Unit 0: Critical Skills Review

A. OPERATIONS WITH INTEGERS

Recall: Set of integers: I = { }

When adding integers – if the signs are the same ______________________________

- if the signs are different ______________________________

When subtracting integers - __________________________

Try these:
a) 3 + (-5) b) (-4) + (-15) c) (-12) – (-14) d) 8+ (-11) – 6 – (-3)

For multiplication and division - if the signs are the same _________________________

- if the signs are different ________________________

Try these:
a) 2 (-6) b) -4 (-7) c) 25 ÷ (-5) d) -69 ÷ (-3) e) 5 (-4) ÷ (-10)

For more than one operation follow - __________________________

Try these:
15 ( −2 )  12  18 + ( −12 ) ÷ 3 4 ( −9 − 7 )
a) b) −5 +   c) d)
( −3)( −1)  −4  20 ÷ ( −2 ) − ( −3) ( −70 − 2 ) ÷ 9
B. OPERATIONS WITH RATIONALS

Recall: Set of rationals: Q = { }

To do any operation with rationals you need to combine two sets of rules:
1. Rules for operations with INTEGERS.
2. Rules for operations with FRACTIONS.

To add and subtract rationals, find ______________________________ and then add and
subtract _________________________.

Try these:
5 2 1 −5 −5 −1  1 
a) + b) 1 − c) − +  −1 
3 −3 3 12 8 4  2

To multiply rationals, first _____________ to lowest terms and then multiply numerators
together and multiply ______________ together.

To divide rationals, multiply by the ______________.

Try these:
1 −3 2
+ −
3 −12  1 −3  2 1 2 5 3
a) × b)  −2 +  + × c)
4 5  5 4  3 5 1
× ( −3)
15

d) Imagine it’s spring time, and that means strawberry picking. Laura can fill a basket with
strawberries in 3 hours. Grace on the other hand goofs around when she picks strawberries and
can fill the same basket in 5 hours. How long would it take them together to fill the basket?
 C. EXPONENT LAWS

Algebraic
Law Description Example
Description

To multiply powers with

the same base, keep the
Multiplication
base and add the a m × a n = a m+n m 2 × m3 = m5
exponents

To divide powers with m6

the same base, keep the a m
 m−n = m 6−2
Division
base and subtract the  an =a m2
exponents.
  = m4

To simplify a power of a
power, keep the base
( a m ) = a mn (m )
n
2 6
Powers
and multiply the = m12
exponents.

When an exponent is 70 = 1
Zero Exponents zero, it always gives a a =1
0
value of 1. − 7 0 = −1

When a power with a

Negative base greater than 1 has  1  1
a negative exponent, it
a−m =  m  m−5 =
Exponents
gives a fractional value
a  m5
Practice with Exponents

1. Simplify first and then evaluate.

a) 24 × 26  58 
b)  2 
c) (7 )
4 3

5 

d) ( 3 )( 3 )( 3 )
−3 5 −4
e) ( −2 )
−5
÷ ( −2 )
−2
f) (4 )
−1 −2

2. Evaluate.
a) 30 ÷ 33 b) 42 − 2−1

3. Express your answer with positive exponents.

( 2a )
−3 −2 4 −3 −2
a) b c  3 x −4 y 3 
b)  2 −2 
 6x y 

4. Evaluate.
2−4 + 2−6 5−4 + 5−6
a) b)
2−3 5−3 + 5−5
 D. EVALUATING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

A letter that represents one or more numbers is called a __________________.

𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 10 is an example of an __________________.

When a specific value is assigned to a variable in an algebraic expression, the process is known as
_____________________.

Try these:
1. Evaluate 2𝑧𝑧 − 1 for each value of z:
a) -1 b) 2.2 3
c)
4

2. Evaluate for 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑦𝑦 = 3, and 𝑧𝑧 = −4:

a) 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑧𝑧 b) 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑧𝑧

1 3
3. Evaluate for x = −3 and y = :
5 5
a) 3 x − 5 y b) y 2 − x c) ( x + y )
2

4. An apple contains about 290kJ of energy, a banana 360kJ, and a grapefruit 210kJ.
a) Write an expression for the energy in a mixture of apples, bananas, and grapefruit.

b) Calculate the energy in a fruit salad made from 2 apples, 3 bananas, and 1.5 grapefruit.
 E. SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Define:

Algebraic Expression :_______________________________________________________

Term :___________________________________________________________________

Like Term :_______________________________________________________________

Coefficient :______________________________________________________________

Polynomial :_______________________________________________________________

A polynomial can be classified according to the number of terms. List three types and give an
example of each.

# of terms Type of polynomial Example

Try these:
1. Circle like terms:
1
3 xy, −4 x 2 y,   yx,   −2.2 xy,   14 xy 2 ,   − xy
3

2. Classify the following by number of terms:

a) 5𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 b) 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 c) 𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑏𝑏 + 3𝑐𝑐 d) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 e) 23

3. Simplify:
a) 2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 b) (3𝑥𝑥 − 5) − (𝑥𝑥 + 2) − 10
4. Expand:
a) 9(𝑥𝑥 − 3) b) −3(5𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦) c) 6(−𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 + 4)

5. Expand and Simplify:

a) 3 ( 2 x − 5 ) + 3 ( 2 x + 1)

b) – ( 3 x − 2 y + 7 ) + 4 ( x + y − 2 )

( ) (
c) 5 2 y 2 + 3 y − 2 − 2 y 2 − 4 y + 1 )
F. SOLVING EQUATIONS

Define:

An equation :______________________________________________________________

A root :__________________________________________________________________

A linear equation is solved by ________________ the variable. List two steps to solving
equations:
1. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Try these:
1. Solve for the variable:
a) 5𝑦𝑦 − 12 = 𝑦𝑦 − 4 b) 0.3r + 0.54 =
−3 5n 4n 7
c) = −
2 3 6

d) 3 ( 2 x − 5 ) − ( x + 3) = 2 ( x + 1) + 4 2x − 3 −x −1
e) =
2 4
2. A car rental agency charges $19.95/d plus $0.24/km to rent a car.
a) Write an expression to determine the cost to rent a car.

b) Determine the cost if you rent a car for 6d and drive 950km.

c) If you rented the car for 8d and the charge was $271.92, how many kilometres did you drive?

3. If the numerator of a fraction is increased by six, the value of the fraction will increase by
one. If the denominator of the original fraction is increased by 36, the value of the original
fraction will decrease by one. What is the original fraction
 A. GRAPHING LINEAR RELATIONSHIPS

The graph of a linear relationship is _______________. At least _________________ must be

known to draw the graph. List 3 different ways to graph a linear relationship: (Explain how to use
each method)
1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Try these:
1. Solve for y:
a) 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 7 b) 3𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 = 12 c) 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = 0

2. Construct a table of values and graph each of the following equations:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 b) 2𝑦𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑥 = 2
3. Find x and y-intercepts and then graph the following:
a) 3𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 = 12 b) 3𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦 + 15 = 0

4. Graph using slope and y-intercept:

2 b) −9 x + 3 y =
6
a) y =
− x+5
5
 B. SLOPE AND EQUATION OF A LINE

The slope of line m, is a measure of ___________________. List six facts about slopes:

1. _______________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________________

5. _______________________________________________________________________

6. _______________________________________________________________________

State four steps needed to find the equation of a line when 2 points on the line are known:

1. _______________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________________

4. _______________________________________________________________________

Try these:
Determine the equation of a line for the following: (Express in 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑏𝑏 form)
a) through (2, -3) with slope m = -2 b) through (-1, -3) and (5,6)

c) through (-3, -2) and (-6, 7) (Express in standard form)

A. Pythagorean Theorem

hypotenuse (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 )2 + (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 )2 = (ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)2

leg1
or (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 )2 = (ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦) 2 − (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 )2

leg2 or (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙1 )2 = (ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦)2 − (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 )2

1. Solve for the unknown indicated in each triangle.

a) b)
12 m
h
4 cm 8m

x
3cm

2. Determine the perimeter of the rectangle. 3. Find the value of variable x.

15
12

3. AB is the diameter of the semicircle in the diagram below. If AC=8, CB=6, and ∠ACB = 90o ,
Find the area of the shaded region.
B. SCATTER PLOTS & LINE OF BEST FIT

Define:
Scatter Plot :________________________________________________________________

Trend :____________________________________________________________________

Line of Best Fit :_____________________________________________________________

Positive Correlation :__________________________________________________________

Negative Correlation :_________________________________________________________

Try this:
The table shows selected winning heights in the men’s Olympic high jump from 1912 to 1992.
Olympic Year Winning Country Jump Height (m)
1912 United States 1.93
1932 Canada 1.97
1952 United States 2.04
1972 USSR 2.23
1992 Cuba 2.34
a) Create a scatter plot and draw the line of best fit.

b) Use your line of best fit to predict the winning jump height in the year 2012.

b) What is the general trend in the data for the jump height over time?
 A. Factoring

9 x 2 − 24 x + 16 4m 2 + 20mn + 25n 2
Perfect Square Trinomial =( 3x − 4 )( 3x − 4 ) or ( 2m + 5n )( 2m + 5n )
=
= ( 3x − 4 ) = ( 2 m + 5n )
2 2

4
( x + y) −
2

36 x − 49 y
2 2
9
Difference of Squares or
( 6 x − 7 y )( 6 x + 7 y )
=  2  2
=  x + y −  x + y + 
 3  3

x2 − 5x + 6 x 2 − 7 x − 30
Simple Trinomial or
=( x − 2 )( x − 3) ( x 10 )( x + 3)
=−

6 x 2 + 11x − 10
Complex Trinomial
=( 2 x + 5)( 3x − 2 )

4a 3b 2 − 8a 2b 2 + 12ab 2 x ( 3x − 4 y ) + 5 y ( 3x − 4 y )
Common Factor or
= 4ab ( a 2b − 2ab + 3) ( 3x − 4 y )( 2 x − 5 y )
=

6m 2 n − 12mn 2 + 20n 2 − 10mn

ax + ay +bx + by = 2n ( 3m 2 − 6mn + 10n − 5m )

= ( ax + ay ) + ( bx + by ) = 2n ( 3m 2 − 6mn ) + (10n − 5m ) 
Factor by Grouping or
= a ( x + y ) +b ( x + y ) = 2n 3m ( m − 2n ) + 5 ( 2n − m ) 
= ( x + y )( a + b ) = 2n 3m ( m − 2n ) − 5 ( m − 2n ) 
=2n ( m − 2n )( 3m − 5 )
 Factoring Flowchart
The Golden Rule:
Take out common factors first.

2 terms More than 3 terms If there are 4

Count the terms, try
number of terms. factoring by
grouping
otherwise Stop

Try difference of Does the

squares factoring. trinomial
a 2 − b 2 = (a − b)(a + b) start with an
e.g. invisible 1?
4x 2 -9 = (2x − 3)(2 x + 3) NO YES

Try easy trinomial Try difficult trinomial

factoring. Example: factoring. (Method of
x + 3x + 2 = ( x + 1)( x + 2)
2 Decomposition.) Example:
6x2 + 11x + 4 = (2x + 1)(3x + 4)

If one of the binomials in the factored form is another difference

of squares, repeat the difference of squares method again until
no more binomials are differences of squares.

Check for common factors last.

Look inside each bracket of your
answer.
Factoring Practice Question

Common Factor

Factor by Grouping

Trinomials
Difference of Squares

Variable Replacement*
Grouping( Trinomials)

Common Factoring with Brackets

More Factoring Practice

1) Factor fully.
1 −1
a ( a + 4 ) − 3a ( a + 4 )
−2
a) 27 x 5 y −5 − 3 x 3 y −3 b)
2

c) x 2 − y 2 − 6 x − 4 y + 5 d) 2 − 20 x −2 + 18 x −4

f) 6 ( a + b ) + 17 ( a + b ) + 5 g) 3 ( x − y ) + 2 x 2 − 2 xy
2 2

22001 -21999
2) Evaluate without the use of calculator 2000 1998 .
2 -2

3) Determine all integer values of n for which n2 + 6n +24 is a perfect square.

 Some Mixed Factoring
Factor each of the following. Common factor first if possible.
1) x 2 + 14x −15 2) x 2 −14x + 49 3) 3x − 9xy

4) a 2b 2 − c 2 5) 3x 2 + 9x + 6 6) a 2 − a − 240

9) a 4 −1
7) x 2 − 9xy − 90 y 2 8) 5x − 20
2

10) 121 − x 2 11) x 2 − 7 xy + 12 y 2 12) 3x 3 + 27 x 2 + 42x

13) x 2 − 5x − 24 14) r 3 + 7r 2 − 60r 15) 2a 2 − 8b 2

9 2
16) x 2 + 8x + 15 17 ) x −1 18) 3 y 3 − 12 ya 2
4

Some Mixed Factoring – Answers

 Practice Questions: Mixed Factoring
Factor each of the following. Be sure to look for common factors first!

1) 14 y 4 − 7 y 3 11) b 2 − 36 21) 2x 2 + 8x + 6

2) y 2 − 4 y − 21 12) 6a 2b3c −15a 2b 2c 2 22) 4 y 2 −16

3) c 2 − 2cd − 24d 2 13) 7 x 4 − 7 y 4 23) 14x 2 − 13x + 3

4) 180 − 5m 2 14) 6x 2 + 7 x − 20 24) ( x − y) 2 − z 2

5) a 2 + 8a + 16 15) 6x 2 − x − 12
25) 21x 2 + 17 x − 30

16) b 2 + 19b – 20 26) 72x 2 + 11x − 6

6) 5 y 2 + 19 y − 4

17) x 2 − 7 x + 6
7) 2x 2 − x − 21 27) ( x + 2 y) 2 − 4 y 2

2 18) x 2 y 2 −15xy + 54
8) 5a + 15a – 20
28) x 2 − x − 56

19) x 4 − 5x 2 − 36
9) x 2 + 9xy + 18 y 2 29) x 2 + 2x − 80
a 2 b2
20) − 4x2
10) 3xy 2 + 18xy + 24x 36 49 30) −1
9

Practice Questions: Mixed Factoring-Answers

MPM2DZ Advanced Factoring
Factor fully:
(a + 2a ) − 2 ( a 2 + 2a ) − 3 (y − 2 y ) − 11( y 2 − 2 y ) + 24
2 2 2
1. 2 2.
3. (a − 1) 2 + 2(a 2 + 4a − 5) ( 2x + y ) + 3 ( 6 x 2 − xy − 2 y 2 )
2
4.
5. 15 ( 7 m ) − 14 ( 7 m ) − 8 6(a + b) 2 + 17 ( a + b ) + 5
2
6.

( 2a + 5a ) − 10(2a 2 + 5a ) − 24 ( 3x − 2 x ) − 13(3 x 2 − 2 x) + 40
2 2 2
2
7. 8.
9. 2(3s + 2) 2 − 4(3s 2 − st − 2t 2 ) 10. 3 ( 2 x − 5 y ) + 6 x 2 + 9 xy −60 y 2
2

11. 8 ( 2 p + q ) − 10(2 p + q ) + 3 12. 10 ( 3 x 2 + 2 y ) − 29 ( 3 x 2 + 2 y ) − 21

2
2

13. 16 ( 3 x − y ) − 81 y 2
2

( 2 x − 7 y ) − ( 3x + 2 y )
2 2
14.
15. ( 2 x 2 + 3 xy ) − 4 y 4
2
16. 36n 4 − (3m 2 + 7 mn) 2
17. 9a 2 − 12a + 4 − 49b 2 18. x 2 + 8 xy + 16 y 2 − 81
19. 25 − m 2 − 12mn − 36n 2 20. a 2 − b 2 + 8bc − 16c 2
21. x 2 + 9 y 2 − 25 z 2 − 6 xy 22. a 2 + 2a + 1 − b 2 + 6b − 9
23. 9(2a + 5b) 2 − 4(7 a − 3b) 2 24. 2 ( x 2 − 10 xy ) − 1152 y 4
2

25. a 2 − 2a + 1 − b 2 + 2bc − c 2
26. 9m 2 − 49 p 2 − 4n 2 − 28np
27. 8 x3 + 27 y 3
28. 8 x3 − 64
29. x 6 + y 6
30. x 6 − y 6
( x + y) − ( x − y)
6 6
31.
( x + y) + ( x − y)
6 6
32.
Answers
2.  ( y − 4 )( y − 3)( y + 1) ( y + 2)
1. ( a − 1)( a + 1) ( a + 3)
2

4.  ( 2 x + y )(11x − 5 y )
3.  3 ( a − 1)( a + 3)
6.  ( 3a + 3b + 1)( 2a + 2b + 5 )
5.  ( 35m + 2 )( 21m − 4 )
8.  ( x − 2 )( x + 1)( 3 x − 5)(3 x + 4 )
7. ( a + 2 ) (a + 4) ( 2a − 3)( 2a + 1)
10. 3 ( 2 x − 5 y )( 3 x − y )
9.  2(3s + 2t )( s + 4t )
11. (8 p + 4q − 3)(4 p + 2q − 1) 12. (15 x 2 + 10 y + 3)( 6 x 2 + 4 y − 7 )
13. (12 x − 13 y )(12 x + 5 y ) 14. − 5( x − y ) ( x + 9 y )
15. ( 2 x − y )( x + 2 y ) ( 2 x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 ) 16. (3n + m)(2n − 3m)(6n 2 + 7 mn + 3m 2 )
17. (3a − 7b − 2)(3a + 7b − 2) 18. ( x + 4 y − 9) ( x + 4 y + 9 )
19. ( 5 − m − 6n ) (5 + m + 6n) 20. ( a − b + 4c ) (a + b − 4c)
21.( x − 3 y − 5 z )( x − 3 y + 5 z ) 22. ( a − b + 4 ) (a + b − 2)
23. (21b − 8a ) ( 20a + 9b ) 24. 2 ( x − 12 y )( x − 6 y )( x − 4 y )( x + 2 y )
25.(a + b − c − 1)(a − b + c − 1) 26. ( 3m − 2n − 7 p ) (3m + 2n + 7 p )
27. ( 2 x + 3 y ) ( 4 x − 6 xy + 9 y 2 2
) 28. 8 ( x − 2 ) ( x 2 + 2 x + 4 )
29. ( x 2 + y 2 )( x 4 − x 2 y 2 + y 4 ) 30. ( x + y ) ( x − y ) ( x 4 − x 2 y 2 + y 4 )
31. 4 xy ( x 2 + 3 y 2 )(3 x 2 + y 2 ) 32. 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )( x 4 + 14 x 2 y 2 + y 4 )
Homework Pages
Homework Pages (Reference: Nelson Mathematics 10)
Operation with Integers, Page 16
1. Evaluate

( a ) 6 + ( −3)
( b ) ( −12 ) + ( −11)
( c ) 15 + ( −18)
( d ) 12 − ( −13)
( e ) − 17 − 7
( f ) ( − 23) + 9 − ( −4 )
( g ) ( −3) + ( −16 ) − 10
( h ) 24 − 36 − ( −6 )
( i ) 32 + ( −10 ) + ( −12 ) − 18 − ( −14 )

2. Which choice would make each statement true: >, <, or =?

( a ) −5 − 4 − 3 + 3 + −4 − 3 − 1 − ( −2 )
( b )   
4 − 6 + 6 − 8 + − 3 − 5 − ( −7 ) − 4
( c )   
8 − 6 − ( −4 ) − 5 + 5 − 13 − 7 − ( −8 )
( d )   
5 − 13 + 7 − 2 + 4 − 5 − ( −3) − 5
( e )   
7 − 2 − ( −15 ) − 11 + − 7 − 3 − ( −11) − 6

3. In each row, which expression has the greatest value? The least value?

( a ) − 4 − 3 + 4, 3 − 3 − ( −4 ) , 6 − ( −3) − 10
( b ) 4 − 2 − 1, − 5 − ( −2 ) + 4, − 14 + 5 + 6
( c ) 9 − ( −2 ) − 6 , 5 − ( −7 ) + ( −9 ) , − 5 − 3 + 7
( d )  −5 + 4 + 3 − 2 , 4 − ( −3) − 7 , 5 − ( −2 ) − 7
( e ) − 5 − 2 + 3, 3 − 10 + 2, − 7 − ( −2 ) + 1
4. Evaluate.

( a ) ( −11) × ( −5)                ( b ) (−6) × 7

( c ) ( −3)( 5)( −4 )              ( d ) (−6) ( 7 )(8)( −2 )
( e ) 35 ÷ ( −5)                    ( f ) ( −72 ) ÷ ( −9 )
( g ) 132   1÷ 2                      ( h ) (8)( −4 ) ÷ ( −2 )
( i ) ( 5)( −9 ) ÷ ( −3)( 7 )       ( j) 56 ÷ (8)( 7 ) ÷ 49
5. Evaluate.

( a ) − 12 ÷ ( −3) + ( −3)
( b ) (−3)2 − ( −2 )
2

( c ) ( −5) − (−7) + ( −12 )

2

( d ) −4 + 20 ÷ ( −4 )
( e ) −3 ( −4 ) + 82
( f ) (−16) − ( ( −8) ÷ 2 )
( g ) 8  ÷ ( −4 ) + 4 ÷ ( −2 )
2

( h ) (−8 + 2) ÷ ( −3 + 2 )

6. Evaluate.
−12 − 3
(a )
−3 − 2
−18 + 6
(b )
( −3)( −4 )
( −16 + 4 ) + 2
(c)
8 ÷ ( −8 ) + 4
−5 + ( −3)( −6 )
(d )
( −2 ) + ( − 3 )
2 2

( e ) − 9 − 3  2 ( 2 − 3)
( f ) − 4 ( −3)( −2 ) + 4
( g ) 160 ÷ ( −4 ) + 2 3 (8 − 4 )
( h ) ( −12 ) ÷ ( −6 ) + ( −3)( −2 )
7. (a) Subtract the sum of -2 + 3 and -4 - 32 from the sum of -3(-2) and (-4)(-3)2.
(b) How much less is -3(-3)2 than —4(-2)3?
(c) Find the sum of -32,-42 + 2, (-3)(-2) + 3, and -3( -2+ 5).
Operation with Rational Numbers, Page 17
1. Evaluate
1 −3 1 −2
(a) + (b ) −
4 4 2 3
−3 1 −3 3
(c ) − (d) +
4 −4 5 −4
−1 1 1 −1
(e ) −1 (f ) − 8 −
4 3 4 −3
−3 −3 7 2 −1 1
(g) + − (h ) − −
5 4 10 3 2 −6

2. Evaluate
4 −20
(a) × (b )
3 6
×
5 25 −2 5
−1 2
( c )     9 −2
( d )    
 3   −5   4   −3 
 1   −2  −4 10
(e)    (f ) ×
 −2   5  5 −4
−5
( g )   ( −24 ) (h )  −2   
1 2
 12   4   −9 
1 3
( i )  −1 
1 1 ( j) − 4 ×7
 3  6 4
 10  11 

3. Evaluate

 1  1
(a ) ÷
−4 2 (f )  −2  ÷  −3 
 3  2
3 −3
−1
( g )  −2  ÷  
1 3 1
(b ) − 7 ÷  2  2 
8 2
−2   1 
(c ) ÷
−2 −3
(h )  −  ÷  −1 
3 8  3   5
−3 −1
( d ) ÷   (i )  −3  ÷  −2 
1 3
−2  3   4  4
 −4   5
(e ) −6÷  ( j)  −1  ÷13
 5   8
 4. Simplify.
−2  −1 1   3   1   −3 
(a) − +  (e)  2   −1   
5  10 −2   4  4  8 
−1  3 4  5 28 −8
(b ) − −  (f ) − × ÷
4  4 −5  7 5 6
−3  −3 −1  −2
2 3
(c ) ( g )    
1
 − 
5  4 4   3   −2 
 3   1  −2  −1
(d)      (h ) ÷ −1 ×
1 5
 5   −6  3  3 9 6

(i )  −1  ÷13
5
 8
The Pythagorean Theorem, Page 31
1. For each right triangle, write the equation for the Pythagorean Theorem.

a) b)

x c
6 cm
13 cm

8 cm
6 cm

c) d)
a
9 cm
y 3.2 cm

8.5 cm

5 cm

2. Calculate the length of the unknown side of each triangle in question 1. Round all
answers to one decimal place.
3. Find the value of each unknown measure to the nearest hundredth.

( a ) a=2 52 + 122
( b ) f =2 92 + 152
( c ) 10=2 82 + m2
( d ) 26=2 b 2 + 122
( e ) 2.32 + 4.7 2 = c2
( f ) 2.6
= 2
1.82 + d 2

4. Determine the length of the diagonals of each rectangle to the nearest tenth.

(a) (b)

5m 6 cm

10 m
3 cm
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions and Formulas, Page 19
1. Find the value of each expression for x= -5 and y = -4.

(a) − x + 2 y (b ) − 4x − 2 y
( c ) 3x 2 − 5 y ( d ) − 3x − 2 y 2
( e ) y 2 − 3x 2
( f ) 2 xy − y 3
( g ) 5 xy − 3x + 4 y
( h ) (3x − 4 y )2
( i ) ( 3x ) + ( 2 y )
3 2

 x  y
( j)  − 
 y  x

2. If a = -1/ 2 and b =2/3 find the value of each expression.

(a) x + y                  
(b ) x− y
(c) x + 2 y          
(d ) 3x − 2 y
1 1
(e) x− y
2 2
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions and Formulas, Page 22
4. Simplify.

(a ) 4 x + 5x − 6 x ( i ) 4 x 2 − 5 x3 + 7 x 2
( b ) 3a − 7a + 12a ( j) 6 x + 5 + 7 x − 9
( c ) 4c + 7c − 15c (k ) 5 − 7 x + 6 y − 8x + 2 − 8 y
( d ) 6 x 2 − 8 x 2 + 3x 2 ( l ) 7 xy − 8 x 2 + 6 xy − 2 x 2 − 12 xy + 10 x 2
( e ) 5 xy + 7 xy + 9 xy ( m ) 5 x − x3 + 4 x 2 − 7 x 2 + 6 x3 − x
( f ) 2a + 6b − 5a − 3b ( n ) 7 x 2 y − 8 xy 2 + 4 x 2 y − 5 x 2 y 2
  
( g ) 3c + 8m − 10m + 5c (  
o ) 8 x − 9 y + 2 z − 8 z + 5 x − 12 y + 7
( h ) 6 x 2 − 3x − 8 x 2 + 2 x ( p ) x −2 + 5 x 2 − 8 x 2 + 6 x −2 + 3x3

7. Simplify.

( a )   (2 x − 5) + (8 x + 13)
( b  ) ( 3x + 8 y ) − (5 x − 7 y )
( c )    ( 5a − 7ab ) + ( 6b + 4a ) − (9ab − 3a + 3b)
( d )   3 ( 3x − 8) − 4 (8 x + 1)
( e )   − 2 ( 4 x + 5 y ) − 4 (8 x − 7 y )
( f )     5(7 xy − 4 x + 8 y ) − ( 6 x − 9 yx + 2 y )
( g )    2 ( 7 x 2 + 3x + 5 y ) + 3 ( −2 y − 9 x 2 + 4 x )
( h )   (3d 3 − 6 + 5d 2 ) + 4 ( 9 − 2d 3 − 4d 2 )
( i )    2(9a − 7 ab) − 3 ( 6b + 8a ) − 4 ( 5ab − 2a + 9b )
( j) − 7( x 2 + 6 x + 9 y ) + 5 ( −9 y − 2 x 2 + x )
( k ) 6 ( 2d 3 − 1 + 5d 2 ) − 5 (10 − 3d 3 − 8d 2 )
( l ) − 4 ( 9 xy − 2 x + 5 y ) − 2 ( 6 x − 12 yx + 12 y )

Solving Equations, Page 23

1. Solve.

( a ) 3 y + 5 =11 ( b ) 4 x − 3 =−11 ( c ) 17 =4c − 3 ( d ) 6 x + 8 =4 x − 10

( e ) 9 p − 10 =6 + p ( f ) 2m + 6.1 = 16.5 ( g ) 4a − 2.8 =6.8 ( h )15.8 − 6m =3.8
( i ) 8 y − 6.9 = 3 y + 3.6 ( j) 12.8 − 3m =8m − 33.4
2. Find the root of each equation

(  
a ) 3(n + 4) = 5n
( b ) 3x − 10 = 2 ( x − 3)
( c ) 2 ( x − 2 ) = 2(3 − x)
( d ) 4 ( c − 2 ) = 3 ( c + 1)
( e ) 8 ( m − 1)= 4(m + 4)
( f ) 4(3 − r =) 5 ( 2r + 1)
( g ) 12 ( 2m − 3)= 2 ( m + 4 )
( h )  0.5 ( x + 2 )= 0.1x + 0.6( x − 3)
( i ) 6.5 ( x − 3=) 2.4(3 − x)
3. Solve.
x 4
(a) =4 (g) x −3 = 5
2 5
3x 2
( b ) = −9 (h ) 7 = 1 + x
5 3
m 1
(c) 6 = ( i ) 7 + y = 10    
4 2
x 1
(d ) 2 =6 ( j) b − 2 = 2
−7 3
3 3
( e )=
3 x−3 ( k )16 = 10 + x
2 5
1 1
( f ) x − 3 =4 (l) − 5 + x = −7
4 4
4. Solve.
3 2
( a )  2 y +
1 2
= (f ) x − 2= x+ 3
2 3 5 3
x 3 1
7
( b )   x − 2 =
1 ( g )    − =−
6 3 8 2 40
1 1
n
( c )   − 1 =
n ( h )   x + x = 10
4 5 2 3
3 1
m
( d )  3 − = 5 −
m (i) x − x = 5
2 3 4 8
2 4
( e ) y − 3= y − 5
3 5
Using the Slope and y-intercept, Page 26
1. Express each equation in the form y = mx + b.

(a) 3=
y 6x + 9 (e) 2x − 5 y = 20

(b ) 2x − 4 y =
8 (f ) 4x − y − 6 = 0

(c) 3 x + 6 y − 12 =
0 (g ) 2x + 2 y = 2

(d ) 5 x= y − 9 ( h ) 5 x − 10 =
−3 y

2. Graph each equation using a table of values where x є {-2, -1 , 0, 1, 2}.

(a) =y 3 x − 1          ( e ) 2=
y 4 x + 8   
(b ) y = 5x + 2 (f ) 2x + 3 y = 6
( c )=
y
1
x + 4           ( g ) y = 4                  
2
2x + 4 ( h ) x = −5
(d ) y =
2
3. Determine the x- and y-intercepts of each equation

(a) x + y = 10 ( f )   50 − 10 x − y =0
(b ) 2x + 4 y = 16 x y
(c) 5x − 7 y = 35 ( g )    + = 1
2 4
( d ) 9= x 54 − 6 y x y
( h )    − = 2
( e )   3=
6 9 y − 4x 5 10

4. Graph each equation by determining the intercepts.

( a ) x + y 4            
= (b ) x − y 3
( c ) 2 x + y 6            =(d ) − x + 4 y 8
( e ) 2 x + 5 y 10 =( f ) 3x − 4 y 12
(g ) 2x − 4 y = −8 (h ) − 7 x − 3 y =
21

5. Graph each equation using the slope and y-intercept.

( a ) y =2 x + 3           (b ) y =− x − 5
2 3
( c ) y =x + 1         (d ) y= − x−2
3 4
(e) 2 y = x+ 6 (f ) 2x + 3y =
−6
( g )    8− x 4y =(h ) x + y + 1 0

6. Graph each equation Use the most suitable method.

(a) y = 5x + 2 (b) 3 x − y = 6
2
(c) y=
− x+4 (d) 4 x =−
20 5 y
3
Practice, Page 28
1. Determine the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
(a) (5, 2) and (-1, 8)
(b) (-8, 1) and (-9, 2)
(c) (3, 7) and (-5, -9)
(d) (-4, 0) and (4, 6)
2. Write, in the form y = mx + b, the equation of the line that has
(a) a slope of 2 and a y-intercept of 8
(b) a slope of! and a y-intercept of -6
(c) a slope of 6 and passes through (1, 5)
(d) a slope of and passes through (-12, 3)

5. Are the lines with the given slopes parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
1
(a) m1 = 5, m 2 =
5
1
(b)   m1 = -3, m 2 =
3
3
(c) m1 = , m 2 = 0.75
4
3
(d)   m1 = -0.6, m 2 =
5
4 3
(e)   m1 = , m 2 = -1
7 4

6. Write an equation for the line that is

(a) parallel to x = 3 and passes through (-4, 3)
(b) parallel to y = 2 and passes through (2, 5)
(c) perpendicular to x = -1 and passes through (-2,-3)
(d) perpendicular to y = 4 and passes through (1, 1)
(e) parallel to y = -2x + 3 and passes through (-2, 1)
3
(f) perpendicular to y = x + 2 and has a y-intercept of -2
2
(g) perpendicular to y = 3x + 4 and has the same y-intercept as the line y=2x- 6
Exponent Laws, Page 228
4. Evaluate.

( a ) 43               (b ) 6° ( c ) 5-2
( d ) - 32             ( e ) ( -3) ( f ) - 50
2

4 -2

(h )   (i )  
1 2
( g ) 2                            
-3

2 3
( j )( 0.55)       (k )( -1) (l ) ( -1)
3 100 97
         
(m ) ( -4 ) (n ) ( -2 ) ( o ) - ( -2 )
-3 5 2

5. Simplify.

(a) ( x )( x )                 ( b ) ( a )( a )
3 2 4 3

( c ) ( x )                    ( d ) a ÷ a
4 2 5 2

3
x
( e ) ( mn ) (f )  
5

 y
(g) b 7 ÷ b3 (h ) ( d )( d )
−4 −5

( i ) ( g )                     ( j) ( a b )
−3 −2 −3 5 −2

3
 a2 
( k ) x ÷ x                      
−6 5
(l)  3 
b 
6. Evaluate for a = -3, b = -2, and c= -1.
(a) a2 - b2 (b) ab
(c) cab (d) (a-1 +bc)
(e) cb + ba (f) (ab)c
7. Express each power with a positive exponent, then simplify
(a) 2° + 4°                  (b) 4−1 + 3−1
(c) 3 + 2−1             (d) 5° + 3−1
−1 −1
1 2
(e) ( −4 )           
−2 −1
(f)    
2 3
−3
(g) 5 × 5                  (h) 42 ×
3
2−2
−1
 −4 
(j) ( −2 )
3
(i)                     
 
 3 
 Practice ,Page 230
1. Multiply

( a )( 3x )( 4 y )             ( b ) ( 2 x )( 3x )
( c )( −5a )( −4b )        ( d ) (− x) ( −3x 2 )
( e )(12a ) ( 3a 2 )        ( f ) ( −2 xy ) ( 6 x 2 y )
( g )( 6 )( −3xyz )            ( h ) ( 7ab )( −3abc )
   ( j) ( − x 2 y )( xy 3 )
( i )( 3 x )( 5 y )( 6 z )        
2. Expand.

( a ) −3x( x 2 − x + y )
    
( b ) −2 y ( xy + z )
    
( c )     −7 b ( a − 2b + 3c )
( d )     4 p(2 p − 5 g )
( e )      −4a(5a − 3a 2 − a3 )
3. Find each product.

( a ) − 3x ( x − 2 y )
( b ) −2m ( m n )
( c ) 4 x 2 ( x − 3xy )
  
( d ) −6 y (−3x 2 + 2 y 2 )
(  
e ) 5 xy (2 x − 3 y + 4 xy )

4. Expand and simplify.

( a ) 5 x ( x + 2) + 6 x ( 3 x − 2 )
( b ) − 7 y ( 2 y − 5 ) − 3 y ( 4 y + 3)
( c ) − ( 3x − 5 y ) − ( 4 x − 2 y )
( d ) 3 y + 2 ( y + 1)
( e ) 3x 2 − 3x(2 x − 1)
( f ) − y (3 y − 2) − 5 y 2
5. Find each unknown factor.

( a ) 6 += 8 x ( + )( 3 + 4 x )
(b ) 2 xr + 4 x = (+ )(r + 2)
( c ) 6 y − 12 y 2 = ( 6 y ) (+ )
( d ) 4 y 3 + 8 y 2 − 16 y = ( 4 y ) (+ )
( e ) 6 x 2 y − 4 xy 2 + 10 x 2 y 2 = ( −2 xy ) (+ )
( f ) 9a 2 m2 − 6am2 − 18a 2 m = ( −3am ) (+ )
6. Factor each expression

( a ) 6 − 12 x          
(b ) 5 x 2 − 3x
( c )  9 y − 12 x     
( d ) 5 xy − 3xy 2
( e ) 2 x 2 − 6 x          
( f ) a 2 − 2a
( g ) 4ab − b2       
(h ) 4 y 2 − 16
(i ) 28a 2 − 14ab       
( j ) 36mn − 25m2 n2
(k ) 6 x 2 − 12 x + 15
(l ) 5m3 − 25m2 + 15
(m ) 50a 2 + 75ab + 25b2
(n ) 10 x3 y 3 + 20 x 2 y 2 − 10 xy
( o ) x 2 y − x 2 y 2 − xy 2
( p ) 2 p 2 q − 4 pq + 8q 2
( q ) 3k 2 − 9k + 12k 4
(r ) 3m2 n3 − 27m3n4
7. Evaluate each expression for x = 4 and z= 3.
(a) 2(x - 2z) -4(3z -2x)
(b) 2z(z - 3x) - 3z(z + 2x)
Answers
Operations with Integers, page 16
1. ( a ) 3                     ( b ) - 23                    ( c ) - 3

( d ) 25                  ( e ) - 24               ( f ) - 10
( g ) - 29               ( h ) - 6               ( i ) 6
2. ( a )<                   ( b ) >                  (c ) > ( d ) =                     (e) >
3. ( a ) second, first            ( b ) first and second, third
( c ) first, third                           ( d ) all equal ( e ) first and third, second
4. ( a ) 55                  ( b ) - 42                   ( c ) 60                      ( d ) 672              

( e ) - 7                 ( f ) 8 ( g ) 11               ( h ) 16                

45 1
(i) (j)
21 49
5. ( a ) 1 ( b ) 5                   ( c ) 20 (d )- 9
( e ) 76 ( f ) - 12 ( g ) - 1        (h) 6
6. ( a ) 3           ( b) - 1 ( c ) 20 (d) 1
(e )- 3 ( f ) - 40 ( g ) - 16 (h) 8
7. ( a ) - 18 ( b ) 59 ( c ) - 23

Evaluating Algebraic Expressions and Formulas, page 19

1. ( a ) - 3 ( b ) 28 ( c ) 95
( d ) - 17 ( e ) - 59   ( f ) 104
( g ) 99 (h) 1 ( i ) - 3311
1 -7 5 -17 -7
2.(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)   
6 6 6 6 12
1 -35 -5 8
3.(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 48 9
1 1 -22
4.(a) 52           (b) (c)        (d)
12 12 9
5.(a) 14.7       (b)36.6          (c)12.96 (d) - 1.5625          (e) - 105.516
2 2
6. ( a ) 82.35 cm          ( b ) 58.1m ( c ) V = 23 52.0 mm2
( d ) c = 10m ( e ) V = 4849.0 cm3          ( f ) h = 4.8m
( g ) S = 12686.1 km / h
Operation with Rational Numbers, Page 18
-1 7 -1 -27 -19
1. ( a ) ( b) (c ) (d) (e)
2 6 2 20 12
-103 -5 -19 -41 4
(f ) (g) (h) (i) ( j)
12 2 6 20 3
-16 -9 2 3 1
2. ( a ) ( b) (c ) (d ) (e)
25 5 15 2 5
1 -17 775
(f ) 2 ( g ) 10 (h) (i) ( j)
2 5 24
-19 16 -9 15
3. ( a ) 2 ( b) (c ) (d) (e)
4 9 2 2
2 -5 13 -1
(f ) (g) 5 (h) (i) ( j)
3 9 11 8
1 -9 3 1 165 -1 1
4. ( a ) ( b) (c ) (d ) (e ) (f ) 3 (g) (h)
5 5 10 15 128 18 4
-9 36 -1 1 -217
5. ( a ) ( b) ( c ) - 12 (d ) (e) (f )
4 5 8 18 240
-3 -42 -1
6. ( a ) ( b) (c )
8 115 26
1 9 159 1
7. ( a ) - 2 ( b) (c ) (d) - 2
12 25 56 12

Simplifying Algebraic Expressions, page 21

1. (a) v = x, c = 5 (b) v = a, c = -13
(c) v = c, c = 7 (d) v = m, c = -1 .35
(e) v = y, c = 4/7 (f) v = x, c = 5/8
2. (a) a,-3a, 12a; 5x, -9x
(b) c2, 13c2; 6c, -c,1.25c
(c) 5x2y, 9x2y, 12x2y: 3xy ,-3xy
(d) x2, -x2; y-2, -y2;2xy,-4xy
3. (a) binomial (b) monomial (c) trinomial
(d) monomial (e) binomial (f) trinomial
4. (a) 3x (b) 8a (c) -4c
(d) x2 (e) 21xy (f) -3a + 3b
(g) 8c - 2m (h) -2x2 - x (i) 11x2- 5x3
(j) 13x - 4 (k) -15x - 2y+7 (l) xy
(m) 5x3-3x2+4x (n) -5x2y2+11x2y - 8xy2
(0) 13x - 21y – 6z+ 7 (p) 3x3 - 3x2+ 7x-2
5. (a) 6x -10y + 4 (b) 6x2 -12x- 15
(c) 24a -40c +48b (d) 12g - 8h + 28
(e) 10r2+ 20t - 5v (f) 5x + 5y - 5z
(g) -7x3-7x2 + 14y2 (h) 36a +24b - 72c +24
6. (a) 3x - 3y + 3 (b) x+ 21y
(c) -9a -7ab - b (d) -2x2 - 3x -7y (e) 7x2+2x-21y
7. (a) 10x + 8 (b) -2x+15y
(c) 12a - 16ab 3b (d) -23x -28
(e) -40x + 18y (f) -26x+44xy+38y
(g) -13x2 + 18x +4y (h) -5d3-11d2+30
(i) 2a - 34ab -54b (j) -17x2 - 37x - 108y
(k) 27 d +70d -56
3 2 (l) -4x - 12xy - 44y
Solving Equations. Page 23

1. (a) y= 2 (b) x = -2 (c) c = 2

(d) x = -9 (e) p =2 (f) m=5.2
(g) a=2.4 (h) m=2 (i) y=2.1
(j) m = 4.2

2. (a) n = 6 (b) x = 4 (c) x = 5/2

(d) c =11 (e) m=6 (f) r=1/2
(g) m=2 (h) x=14 (i) x=3

3. (a) x =8 (b) x = -15 (c) m=24

(d) x = -21 (e) x = 4 (f) x=28
(g) x = 10 (h) x =9 (i) y=6
(j) b = 12 (k) x = 10 (l) x = -8

4. (a) y=1/12 (b) x = 2 (c) n=20

(d) m= -12 (e) y = 15 (f) x=-75
(g) x = 59/5 (h) x = 12 (i) x=8

5. (a) x = 2 (b) y= 3 (c) x =10

(d) y= -6 (e) x = -5 (f) x=3
(g) x=-17/2 (h) y = 22 (i) y=5

6. (a) 116 (b) 24 (c) 16

(d) 32 (e) 25 (f) 64
7. 147 student rickets, 62 adult tickets
8. l=15 cm, w= 12 cm

Graphing Linear Relationships. Page 26

1
1.      ( a ) y = 2x + 3 ( b) y = x-2
2
1
(c ) y = -x + 2          ( d ) y = 5x + 9
2
2
(e) y = x - 4 ( f ) y = 4x - 6
5
-5 10
( g ) y = -x + 1             (h) y = x+
3 3
2.
(a) (e)

x y x y
-2 -7 -2 0
-1 -4 -1 2
0 -1 0 4
1 2 1 6
2 5 2 8

(b) (f)

x y x y
-2 -8 -2 10/3
-1 -3 -1 8/3
0 2 0 2
1 7 1 4/3
2 12 2 2/3

(c) (g)

x y x y
-2 3 -2 4
-1 3.5 -1 4
0 4 0 4
1 4.5 1 4
2 5 2 4

(d) (h)

x y
-2 0
-1 1
0 2
1 3
2 4

x is always -5, no matter what y is

3. (a) (10, 0), (0, 10) (b) (8, 0), (0, 4)
(c) (7, 0), (0. -5) (d) (6, 0), (0. 9)
(e) (- 9, 0), (0, 4) (f) (5, 0), (0, 50)
(g) (2, 0), (0, 4) (h) (10, 0), (0, - 20)

4. (a) (4, 0), (0, 4) (b) (3, 0), (0, -3) (c) (3, 0), (0, 6)

(d) (-8, 0), (0.2) (e) (5, 0), (0, 2) (f) (4, 0), (0, -3)

(g) (-4, 0), (0, 2) (h) (-3, 0), (0, -7)

5. (a) m = 2, (0, 3) (b) m=-1, (0, -5) (c) m=2/3, (0, 1)

(d) m=-3/4 , (0,-2) (e) m=1/2 , (0,3) (f) m=-2/3 , (0,-2)

(g) m=-1/4 , (0,2) (h) m=-1, (0,-1)

6. (a) (b) (c) (d)

Slope and the Equation of the Tangent Line, page 28

3
1. (a) -1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d)
4
3 5
2. (a) y = 2x +8 (b) y = x-6 (c) y = 6x - 1 (d) y = x +13
4 6
3. (a) 3x + y - 10 = 0 (b) x + y+4 = 0 (c) 2x + y - 4 =0 (d) 2x- 3y = 0
(e) 30x -9y- 4= 0
4. (a) i. (0, 7) (b) i. (0,-7) (c) i. (0,1) (d) i. (0,3)

3
ii. y =-x+ 7 ii. y = -x -7 ii. y=2x+1 ii. y = x+3
4

iii. x+y-7=0 iii. x+y+7 = 0 iii. 2x-y+1=0 iii. 3x-4y+12=0

5. (a) neither (b) perpendicular (c) parallel (d) neither (e) perpendicular
6. (a) x = -4 (b) y= 5 (c) y = -3 (d) x= 1 (e) y = -2x - 3
-2 -1
(f) y = x-2 (g) y = x-6
3 3

The Pythagorean Theorem, page 31

1. (a) 62 + 82 =x2 (b) 132 + 62 =c2
(c) 52 + y2 =92 (d) 3.22 +a =8.52
2. (a) x = 10 (b) c=14.3
(c) y = 7.5 (d) a=7.9
3. (a) a=±13 (b) f=±17.5
(c) m =±6 (d) b = ± 23.07
(e) = ± 5.23 (f) d = ± 1.88
4. (a) 11.2 (b) 6.7
(c) 7.4 (d) 4.9
5. 10.6 cm
6. 69.4 m
7. 631.5

Exponent Laws, page 228

1. (a) x6 (b) c10 (c) y -2 (d) g-8 (e) c2
2. (a) c 2 (b) d8 (c) x -4 (d) b-11 (e) x13
3. (a) f6 (b) k -8 (c) m 12 (d) n-5 (e) x24
4. (a) 64 (b) 1 (c) 1/25 (d) -9 (e) 9
(f) -1 (g) 1/8 (h) 1/16 (i) 9/4 (j) 0.166375
(k) 1 (l) -1 (m) -1/64 (n) -32 (o) -4
5. (a) x5 (b) a7 (c) x8 (d) a3 (e) m5n5
x3
(f) 3 (g) b10 (h) d-9 (i) g6 (j) a6b-10
y
 1 -5 7
6. (a) 5 (b) (c) 1 (d) (e)
9 6 8
(f) 9
7 7 4
7. (a) 2 (b) (c) (d) (e) 16
12 2 3
-3
(f) 3 (g) 1 (h) 4 (i) (j) -8
4
3 11
8. (a) (b) 5 (c) 5 (d)
8 18
1 1 1 1
9. (a) (b) (c) (d)
18 256 25 17

Simplifying Algebraic Expressions, page 230

1.(a) 12xy (b) 6x2 (c) 20ab (d) 3x3 (e) 36a3 (f) -12x3y2
(g) -18xyz (h) -21a b c (i) 90xyz
2 2 (i) -x3y4

2.(a) -3x3 + 3x2 - 3xy (b)- 2xy2-2yz (c) -7ab +14b2 -21bc
(d) 8p2 - 20pq (e) -20a2+12a3+4a4

3. (a) -3x2 +6xy (b) -2m2 -2mn (c) 4x3 - 12x3y (e) 10x2y – 15xy2+20x2y2

4. (a) 23x2 -2x (b) -26y2+ 26y (c) -7x + 7

(d) 5y + 2 (e) -3x2 + 3x (f) -8y2 + 2y

5. (a) n = 2 (b) n = 2x (c) n =(1 - 2y) (d) n = (y2 + 2y- 4)

(e) n = (-3x + 2y – 5xy (f) n= (-3am + 2m +6a)
6. (a) 6(1 - 2x) (b) x(5x - 3)
(c) 3(3y - 4x) (d) xy(5 - 3y)
(e) 2x(x - 3) (f) a(a - 2)
(g) b(4a - b) (h) 4(y + 2)(y - 2)
(i) 14a(2a- b) (j) mn(36 – 25mn)
(k) 3(2x2-4x+ 5) (l) 5(m3- 5m2 + 3)
(m) 25(a + b)(2a+ b) (n) 10xy(x2y2 +2xy - 1)
(o) xy(x –xy-y) (p) 2q(p2 – 2p + 4q)
(q) 3k(k - 3 + 4k3) (r) 3m2n3(1 - 9mn)

7. (a) -8 (b) -153

Unit 1: Analytic Geometry
 Warm Up: Introduction to Analytic Geometry

1. Complete the following statements:

a) The slopes of perpendicular lines are ____________________ _____________________.

b) The slopes of parallel lines are _____________________.
c) The slope of a vertical line is _________________________.
d) The slope of a horizontal line is ________________.
e) The general equation of a line in standard form is ___________________________, where
___________________________________________________________.

2. Sketch the graph of:

a) 3𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 12 b) 3𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 − 10 = 0

1
3. Determine the equation of the line with a slope of 12 and passes through the point (2, 7).
1 41
�𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + �
12 6

4. Determine the equation of the line that passes through points A(2, 4) and B (3, -2).
[𝑦𝑦 = −6𝑥𝑥 + 16]

5. Find the equation of the line that has an x-intercept of 2 and a y-intercept of 4. [𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 4]

6. Find the equation of the line, in standard form, that passes through A(3, 1) and is parallel to the
1
line 𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑥𝑥 − 1 . [𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 − 6 = 0]
3
 The Distance Between Two Points
(alias: Length of a Line Segment)

When a call is made on a cell phone the message is carried on a radio link to the nearest
communication tower. The call is then transmitted via cable, radio link or a combination to
another phone. In order to determine which tower is nearest to the location of the cell phone, a
coordinate grid system is used. The position which of the towers and current position of the cell
phones can be determined since each as its own coordinates. The purpose of this activity is to
develop a formula for the distance between two points.

1.a. Graph the points A(-5,3) and B(8,3). How many units
apart is A from B? By counting the edges of squares we
know that the distance from A to B is ______ units.

1.b. Graph the lone segment with end points C(-4,7) and
D(-4,-5). By counting the edges of squares we know that
the length of CD is ______ units.

2. Graph the line segment with end points R(-5,7) and

S(6,2).
a) We would like to determine the length of RS. Why
can’t we use the method used in #1?

b) Describe and use diagrams to explain how you

solved the problem of finding the distance
between these two points.
3. See if your method from#2 works here. What is the length of line segment AB with endpoints
A(-7,1) and B(5,6)?

Distance Formula

The distance between points 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) in the Cartesian Plane is:

𝑑𝑑 = �(∆𝑥𝑥)2 + (∆𝑦𝑦)2 or

𝑑𝑑 = �(𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑦1 )2

4. A person using a cell phone is located at A(3,-4).The nearest tower is located at B(0,8).The cell
phone needs to be within 13 km of a tower to function properly. Will the cell phone work? [𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦]

Homework Problems:
1. If a cell phone is located at point (-2,7) and the nearest towers are at (0.0) and (3,3) and
(4,-1),to which tower should the call go?

2. A pizza chain guarantees delivery in 30 minutes or less. The chain therefor wants to
minimize the delivery distance for its derivers.
i. Which store be called if a pizza is to be delivered to points (6,2) and the stores are
located at points (2,-2),(9,-2) and (9,5)?
ii. Would your answer for i always be the best for a pizza company? Think of other
circumstances that would change your response to i.
iii. Find a point that would be the same distance from two of these stores.

3. a) Describe what is meant by the words scalene, isosceles, and equilateral triangles.
b) A triangle has vertices A(3,3) ,B(-1,2) and C(0,-2). Graph this triangle and predict if this
triangle is scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.
c) Calculate the length of each of the sides of the triangle to prove your prediction in 3b.

4. Points A(k,3), B(3,1), and C( 6,k) form an isosceles triangle. If ∠ABC = ∠ACB , determine all
possible values of k.
 Identifying Types of Triangles

There are different types of triangles and we classify them based on their side lengths or angles.

Equilateral 3 equal sides. Each angle is 60 degrees. Can’t be right angled

Isosceles 2 equal sides, 2 equal angles. May be right angled
Scalene No equal sides. No equal angles. May be right angled.

Pythagorean Theorem Relationships:

𝑐𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2

𝑐𝑐 2 < 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2

𝑐𝑐 2 > 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2

Example: Identify the type of triangle using the lengths of the sides of a triangle with vertices A(2, 0),

B(1, 3) and C(-1, -1).

Example: Identify the type of triangle using the lengths of the sides of a triangle with vertices A(5, 6),

B(-1, 2) and C(1, -3).

 Warm Up: Length of a Line Segment

1. Determine the perimeter of triangle ABC with vertices A(2, 5), B(-6, -1) and C(10, -1). [36 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢]

2. A helicopter ambulance picks up a patient at point P(96, 197). The nearest hospitals that can
provide the treatment the patient needs are in Timmins at T(200, 296) and Sudbury at
S(232, 80). Which hospital should the helicopter take the patient? [𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇]

3. The point 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥, −1) is 13 units from the point 𝐵𝐵(3, 11). What are the possible value(s) of 𝑥𝑥?
[8 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 2]

Equation of a Circle with centre (0, 0)

Definitions:

Radius: the distance from the centre of a circle to a point on the circumference of the circle.

Diameter: the distance across a circle measured through the centre.

Chord: a line segment joining two points on a curve.

Circle: a set of points in the plane which are equidistant (same distance) from the centre.

Equation of a circle with radius, r, and centre (0, 0):

𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
Let 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) be any point on the circle.

Using Pythagorean Theorem,

O
2 2 2
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂

But, 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 𝑟𝑟,

∴ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑟𝑟 2 is the equation of a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius, 𝑟𝑟.

Note: the coordinates of any point not on the circle do not satisfy this equation.

Semi-circle with radius, r, and centre (0, 0):

If we solve for y in the above equation: 𝑦𝑦 = ±√𝑟𝑟 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2

• 𝑦𝑦 = +√𝑟𝑟 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 is the top half of the circle.

• 𝑦𝑦 = −√𝑟𝑟 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 is the bottom half of the circle.
Example 1. Given the following circles, state the:

a) coordinates of the centre d) x-intercepts

b) radius e) y-intercepts
c) diameter f) Sketch the circle on a set of axes
Circle 1: 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 36 Circle 2: 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 80

Example 2. Does the point (2, 3) lie on the circle with an equation of 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 36? [𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 < 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅]

Example 3. Find the equation of the circle with a centre (0, 0) and passes through the point (-2, 5).
[𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 29]

Example 4. A fish catching a small insect on the surface of a still pond causes a circular ripple. The radius
of the circle increases at a constant rate of 4 cm/s.

a) Write an equation that describes the ripple exactly 5 seconds after the fish catches the insect.
[𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 400]
b) How long does it take for the ripple to reach the edge of a rock that is 1 m east and 0.75 m north of
the point where the fish caught the insect? [31.25 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠]
 Investigation: Developing the Equation of a Circle
(That is not centered at the origin!)

A circle is a set of points that are ________________________from a point called the center. So far,
you have encountered only circles that are centered at the origin.

RECALL: The equation for a circle with its center at the origin is: _________________________________

In this section you will determine the equation of a circle with center that is not (0,0)

1. Sketch a circle with a center of C(2,3) and a radius

of 5 units to the point P(x,y) on the circle. Do not
forget to label appropriately!

2. To find the equation of this circle, begin by using the

distance formula. The distance from C(2,3) to P(x,y)
is 5 units. Substitute this information into the distance
formula.

( ∆x ) + ( ