FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

MODULE MATENA1

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CALCULUS OF ONE-VARIABLE FUNCTIONS FOR ENGINEERING

CAMPUS APK
ASSESSMENT SEMESTER TEST 1

DATE 24/03/2022 TIME 08:30

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ASSESSOR(S) DR C ROBINSON
DR K SEBOGODI

DURATION 90 MINUTES MARKS 50

MEMORANDUM
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NUMBER OF PAGES: 1 + 10 PAGES

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS ON THE PAPER IN PEN.

2. NO CALCULATORS ARE ALLOWED.

3. SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS AND MOTIVATE ALL ANSWERS.

4. IF YOU REQUIRE EXTRA SPACE, CONTINUE ON THE FACING BLANK PAGE AND
INDICATE THIS CLEARLY.
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 1/10

Question 1 [10 marks]

For questions 1.1 – 1.10, choose the correct answer, and make a cross (X) in the corresponding
block.
Question a b c d e
1.1 X
1.2 X
1.3 X
1.4 X
1.5 X
1.6 X
1.7 X
1.8 X

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1.9 X
1.10 X

1.1 Select the solutions of: |x − 3| = |2x + 1|. (1)

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2
(a) −4,
3
2
(b) 4, −
3
4
(c) , −2
3
4
(d) − ,2
3
(e) None of the above.

1.2 Select the correct solution to the following inequality: 2|3x − 1| < 1. (1)
   
1 1
(a) −∞, − ∪ − ,∞
2 6
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1 1
(b) − , −
2 6
   
1 1
(c) −∞, ∪ ,∞
6 2
 
1 1
(d) ,
6 2
(e) None of the above.
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 2/10

3
1.3 If tan θ = − and θ ∈ [π, 2π), then sec θ = (1)
4
5
(a) −
4
5
(b)
4
5
(c) −
3
5
(d)
3
(e) None of the above.

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1 3 7 15 31
1.4 Express the sum using sigma notation: + + + + . (1)
4 8 16 32 64
5
X 2i − 1
(a)
i=1
2i
6
X 2i − 1
(b)
EM 2i+1
i=1
6
X 2i−1 − 1
(c)
i=0
2i
6
X 2i−1 − 1
(d)
i=2
2i
(e) None of the above.

3π
1.5 Let z ∈ C such that |z| = 2 and arg(z) = . Then the rectangular form of z is: (1)
4
(a) 1 + i
(b) −1 + i
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√ √
(c) 2 + i 2
√ √
(d) − 2 + i 2
(e) None of the above.

1.6 Which formula is logically equivalent to ¬p → (p ∧ q)? (Hint: use known equivalences.)(1)

(a) (p ∧ q) → ¬p
(b) (p ∧ q) ∨ p
(c) p → (p ∧ q)
(d) p ∧ q
(e) None of the above.
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 3/10

1.7 Convert the following statement to a first-order formula: (1)

There are no even integers which are equal to their cube.

(a) ¬[(∃x ∈ Z)(((∀y ∈ Z)(x = 2y)) ∧ (x = x3 ))]

(b) ¬[(∃x ∈ Z)(((∃y ∈ Z)(x = 2y)) ∧ (y = x3 ))]
(c) ¬[(∃x ∈ Z)(((∃y ∈ Z)(x = 2y)) ∧ (x = x3 ))]
(d) ¬[(∃x ∈ Z)(((∃y ∈ Z)(x = 2y)) ∧ (y = y 3 ))]
(e) None of the above.

1.8 Which of the following is the inverse of (p ∨ q) → (¬r ∧ p)? (1)

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(a) (¬p ∧ ¬q) → (r ∨ ¬p)
(b) (¬r ∧ p) → (p ∨ q)
(c) (r ∨ ¬p) → (¬p ∧ ¬q)
(d) (q ∨ p) → (p ∧ ¬r)
(e) None of the above
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1.9 Let X be a set and A(x), B(x), C(x) be predicates. Find the negation of the following: (1)

(∀x ∈ X)((A(x) ∧ B(x)) → C(x))

(a) (∀x ∈ X)((A(x) ∧ B(x)) ∧ ¬C(x))

(b) (∀x ∈ X)(C(x) → (A(x) ∧ B(x)))
(c) (∃x ∈ X)((A(x) ∧ B(x)) ∧ C(x))
(d) (∃x ∈ X)(A(x) ∧ B(x) ∧ ¬C(x))
(e) None of the above.

