As the ARPANET grew in the early 1970's, Kleinrock's group stressed the system to
work out the detailed design and performance issues involved with the world's
first packet switched network, including routing, loading, deadlocks, and latency.
The UCLA Netwatch program now performs similar functions to Kleinrock's
Network Management Center from the ARPANET years.
• Kleinrock has continued to be active in the research community, and has
published more than 200 papers and authored six books. In August, 1989, he
organized and chaired a symposium commemorating the 20'th anniversary of the
ARPANET, which later produced the document RFC 1121, titled "Act One -- The
Poems".

Source: Dr. Kleinrock’s Homepage

 Lawrence Roberts
• Summary: Lawrence Roberts was the ARPANET program manager, and led
the overall system design.
• Lawrence Roberts obtained his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from MIT, and
then joined the Lincoln Laboratory, where he carried out research into
computer networks. In a pivotal meeting in November, 1964, Roberts met
with J.C.R. Licklider, who inspired Roberts with his dream to build a wide
area communications network.
• In February, 1965, the director of the IPTO, Ivan Sutherland, gave a contract
to Roberts to develop a computer network. In July, Roberts gave a contract
to Thomas Marill, who had also been inspired by Licklider, to program the
network. In October, 1965, the Lincoln Labs TX-2 computer talked to their
SDC's Q32 computer in one of the worlds first digital network
communications.
• In October, 1966, Roberts and Marill published a paper titled Toward a
Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers at the Fall AFIPS
Conference, documenting their networking experiments.
• Also in 1966, DARPA head Charlie Hertzfeld promised IPTO Director Bob
Taylor a million dollars to build a distributed communications network if he
could get it organized. Taylor was greatly impressed by Lawrence Roberts
work, and asked him to come on board to lead the effort. Roberts resisted at
first, and then joined as ARPA IPTO Chief Scientist in December 1966 when
Taylor brought pressure on him through Hertzfeld and his boss at the Lincoln
Lab. Roberts then immediately started working on the system design for a
wide area digital communications network that would come to be called the
ARPANET.
• In April, 1967, Roberts held an "ARPANET Design Session" at the IPTO
Principal Investigator meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The standards for
identification and authentication of users, transmission of characters, and
error checking and retransmission procedures were outlined at this meeting,
and it was at this meeting that Wesley Clark suggested using a separate
minicomputer called the Interface Message Processor to interface to the
Source: Livinginternet.com network.
Steve Crocker • DR. STEPHEN D. CROCKER CEO, Steve Crocker Associates, LLC
and Executive DSL, LLC [email protected]
• Steve Crocker is an Internet and computer security expert.
• Steve Crocker was one of the founders and chief technology
officer of CyberCash, Inc., the leading Internet payments
company. In the late 1960šs and early 1970šs, Dr. Crocker was
part of the team which developed the protocols for the Arpanet
and laid the foundation for today’s Internet. In addition to his
technical work on the early protocols, he organized the Network
Working Group, which was the forerunner of the modern
Internet Engineering Task Force, and he initiated the Request
for Comment (RFC) series of notes through which protocol
designs are documented and shared. And wrote many of the
first RFCs, including RFC 1 and 3.
• Dr. Crocker has been a program manager at Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA), a senior researcher at USCšS
Information Sciences Institute, founder and director of the
Computer Science Laboratory at the Aerospace Corporation and
a vice president at Trusted Information Systems before joining
CyberCash. Dr. Crocker served as the area director for security
in the Internet Engineering Task Force for four years and as a
member of the Internet Architecture Board for two years. Dr.
Crocker holds a B.A. in mathematics and a Ph.D. in Computer
Science from UCLA.

