DIMENTIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY Proverbs

HISTORY FROM PRE - COLONIAL TO

CONTEMPORARY  These are statements that
are considered as wise.
Literature
 These are usually given by elders
 Is a body of written works. or elders of the community

 Originated from oral traditions  There is belief that experience is the

best teacher
 Are imaginative work
Folk Songs- a song originating among the
 Deals with story and poetry people of a country or area, passed by oral
 The content depends on the author tradition from one singer or generation to the
next, often existing in several versions, and
Three Points of Literature marked generally by simple, modal melody and
stanzaic, narrative verse.
 Literature portrays human experience
 Authors interpret these human Lullabies- a song or folk poem meant to help
experiences a child fall asleep.
 It is an art form and a style of expression
Folk Tales- Are traditional sacred stories,
BC-1564 The Pre-Colonial Period which usually narrates the activities of
Gods and heroes, and that can explain
The Pre-Colonial Period the natural phenomenon and cultural practices
 This existed before the Spanish Legends- Explain the origin of things
occupation in the 1500s.
 It is oral in nature and is full of lessons Fables- Used animal characters and allegory
and ideas about life, its blessings, and
Fantastic Stories- Deal with underworld
its consequences.
characters such as, “Tiyanak” , “Aswang” ,
Oral Literature “Kapre”

 Riddles Epics- Are very lengthly narratives that

 Proverbs are based on oral traditions. These contain
encounters of fighters, prince or heroes that
Riddles save a damsel in distress

 These are statements that contain 1521-1898 The Spanish Period

superficial words but they function
 The start of Philippines’ more colorful
figuratively as metaphors and are in the
took place when Ferdinand Magellan
form of questions.
docked on the shores of Homonhon.
 These are questions that demand a
deeper analyzation and answers.  The Filipinos were then called
“Ladinos” which means they were
Purposes
latinized(to exhibit the influence of
To Entertain. Living in remote areas, before Romans or Roman Catholic)
the advent of electricity,families would sit
 Filipinos were called “Taga Bayan”
around the fire and the elders would quiz
and “Taga Bukid”
theyounger generation with riddles.
 Taga Bayan were those Filipinos who
To Educate. Riddles serve the function
were considered civilized and urbane
of passing down knowledge from
one generation to the next. They  Taga Bundok were those Filipinos
require thinking in order to solve them. who were called Indio and the ones
who lived far from the center of the
To Titillate. Many old Filipino riddles contain
Spanish power.
double engenders that were intended to amuse
the men and shock the women. Religious Literature- revolves around the life
and death of Jesus Christ
Pasyon La Hija Del Fraile(The Child of
the Friar) and Everyting is Hambug (Everyth
 It is about the passion(journey ing is a mere show)
and suffering) of Jesus Christ
-Here Jaena explained the tragedy of marrying
 Pabasa ng Pasyon is a popular Spaniards
devotion of Filipinos during Holy Week
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Senakulo
Dasalan at Tocsohan(Prayers and Jokes)-
a stage or street play about the life and Similar to a catechism(summary of principles
Passion of Jesus — takes place in many of Christian religion in a form of questions
communities, especially in Bulacan, Rizal and and answers) but sarcastically done against
Pampanga provinces.An outdoor Senakulo the Parish priest. It iwas published in Barcelona
often parades a figure of Jesus carrying the in 1888, because of this Del Pilar was
Cross through the streets, and emphasizes the called “filibuster”
violence and brutality of Jesus’ persecutors.
Dr. Jose Rizal
Komedya- Komedya is colorful theatrical
tradition in the Philippines that describes Noli Me tangere- In this book, he
the conflicts between the Muslims and courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-
the Christians. It was used by the Spanish as a run government in the Philippines.
method to spread Christianity in the country.
El Filibusterismo- This is a sequel to NOLI.
Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy- The main While the NOLI exposed the evil in society, FILI
point was to show people the horrors their exposed those in the government and in
souls would go through if they did not obey the church.
God's laws, and did not live their lives
righteously. PUBLICATIONS

Secular or Non-Religious- Revolves around La Independencia

tales and adventures  An independent newspaper founded and
Forms edited by General Antonio Luna

Awit-these are tales where a knight saves a  Its aim is to capture the voice of a free
princess and independent republic