1.10 For which set D is the first-order formula (∀x ∈ D)(x2 − x < 12) true?
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(a) D = {−3, 4}
(b) D = (−∞, −3) ∪ (4, ∞)
(c) D = [−3, 4]
(d) D = (−3, 4)
(e) None of the above.
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 4/10

Question 2 [2 marks]
Let S be the set depicted by: (2)

−7
−20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20

Then S can also be described as the solution to an inequality of the form |x − a| > b. Solve for a
and b.
Solution:
x − a 6 −b or x−a>b
∴ x 6 −b + a ∴x>b+a
∴ −b + a = −7 ∴ b + a = 15

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If we make a the object of the first equation we have a = −7 + b. Substituting this into the second
equation we get:
b − 7 + b = 15
∴ 2b = 22
∴ b = 11
∴ a = −7 + 11 = 4
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Therefore the inequality is |x − 4| > 11.
Question 3 [3 marks]
x+5
Solve the inequality x − 1 6 and give your answer in interval notation. (3)
x+1
Solution:
x+5
x−16
x+1
x+5
∴x−1− 60
x+1
(x − 1)(x + 1) − (x + 5)
∴ 60
x+1
x2 − x − 6
∴ 60
x+1
(x − 3)(x + 2)
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∴ 60
x+1
The critical points are x = −2, x = −1 and x = 3. These numbers divide the real line into the
intervals (−∞, −2), (−2, −1), (−1, 3) and (3, ∞).
x2 − x − 6
Interval x−3 x+2 x+1
x+1
(−∞, −2) − − − −
(−2, −1) − + − +
(−1, 3) − + + −
(3, ∞) + + + +

Therefore, the solution set is S = (−∞, −2 ] ∪ (−1, 3 ].

 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 5/10

Question 4 [3 marks]
sin x + cos x
Prove the identity: = tan 2x + sec 2x. (3)
cos x − sin x
Solution:
sin x + cos x cos x + sin x
LHS = ×
cos x − sin x cos x + sin x
sin2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos2 x
=
cos2 x − sin2 x
2 sin x cos x + (sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
cos 2x
sin 2x + (sin2 x + cos2 x)
=

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cos 2x
sin 2x + 1
=
cos 2x
sin 2x 1
= +
cos 2x cos 2x
= tan 2x + sec 2x = RHS
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Question 5 [3 marks]

Solve the equation 2 sin2 θ − 5 sin θ + 2 = 0, where 0 6 θ < 2π, and sketch the solutions on one
coordinate system. (3)
Solution:

2 sin2 θ − 5 sin θ + 2 = 0
(sin θ − 2)(2 sin θ − 1) = 0
1
∴ sin θ = 2 or sin θ =
2
Since −1 6 sin θ 6 1 for all values of θ, sin θ = 2 is not possible and does not produce a solution.
For sin θ = 21 with 0 6 θ < 2π there are two possible solutions:

π π 5π
θ= or θ = π − = .
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6 6 6
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 6/10

Question 6 [5 marks]
n
X
(a) Find the number n such that i = 55. (2)
i=1
Solution:
n
X n(n + 1)
i= = 55
i=1
2
∴ n(n + 1) = 110
∴ n2 + n − 110 = 0
∴ (n − 10)(n + 11) = 0
∴ n = 10 or n = −11

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Since n > 1 we conclude that n = −11 is not a solution and hence, n = 10.
n
X
2n3 + 3n2 − 3n
(b) Show that 3i2 − 2 = . (3)
i=1
2

Solution:
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n
X
3i2 − 2


LHS =
i=1
X n n
X
=3 i2 − 2
i=1 i=1
 
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
=3 − 2n
6
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 4n
= −
2 2
(n2 + n)(2n + 1) − 4n
=
2
2n3 + n2 + 2n2 + n − 4n
=
2
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3 2
2n + 3n − 3n
=
2
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 7/10

Question 7 [6 marks]
6 − 7i
(a) Calculate and give your answer in rectangular form: + 2 − i. (2)
1 − 2i
Solution:
 
6 − 7i 6 − 7i 1 + 2i
+2−i= × +2−i
1 − 2i 1 − 2i 1 + 2i
(6 − 7i)(1 + 2i)
= +2−i
(1 − 2i)(1 + 2i)
6 − 7i + 12i − 14i2
= +2−i
1 + 2i − 2i − 4i2
6 + 14 + 5i
= +2−i

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1+4
20 + 5i
= +2−i
5
=4+i+2−i
=6

(b) Find all of the cube (third) roots of 2 − 2i. Simplify your answers as far as possible but
EM leave them in polar form. (4)
Solution:
√ √ −2
Let z = 2 − 2i. Then |z| = 22 + 22 = 8 = 23/2 and tan θ = 2
= −1.
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π 7π
Since we know that arg(z) is in the fourth quadrant, we know that θ = 2π − = .
  4 4
7π 7π
Therefore, the polar form of z is z = 23/2 cos + i sin . The cube roots of z are then:
4 4
7π 7π √
   
3/2 1/3

4
+ 2(0)π 4
+ 2(0)π 7π 7π
w0 = 2 cos + i sin = 2 cos + i sin
3 3 12 12

7π 7π √
   
3/2 1/3

4
+ 2(1)π 4
+ 2(1)π 5π 5π
w1 = 2 cos + i sin = 2 cos + i sin
3 3 4 4

7π 7π √
   
3/2 1/3

4
+ 2(2)π 4
+ 2(2)π 23π 23π
w2 = 2 cos + i sin = 2 cos + i sin
3 3 12 12
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 8/10

Question 8 [4 marks]
Complete the truth table below so that one of its columns contains (p ∨ q) → r and another
contains (¬p ∨ r) ↔ q. Then use the truth table to deduce whether or not (p ∨ q) → r is
equivalent to (¬p ∨ r) ↔ q. (4)

Solution:
p q r p ∨ q (p ∨ q) → r ¬p ¬p ∨ r (¬p ∨ r) ↔ q

T T T T T F T T

T T F T F F F F

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T F T T T F T F

T F F T F F F T

F T T T T T T T

F T F T F T T T
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F F T F T T T F

F F F F T T T F

∴ (p ∨ q) → r 6≡ (¬p ∨ r) ↔ q.

Question 9 [2 marks]
Suppose that (p → ¬q) ∨ (p ↔ s) ∨ (m ∨ k) is false. Compute the truth values of p, q, s and m.
(2)
Solution:

(p → ¬q) ∨ (p ↔ s) ∨ (m ∨ k) : F implies that all three disjuncts are false.

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∴ (p → ¬q) : F and (p ↔ s) : F and (m ∨ k) : F .

From (p → ¬q) : F , we deduce p : T and ¬q : F . Thus, q : T .

From (p ↔ s) : F and p : T , we deduce that s : F .

From (m ∨ k) : F , we deduce that m : F .

 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 9/10

Question 10 [1 marks]
Demonstrate, by providing a counterexample, that the following statement is false: If x and y are
real numbers then |x + y| = |x| + |y|. (1)

Solution:

Let x = 2 and y = −3. Then |2 + (−3)| = |2 − 3| = | − 1| = 1, but |2| + | − 3| = 2 + 3 = 5 6= 1.

Question 11 [2 marks]
Prove that if an integer is divisible by 6, then it is divisible by 3. (2)

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Solution:

Let n ∈ Z and assume that 6|n. Then there exists k ∈ Z such that n = 6k.

∴ n = (2 · 3)k = 3(2k).

Since k ∈ Z and 2 ∈ Z we have m = 2k ∈ Z.

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Then n = 3m and 3|n.

Question 12 [3 marks]
Use a proof by cases to show that for any integer n, n3 − 5n is even. (3)

Solution:
Let n ∈ Z. Then n can be even or odd. Now consider the two cases:

Case 1: n is even. Then there exists k ∈ Z such that n = 2k, and

n3 − 5n = (2k)3 − 5(2k)
= 8k 3 − 10k
= 2(4k 3 − 5k)
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Since k ∈ Z we have m = (4k 3 − 5k) ∈ Z. Then n3 − 5n = 2m and n3 − 5n is even.

Case 2: n is odd. Then there exists k ∈ Z such that n = 2k + 1, and

n3 − 5n = (2k + 1)3 − 5(2k + 1)

= (4k 2 + 4k + 1)(2k + 1) − 10k − 5
= 8k 3 + 4k 2 + 8k 2 + 4k + 2k + 1 − 10k − 5
= 8k 3 + 12k 2 − 4k − 4
= 2(4k 3 + 6k 2 − 2k − 2)

Since k ∈ Z we have m = (4k 3 + 6k 2 − 2k − 2) ∈ Z. Then n3 − 5n = 2m and n3 − 5n is

even.

Finally, since n3 − 5n is even in both cases, we conclude that n3 − 5n is even for any n ∈ Z.
 MATENA1 SEMESTER TEST 1 – 24 MARCH 2022 10/10

Question 13 [2 marks]
Rewrite the following statement in English (without using variables): (2)
   
− 1 3
(∀x ∈ R ) |x| < ∨ |x| > .
2 2

Solution:

The absolute value of every negative real number is less than a half or greater than one and a half.

Question 14 [4 marks]

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Use mathematical induction to prove that, for each natural number n > 0: (4)

1 + 2 + 22 + ... + 2n = 2n+1 − 1.

Solution:
EM natural numbers n > 0 for which 1 + 2 + · · · + 2n = 2n+1 − 1 (i.e.,
Let S be the set of all P
n i n+1
S = {n ∈ N | n > 0 and i=0 2 = 2 − 1}).

Show 0 ∈ S:
LHS= 20 = 1 and RHS= 20+1 − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1. ∴ LHS=RHS and 0 ∈ S.

Assume that k ∈ S. That is, 1 + 2 + · · · + 2k = 2k+1 − 1.

Show that k + 1 ∈ S:

LHS = 1 + 2 + 22 + · · · + 2k + 2k+1
= (2k+1 − 1) + 2k+1 By the inductive hypothesis.
= 2 · 2k+1 − 1
= 2(k+1)+1 − 1
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= RHS

∴ k + 1 ∈ S.

By Mathematical Induction S = N and hence 1 + 2 + · · · + 2n = 2n+1 − 1 for all n ∈ N.