Source: www.epf.net
Vinton Cerf • Summary: Vinton Cerf is co-designer of the TCP/IP networking
protocol.
• In 1972, Vinton Cerf was a DARPA scientist at Stanford University when he
was appointed chairman of the InterNetworking Working Group (INWG),
which had just been created with a charter to establish common technical
standards to enable any computer to connect to the ARPANET. The INWG
later became affiliated with the International Federation of Information
Processing (IFIP), and has since been known as IFIP Working Group 1 of
Technical Committee 6.
• Cerf worked on several interesting networking projects at DARPA, including
the Packet Radio Net (PRNET), and the Packet Satellite Network (SATNET).
In the spring of 1973, he joined Bob Kahn as Principal Investigator on a
project to design the next generation networking protocol for the ARPANET.
Kahn had experience with the Interface Message Processor, and Cerf had
experience with the Network Control Protocol, making them the perfect team
to create what became TCP/IP.
• Cerf and Kahn started by drafting a paper describing their network design,
titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection", which they distributed
at a special meeting of the INWG at Sussex University in September, 1973,
and then finalized and published in the IEEE Transactions of
Communications Technology, in May, 1974.
• Cerf and Stanford graduate students Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine
published the first technical specification of TCP/IP as an Internet
Experiment Note (IEN) as RFC 675, in December, 1974. Their design
included a 32 bit IP address, with eight bits for identification of a network,
and 24 bits for identification of a computer, which provided support for up to
256 networks, each with up to 16,777,216 unique network addresses.
Source: Livinginternet.com
 Vinton • It was assumed that the network design would eventually be
re-engineered for a production system, but the architecture
proved remarkably robust -- Cerf has said that once the network
Cerf was developed and deployed, it just "continued to spread without
stopping!"
• Cerf has continued to perform research and contribute to the
development of the Internet through work with the
communications company WorldCom and the Internet
management organization ICANN.
• Resources. Cerf is the author of three entertaining RFCs and
contributed to a fourth:
– RFC 968; "Twas the Night Before Start-up"; December, 1985.
– RFC 1121; Leonard Kleinrock, Vinton Cerf, Barry Boehm; "Act One -- The Poems",
presented at the Act One symposium held on the 20th anniversary of the ARPANET,
published September 1989.
– RFC 1217; "Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR)";
April 1st, 1991; in response to RFC 1216.
– RFC 1607; "A View From The 21st Century"; April 1st, 1994.
• Other online publications by Cerf are listed below:
– How the Internet Came to Be.
– A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks.
– Internet: Past, Present, and Future.
• Dr. Cerf is a tireless advocate and speaker, educating people
about the history of the Internet, Internet Technologies, the effects
of the Internet on Society, and on how the Internet will affect the
future of things like space travel and communications.
• He is also a founder of the Internet Society and its former
Chairman.

Source: Livinginternet.com
 Robert Kahn
• Summary: Bob Kahn is co-designer of the TCP/IP networking protocol.
• Robert Kahn obtained a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1964, worked for a while
at AT&T Bell Laboratories, and then became an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering
at MIT. He later went to work at Bolt Beranek and Newman, and helped build the Interface
Message Processor.
• In 1972, Kahn was hired by Lawrence Roberts at the IPTO to work on networking
technologies, and in October he gave a demonstration of an ARPANET network connecting
40 different computers at the International Computer Communication Conference, making
the network widely known for the first time to people from around the world.
• Kahn then began work on development of a standard open-architecture network model,
where any computer could communicate with any other, independent of individual hardware
and software configuration. He set four goals for the TCP design:
• Network Connectivity. Any network could connect to another network through a gateway.
• Distribution. There would be no central network administration or control.
• Error Recovery. Lost packets would be retransmitted.
• Black Box Design. No internal changes would have to be made to a computer to connect it
to the network.
• In the spring of 1973, Vinton Cerf joined Kahn on the project. They started by conducting
research on reliable data communications across packet radio networks, and then studied
the Networking Control Protocol, building on it to create the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP).
• TCP had powerful error and retransmission capabilities, and provided extremely reliable
communications. It was subsequently layered into two protocols, TCP/IP, where TCP
handles high level services like retransmission of lost packets, and IP handles packet
addressing and transmission.

Source: Livinginternet.com
 Robert Kahn
• Kahn has continue to nurture the development of the Internet over the years
through shepherding the standards process and related activities, and is now
President of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), a
not-for-profit organization which performs research in the public interest on
strategic development of network-based information technologies.
• Resources. The following publications provide additional information:
• Chapter 2- The Role of Government in the Evolution of the Internet;
Revolution in the U.S. Information Infrastructure; National Academy of
Sciences; 1994.
• RFC 6; Conversation With Bob Kahn; 10 April, 1969.

Source: Livinginternet.com
Christian Huitema
• Christian Huitema joined Microsoft in February 2000, as "architect" in the "Windows
Networking & Communications" group. The group is in charge of all the networking
support for Windows, including the evolution of TCP/IP support, IPv6, Real-Time
Communication, and Universal Plug and Play (UPnP). Prior to joining Microsoft, he was
chief scientist, and Telcordia Fellow, in the Internet Architecture Research laboratory of
Telcordia, working on Internet Quality of Service and Internet Telephony. The work on
Internet Telephony led to the development of the "Call Agent Architecture" that enables very
large scale configuration, moving Internet telephony into the main stream of
telecommunications. His personal work on quality of service focused on measurement of the
Internet's size and quality.
• Huitema joined Bellcore (now Telcordia) the 18 March 1996. From 1986 to 1996, he led the
research project RODEO at INRIA in Sophia-Antipolis, France. He worked there on the
definition and the experimentation of innovative communication protocols, software and
compilers. One of the results was the IP based H.261 videoconferencing system, IVS, with
which we demonstrated in 1994 that video communication can be made Internet friendly.
• From 1980 to 1985, he worked at CNET (Centre National d'Etudes des
Télécommunications), investigating computer usage of telecommunication satellites -- this
was the subject of his doctorate thesis. He worked then on a joined project between CNET
and INRIA, where he developed communication protocols for the SM90 workstation.
• Between 1975 and 1980, he worked as a software engineer at SEMA, first porting large
Fortran programs to new architecture and then developing large Cobol applications for
manufacture control.
• He studied at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris from 1972 to 1975, and obtained in 1985 a
Doctorat ès Sciences from the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6).
• Huitema was a member of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) from 1991 to 1996, its chair
between April 1993 and July 1995. He was elected a trustee of the Internet Society in May
1995.
• Huitema has written a fairly large number of scientific publications, articles and conference
communications, as well as three books, "Routing in the Internet" (Prentice-Hall PTR, 1995),
"IPv6, the new Internet Protocol" (Prentice-Hall PTR, 1996) and "Et Dieu créa l'Internet"
(Eyrolles, 1995).

Source: http://conferences.oreillynet.com/cs/p2pweb2001/view/e_spkr/518
Brian Carpenter
• Brian Carpenter has a PhD in computer science. Worked 1975-85
developing process control systems at CERN in Geneva, taught
computer science at Massey University in New Zealand, and was
Communications Systems group leader at CERN from
1985-1998. He moved to an IBM software development group in
Hursley Park in the UK where he appears to principally pursue
IETF/IAB activities along with assisting IBM's Internet 2
applications development efforts. He has involved for some years
in Internet Society activities. He also served as chair of the IAB
prior to Baker.
• Brian has recently worked on the IPv6 Task Force, as well as the
Internet Architecture Board and the Internet Engineering Task
Force. His interests include IPv6 IP Security and Quality of
Service.
• Brian is currently the Chairman of the Internet Society.
• He spoke to the members of ISOC-Chicago in May 2001 at
Northwestern University.
 Tim Berners-Lee
• The inventor of HTML.
• Graduate of Oxford University, England, Tim is now with the
Laboratory for Computer Science ( LCS)at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology ( MIT).
• He directs the W3 Consortium, an open forum of companies and
organizations with the mission to realize the full potential of the
Web.
• With a background of system design in real-time communications
and text processing software development, in 1989 he invented
the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for
global information sharing. while working at CERN, the European
Particle Physics Laboratory.
• Before coming to CERN, Tim was a founding director of Image
Computer Systems, and before that a principal engineer with
Plessey Telecommunications, in Poole, England.

Source: w3c.org
 Mark Andreesen
• Marc Andreesen was a student and part-time assistant at the Nationa l
Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois
when the World Wide Web began to take off. His position at NCSA allowed
him to become very familiar with the Internet. Like just about everyone
else who was involved with the Internet, he also became familiar with the
Web. Most of the browsers available then were for Unix machines which
were expensive. This meant that the Web was mostly used by academics
and engineers who had access to such machines. The user-interfaces of
available browsers also tended to be not very user-friendly, which also
hindered the spread of the Web. Marc decided to develop a browser that
was easier to use and more graphically rich.
• In 1992, Andreesen recruited fellow NCSA employee, Eric Bina, to help with
his project. The two worked tirelessly. Bina remembers that they would
'work three to four days straight, then crash for about a day' (Reid, 7).
They called their new browser Mosaic. It was much more sophisticated
graphically than other browsers of the time. Like other browsers it was
designed to display HTML documents, but new formatting tags like "center"
were included.
• Especially important was the inclusion of the "image" tag which allowed to
include images on web pages. Earlier browsers allowed the viewing of
pictures, but only as separate files. Mosaic made it possible for images and
text to appear on the same page. Mosaic also sported a graphical interface
with clickable buttons that let users navigate easily and controls that let
users scroll through text with ease. Another innovative feature was the
hyper-link. In earlier browsers hypertext links had reference numbers that
the user typed in to navigate to the linked document. Hyper-links allowed
the user to simply click on a link to retrieve a document.

Source: www.ibiblio.org/pioneers
 Mark Andreesen
• Netscape
• Andreesen settled in Palo Alto, and soon met Jim Clark. Clark had founded
Silicon Graphics, Inc. He had money and connections. The two began
talking about a possible new start-up company. Others were brought into
the discussions and it was decided that they would start an Internet
company. Marc contacted old friends still working for NCSA and enticed a
group of them to come be the engineering team for the new company. In
mid-1994, Mosaic Communications Corp. was officially incorporated in
Mountain View, California. Andreesen became the Vice President of
Technology of the new company.
• The new team's mandate was to create a product to surpass the original
Mosaic. They had to start from scratch. The original had been created on
university time with university money and so belonged exclusively to the
university. The team worked furiously. One employee recalls, " a lot of
times, people were there straight forty-eight hours, just coding. I've never
seen anything like it, in terms of honest-to-God, no BS, human endurance,
to sit in front of a monitor and program. But they were driven by this vision
[of beating the original Mosaic]" (Reid, 27).
• The new product would need a name. Eventually, the name Netscape was
adopted.
• In November of 1998, Netscape was bought by AOL.
• Today, Marc Andreeson is VP of LoudCloud.com

Source: www.ibiblio.org/pioneers
Internet Growth Trends
 By September 2002
The Internet Reached Two
Important Milestones:

Netsizer.com – from Telcordia

 INTERNET

-“FATHER OF THE INTERNET,” VINT CERF

IS THE CO-DESIGNER OF THE TCP/IP PROTOCOLS AND THE

ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET.
INTERNET
INTERNET
How INTERNET is Laid out
3 TYPES OF THE WEB

10% of Total Web

Content
 TCP/IP Addresses
• Every host on the Internet must have a
unique IP address
• The IP address is a 32-bit number which
we write in dotted decimal notation
• The first part of the IP address is the
network address – the remainder is the
host ID
• A subnet mask is used to determine the
network address from a IP host address
• All hosts on the same network are
configured with the same subnet mask
 Network Address Example
To obtain the network address, AND the host
IP with its subnet mask:

Host address: 192.252.12.14

Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Obtaining an Internet Network
Address
• IP network addresses must be unique, or
the Internet will not be stable
• The Internet Network Information Centre
(InterNIC) was originally responsible for
issuing Internet network addresses
• Today, the Internet Assigned Number
Authority (IANA) issues network
addresses to Information Service
Providers (ISPs)
• ISPs split networks up into subnets and
sell them on to their customers
 Domain Name System (DNS)
• IP addresses are used to identify hosts on a
TCP/IP network
• Example: 134.220.1.9
• Numbers are not ‘friendly’ – people prefer
names
• DNS is a protocol used to map IP addresses to
textual names
• E.g. www.wlv.ac.uk maps to 134.220.1.9
 DNS on the Internet
DNS names have a hierarchical structure
Example: www.wlv.ac.uk
Root Level

com net fr uk us Top-level domain

ac co Second-level
domain
aston staffs wlv

clun www ftp Server name

 Internet Email Addresses
[email protected]

Local part @ Domain name of mail server

• The Local part is the name of a special

file stored on the mail server called the
user’s mailbox
• The Domain name is resolved using DNS
• The mail server is also known as a mail
exchanger
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
The
Request Web page
Internet WWW server
(TCP/IP)
Browser app

• HTTP is the protocol used to access resources

on the World Wide Web
• A browser application is used to send a request
to the WWW server for a resource, e.g. a web
page, graphics file, audio file, etc.
• The server responds by sending the resource (a
file) to the client and closing the connection
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• URL is the standard for specifying the
whereabouts of a resource (such as a web page)
on the Internet
• A URL has four parts:
http://www.wlv.ac.uk:80/index.html
Protocol Port number Name of web page
Host

– The protocol used to retrieve the resource

– The host where the resource is held
– The port number of the server process on the
host
– The name of the resource file
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/
•Protocol for copying files between
client and an FTP server
•Uses a TCP connection for
reliable transfer of files with
error-checking
•Most browsers support FTP, or
you can use a dedicated FTP
client program, eg. WS_FTP
•Trivial File Transfer Protocol
(TFTP) is a lightweight version
 Telnet
• Telnet allows a user to run commands
and programs remotely on another
computer across the Internet
• The user runs a Telnet client program
on the local host
• A Telnet server process must be
running on the remote host
• The user must have the necessary
permissions and password to access
 Some Port Assignments
• 21 FTP
• 23 Telnet
• 25 SMTP (mail)
• 70 gopher
• 79 finger
• 80 HTTP
 Conclusion

• The Internet (and World Wide Web) was have today

was created by some very bright, talented people who
either had vision, or were inspired by other talented
people’s visions.
• Though their ideas were not always popular, they
pressed ahead.
• Their perseverance and hard work brought us to
where we are today.
• There is a lot to be learned by studying these people,
their early work and keeping in mind what they had to
work with.
• Today, we owe a great deal for the wired world we
enjoy, to the hard work of these people.
Questions?
Sources of Statistical Information

• Netsizer.com – from Telcordia

• CAIDA
• Network Wizards Internet Domain Survey
• RIPE Internet Statistics
• Matrix Information and Directory Services
• Growth of the World Wide Web
• The Netcraft Web Server Survey
• Internet Surveys
• The Internet Society
Sources of Statistical Information
URLs are underneath!

• Netsizer.com – from Telcordia

• CAIDA
• Network Wizards Internet Domain Survey
• RIPE Internet Statistics
• Matrix Information and Directory Services
• Growth of the World Wide Web
• The Netcraft Web Server Survey
• Internet Surveys
• The Internet Society