Korido- a form of Philippine literature or type of La Republica Filipina- A private newspaper

poem which is a part of Spanish influence. It is edited by Pedro Paterno
a generic term used for Filipino romance songs -It hoped to achieve national unity under a
or poems, also known as metric romances. It democratic country
consists of 8 syllables each line and four lines
each paragraph. It is often recited as melodic La Libertad(Liberty)- Another private
poem. newspaper edited by Clemente Zulueta

Propaganda Literature -It exercise the freedom of the press that the
revolution had fight for
 These were in the forms of
satire, editorials, and news article that 1900-1942- The American Period
aim to attack the Spanish period
 The Philippines had a great leap
 The Propaganda trinity is composed in Education and Culture
of Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. Del
 The use of English alongside
Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena
Filipino was practiced.
Graciano Lopez Jaena
 The Philippines public school
Ang Fray Botod- One of his works written in was introduced.
Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite
 The literature during American
Revolt attacking friars in the Philippines. He
period was considered as imitative
exposed how some of the friars were greedy,
of American model.
ambitious, and immoral
Drama- Was usually used in the American Fiction- The field of short stories
period to degrade the Spanish rule and give widened. Many people write short stories
credits to the heroism of the men who fought
under Katipunan. Essays- Were composed to glorify the
Filipinos and at the same time to
POETRY figuratively attack the Japanese regime

Jose Corazon De Jesus

 Popularly known as “Batute” created his Identifying Representative Texts from

own generation with his first book and the Regions
poems.
Imagery is a poetic element that tries to create
 He was a Filipino poet a picture in the mind of the reader or a
who used Tagalog poetry to express the mental image through the use
Filipinos' desire for independence during of figural language. It represents
the American occupation of objects, places, ideas, or even actions that
the Philippines. appeal to the senses of the readers

Mga Gintong Dahon- Were poems pre- A Taste of Philippine Poetry

occupied with such non traditional themes such
as passion slaying, grief induced, insanity, and Located in the northwest of Luzon,
lover’s suicide the Ilocos Region or Region 1 is comprised of
four provinces,
Sa Dakong Silangan- Returned to namely: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union,
the awit form, retelling the history of Philippines and Pangasinan. It is bordered to the west by
under Spain. the turbulent South China Sea, to the east by
the Cordillera Administrative Region,
Drama
the northeast and southeast by Cagayan Valley
Severino Reyes(1861-1942) and the South by Central Luzon.

 Spearheaded a movement to supplant Most of the inhabitants of the Ilocano homeland

the komedya with a new type of drama, are concentrated along a narrow coastal plain.
the sarsuwela. Because of geographical boundaries,
these people often experience heavy rains and
Walang Sugat(1902)- Is a sarsuwela(drama in violent typhoons, especially during rainy
a form of singing) drawn from the period of seasons.
Revolution, depicting the cruelty and corruption
of the friars and the heroism of the members of Gabu depicts a coastline in Ilocos that is
Katipunan. constantly experiencing the
battering restlessness of the sea. The water
1946-1985 The Japanese Period and the that comes back to the shore seems
Republic furious and ruthless with its daylong
bashing, which havocs the wasteland. Being
 The use of English language
an archipelagic country, the Philippines knows
was forbidden and the use of
the importance of water and the sea.
Filipino language was mandated
under Japanese rule

 Filipino literature was given a A Taste Of Tagalog Essay

break during this period. Topics and
themes were often about life in More popularly known now as
the provinces. the CALABARZON referring to the
provinces of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal,
Poetry- The common themes was nationalism, and Quezon, Region IV-A is home to Tagalog
country, love, life in the barrios, faith, religion, speaking people in the Philippines.
and arts
Recognized all over the country for their
Haiku is a poem of free verse of Japanese bravery and fearlessness in
origin. It has 17 syllables divided into 3 lines. battles, CALABARZON has participated
The first has 5 syllables, second has 7, and the actively in the country’s fight for freedom
third has 5 syllables and democracy. It is home to many Philippine
heroes foremost, and among them are Rizal of
Laguna, Mabini of Batangas, and Aguinaldo of
Cavite.

A Taste Of Creative Non-fiction Regional Literature: Life and Works

Of Canonical Authors
The island of Visayas is one of the
major geographical divisions in the  As defined by Oxford
Philippines, the other two being Luzon dictionary, canonical /kənɒnɪkəl/
and Mindanao. It is divided into traditionally means anything that is
Western, Central, and Eastern Visayas. included in a list of holy books
that are accepted as genuine. Another
The dwelling place of many festivals such as
definition given is its connectedness
the Ati-Atihan, Di-nagyang, Sinulog, Pintados,
with works of literature that are
and Maskara, the Visayas may indeed be
highly respected.
considered as one of the cradles of
Philippine civilization  It comes from the root word "canon" or a
generally accepted rule, standard or
Ati-Atihan Festival- January 11-January 17-
principle by which something is judged.
Ati atihan is celebrated in honor to the infant
If something has canonical status, it is
Jesus, the town patron.
accepted as having all the qualities that
Dinagyang Festival- Happens every a thing of its kind should have. Thus,
4th Sunday of January- Dinagyang Festival canonical authors are those who are
celebrates the local devotion of Sto. Niño. It highly esteemed and well-respected
also pays tribute to the arrival of Malay settlers writers whose published works have
in the country. contributed greatly in the field of
literature.
Sinulog Festival-January 15- Sinulog is
celebrated in honor to Jesus Christ. The LUZON- Whenever we hear the island group of
festival involves a dance ritual that tells the Luzon, it is not surprising that the language
story of the Philippines' pagan past and mostly associated with it is Tagalog. In fact,
the country's acceptance of Christianity. most literary works from Luzon are written in
this language which coined the
Pintados Festival-3rd week of March- term "Tagalog Literature" and flourished
Pintados Festival commemorates the pre- greatly during the Japanese occupation when
Spanish tradition of tattooing among warriors the English language was strictly banned.
locally known as pintados. Specifically, bulk of Tagalog Literature
comes from Southern Luzon, Central Luzon,
Maskara Festival-Every 4th Sunday
and National Capital Region or Metro
of October- The MassKara Festival can trace
Manila.
its roots back to the 1980s and was born out of
a crisis. It was during the time when the Moreover, most of our influential historical
province's main livelihood, sugar, was priced at figures who were writers themselves were also
an all-time low because of alternatives from this island such as Jose Rizal, Andres
introduced in the market, which resulted in one Bonifacio, Jose P. Laurel, and Amado
of the worst famines in the country's history Hernandez to name a few. Consequently, we
that affected an estimated one million people. can still trace modern literature reflecting the
country's historical development.
It was also the time when a tragic
ferry accident happened, which carried mostly
people from the province including those from
prominent families of Bacolod.

To lift the spirits of the locals and bring back JOSE RIZAL
the smiles on their faces,
CALAMBA, LAGUNA
the MassKara Festival was created.
The smiling masks were a declaration of the  Noli Me Tangere
people of Bacolod City that they will pull
through and survive the challenges and  El Filibusterismo
tragedies that they are facing.
 ANDRES BONIFACIO Mindanao

MANILA People from Mindanao are divided into three

groups: Christian settlers (mostly migrants
 Pag ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (poem) from Visayas and Luzon), Moro (mainly from
JOSE LAUREL ARMM groups), and Lumads (consisting of 18
ethnolinguistic groups). Being the only island of
TANAUAN BATANGAS the Philippines where majority is non-Christian,
ignorance among Christians, discrimination,
1. The Election Law Annoted – Manila:
and distortion are mostly felt by Muslim people.
Bureau of Printing, 1922.
Some of the insensitive words associated
2. Cases on Municipal Corporations –
among Muslims are being immoral because
Manila: Oriental Comm. Company,
they can marry as many wives as they can,
1924.
warlike, killer, and totally different from that of
3. Cases on Constitutional Law – Manila:
Christians. The conflict in Mindanao is mostly
Bureau of Printing, 1925.
because of two factors: political and religious.
4. Election Law of the Philippine Islands –
Unfortunately, this conflict extends up to their
Manila: Oriental Comm. Company,
literature as it seems to be widely invisible or
1925.
inaccessible.
5. Local Government in the Philippine
Islands – Manila: La Pilarica Publication, Moro-moro is a play that became popular in
1926. the Philippines during the Spanish colonial
period where the Moros were portrayed as
AMADO HERNANDEZ
perpetual villains who always lost to Christians
TONDO, MANILA in the end. It depicts battles, in a rather
comedic way, between Christians and Moros
 He wrote Isang Dipang Langit (A Stretch as Muslims in the Philippines prefer to be
of Heaven), which later won a Republic called.
Cultural Heritage Award
Some Writers across the Region:
 Bayang Malaya (Free Nation), which
later won a Balagtas Award. LUZON

 Also written in prison was his Among the country's eighteen recognized
masterpiece Luha ng Buwaya (Tears of National Artists, sixteen are from Luzon who
the Crocodile) mostly came from NCR such as :

Visayas- Many critiques consider literature AMADO HERNANDEZ - He was the author of
from Visayas as the home of hybrid forms Mga Ibong Mandaragit which exposes the ills
especially in their romance novels where age- of society as evident in the agrarian problems
old pattern like corrido (metrical romances) is of the 50s
mixed with new trends and genre mostly JOSE GARCIA VILLA - He was a Filipino
depicting social realities. poet, writer, and critic. He used the pen name
These hybrid forms are also rich in local colors “Doveglion” which was a combination of the
that significantly show Visayan cultures and words “dove,” “eagle,” and “lion” and was what
traditions. Unfortunately, lack of venue for he believed was his true persona. His notable
publication hinders the flourishing of fiction works include The Anchored Angel, The
from this island. Emperor’s New Sonnet, and Footnote to Youth.

One of the longest known epics in the world NICK JOAQUIN- Nicomedes "Nick" Marquez
called Hinilawod is actually from Visayas. Joaquin was a Filipino writer and journalist best
Truly, the love for poetry runs in the blood of known for his short stories and novels in the
Visayans. Modern literature revolves around English language. He also wrote using the
poetry and drama which are mostly satirical in pen name Quijano de Manila. Joaquin
nature that deal with social behavior produced was conferred the rank and title of National
since the 1900s up to the present. Literature Artist of the Philippines for Literature.
produced is widely written in Waray, Cebuano, CARLOS P. ROMULO (1899-1985)- was an
and English. author and the foremost diplomat of the
Philippines. He was the only Filipino journalist
to win the Pulitzer Prize and the first Asian to - His 11 novels , now acknowledge as the
serve as president of the UN General classics of Philippine Literature embodies the
Assembly (1949). He also gained prominence author’s commitment nationalism
as America's most trusted Asian spokesman.
VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO
FRANCISCO ARCELLANA- Zacarias
EugeneFrancisco Quino Arcellana (September BULACAN (REGION III)
6, 1916 — August 1, 2002) was a writer, poet, In the years of Martial Law, he set aside
essayist, critic, journalist, and teacher and modernism and formalism and took interest in
one of the most important progenitors of nationalism, politics, and activist movement.
Filipino short stories in English. In 1990, he
was declared National Artist of the Philippines Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales “NVM
for Literature. GONZALES” ROMBLON (REGION IV-
B MIMAROPA)- He is the Father of
Rolando Santos Tinio- is a Filipino poet, Philippine Essay
dramatist, director, actor, critic, essayist, and
educator. He is a Philippine National Artist for F. SIONIL PANGASINAN (REGION 1)- He
Theater and Literature. His greatest distinction was in the forefront of Philippine literature with
is being a stage director. He staged, organized, his works having been translated into 22
and administrated productions for the Ateneo languages
Experimental Theater. But it was in Teatro
EDITH L. TIEMPO NUEVA VISCAYA
Pilipino that he was able to leave a huge
(REGION II)- She founded and directed
remark by reviving traditional Filipino drama
the Siliman National Writers Workshop in
LEVI CELERIO- Celerio was known for using Dumaguete City, which has produced some of
the leaf as a musical instrument which the country’s best writer.
resulted in the Guinness Book of World
DR. BIENVENIDO LUMBERA
Records to recognize him as "the man
who could play music with a leaf" BATANGAS (REGION IV-A)
CARLOS QUIRINO- During his His literary works encompasses multiple
lifetime Quirino wrote dozens of books on genres, from poetry to stage plays and
Philippine history and culture, covering librettos(text in opera or long vocal work)
topics as diverse as war, politics, art, business,
and agriculture. His prizewinning Lualhati Torres Bautista - Known as
biography, The Great Malayan (1940), was one contemporary writer of Tagalog fiction, this
of the earliest English-language biographies on foremost Filipino female novelist from Tondo,
Jose Rizal. Manila is also famous for her screenwriting
career as most of her works such
ALEJANDRO ROCES- Alejandro Roces was as Dekada 70 and Bata,
a short story writer and essayist, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa already have film
and was considered as the country's best versions. This realist writer often tackles issues
writer of comic short stories. He was known among women who courageously face
for his widely anthologized “My Brother's difficult situations. She is a recipient
Peculiar Chicken.” In his innumerable of numerous literary awards such
newspaper columns, he had always focused on as Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
the neglected aspects of the Filipino cultural for Literature.
heritage.

The National Artists from the Other Regions:

Roberto "Bob" Ong- This author's actual
LAZARO FRANCISCO name and identity is unknown. He is the author
of various popular books such
BATAAN
as ABNKKBSNPLAko?!, Bakit Baligtad Mag
basa ng Libro ang mga Pilipino, and Alamat
ng Gubat to name a few. He is widely known
for his conversational and humorous writing published both in
style that often depicts Filipino cultures. His the Philippines and United States.
technique of violating standard writing
Quiz:
principles shows one unique characteristic of a
21st century literary writer who applies latest 1. Which is true about Philippine literature?
trends in writing.
a. Literary works from NCR are the
VISAYAS most widely published and
accepted.
Peter Solis Nery- This Hiligaynon pride from b. Philippine literature across the
Iloilo is an award-winning Filipino poet, regions is equally represented.
fictionist, and author of various books. He is a c. There are no published literary
recipient of multiple awards works in Mindanao.
from Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for d. Visayan literature is dominant in
Literature, the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
the Philippines (CCP) Literary Grant, 2. What does the term "tripeople" in Mindanao refer
and the All-Western Visayas Literary to?
Contest of the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Among his a. Moros, foreign settlers, and
Christian settlers
notable and award-winning works are collection
b. Moros, Lumads, and Christian
of poems Umanhon nga Gugma (Love of the
settlers
Rural Folks), Hiligaynon short story "Lirio", c. People with identify crises
and screenplay "Buyong". d. Three ethnic groups
Merlie Alunan- She is another pride of Iloilo 3. What is true about "Moro-Moro Literature"?
who wrote award-winning collections of poetry
in English and Cebuano languages such a. Both Christians and Muslims are
represented in a positive way.
as Susumaton: Oral Narratives of
b. Muslims are represented with a
Leyte and Sa Atong Dila, Introduction
good image.
to Visayan Literature which earned her
c. Muslims are represented with a bad
the title National Book Award for image.
2016 and 2017 and Carlos Palanca Awards. d. Christians are the antagonists.
Also, she is a recipient of international
awards such as ASEAN Poets in 2013 by 4. What makes Mindanawon and Visayan literature
the Kingdom of Thailand and Lillian limited?
Jerome Thornton Award. a. There is a lack of support from
the bigger publishing houses and
MINDANAO:
the government.
Anthony L. Tan- He was born in Siasi, b. Writers from Visayas and Mindanao
are not well-trained.
Sulu whose writings have been
c. Their literature is banned across
appearing locally and internationally
the Philippines.
in magazines, journals, and anthologies. This d. Writers from Luzon are considered
poet, essayist, and fictionist is the author exceptional.
of The Bajao Cemetery and Other
Poems and Poems for Muddas. He 5. What does "Hybrid Visayan Literature" mean?
has received multiple awards from Don a. Limited style of literature
Carlos Palanca for his poetry and essay. b. Realistic style of literature
c. Technologically advance
Myrna Peña Reyes- This poet from Cagayan
literature
de Oro is a recipient of Oregon d. Traditional style of literature
Literary Fellowship for poetry. Some of
her works are the following: Memory’s Mercy: 6. Known as contemporary writer of Tagalog fiction,
New and Selected Poems (University of the this foremost Filipino female novelist from Tondo,
Philippines Press, 2015), Almost Home: Manila is also famous for her screenwriting career
as most of her works such as Dekada 70 and Bata,
Poems (University of the Philippines
Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa .
Press, 2004) and The River Singing
Stone (Anvil, 1994). Her works are a. Luahalti Torres Bautista

b. F. Sionil
 c. Merli Alunan greater understanding and appreciation of their
literary works. Examples are metaphor, simile,
7. Why did the critiques considered Visayan
literature as the home of hybrid forms? alliteration, hyperbole, allegory, etc.

a. Their romance novels where age-old Examples of Literary Devices

pattern like corrido is mixed with new
trends Imagery
b. Their romance novels are rich in local colors
It is the use of figurative language to create visual
significantly shown Visayan cultures and
representations of actions, objects, and ideas in our
traditions
mind in such a way that they appeal to our physical
c. There was a lack of venue for publication
senses.
that hinders the flourishing of fiction from
the island Examples

8. What is the title of the novel of Amado V.  The room was dark and gloomy.
Hernandez which exposes the ills of society as
evident in the agrarian problems of the 50s? The words “dark” and “gloomy” are visual images.

a. Ibong Ligaw  The river was roaring in the mountains.

b. Ligaw na mga Ibon
The word “roaring” appeals to our sense of hearing.
c. Mga Ibong Malaya
d. Mga Ibong Mandaragit

9. Who is the writer of Footnote to Youth and has a Metaphor- The comparison of one thing to
pen name “Doveglion”? another that does not use the terms “like” or “as”.
a. Amado V. Hernandez
Simile- a comparison of two things through the
b. Carlos P. Romulo
use of the words like or as.
c. Jose Garcia Villa
d. Nick Joaquin
Symbolism- The use of specific objects or
10. How are Muslims portrayed in Moro- images to represent abstract ideas. A symbol
Moro literature according to the critical review mustbe something tangible or visible, while the idea
written by Paz Verdades M. Santos? it symbolizes must be something abstract o
universal.
a. Brave and well-disciplined
b. Immoral and warlike Examples :
c. Poor and uneducated
 rainbow–symbolizes hope and promise.
d. Talented and creative
 red rose–symbolizes love and romance

 four-leaf clover–symbolizes good luck or

Techniques and Literary Devices fortune.

Literary Devices  Dove- Symbolize peace and purity.

refers to the typical structures used by writers in

their works to convey his or her message(s) in a
simple manner to his or her readers.
Flashback - is a literary device wherein the
Two Aspects of Literary Devices
author depicts the occurrence of specific events to
the reader, which have taken place before the
Literary Elements
present time the narration is following, or events
have an inherent existence in literary piece and are that have happened before the events that are
currently unfolding in the story.
extensively employed by writers to develop a
literary piece. E.g., plot, setting, characters, mood, Examples ;
theme, moral etc.
A woman is about to get married. As she puts on
Literary Techniques her veil, she remembers her fiancé three years
before, swearing he would make her his wife
on the contrary, are structures usually a word/s or someday. A tear comes to her eye and she
phrases in literary texts that writers employ to prepares to walk down the aisle.
achieve not merely artistic ends but also readers a
Foreshadowing - occurs in a literary text when science fiction, fantasy and historical elements.
the author gives clues and hints about what is to Harry Potter series is full with fantasy elements by
come in the story. Foreshadowing can occur due to showing the magical world Hogwarts and Magic
the characters' words or thoughts, or it can occur Mistry.
because of the action of the story. Foreshadowing
helps to create suspense in the story. Texttula - The term ‘textula’ is a blend of English
word ‘text’ and Filipino word ‘tula’ which means text
Examples ; poem, it is a poem written in a form of a text
message.
A professionally dressed woman hurriedly leaves
the house, slamming the front door. She frantically - Textula usually consists of one or two stanzas, it
searches for her keys in the bottom of a giant purse is sent as a direct communication to a person
while balancing a briefcase under her other arm. closer to the sender.
She finds her keys, gets in the car and begins
backing out of the driveway, and then slams on the Flash fiction - a genre of fiction, defined as a
brakes. “I feel like I’m forgetting something,” she very short story. Flash fictions stories can be as
says. She shrugs and drives away short as a few words.

Motif -is an idea, object, or concept that repeats Graphic Novel - Utilizes pictures in narrating a
itself throughout a text. sounds and visual long story; it has growing popularity.
descriptors can also encapsulate a motif, as they
continue to reappear throughout a story.

21st Century Literary Genre

Chick lit - Written by women, uses strong female
character who is trying to live in the modern world

How to write Chick lit Novel

 Choose an urban location for your setting

 Introduce a glamorous profession

 Include a twist in a plot

 Introduce indecorous romance

Hyper-poetry - It is also called cyber poetry. It

could not be presented without the aid computers
and the internet and include verse with links to sub
poems or footnotes, poetry “generation”, or poetry
with movements or images.

Spoken poetry - Is a poetic performance art

that is word based. It is an oral art that focuses on
the aesthetics of word play such as intonation and
voice inflection

Blogs - It is a shortened of the term “web blog”, a

regularly updated journal on the internet.

Speculative fiction - The setting is futuristic and

involves supernatural elements. It encompasses
horror and science fiction works.

Example ;

The Harry Potter series consider as

Speculative fiction because it is mixture of horror,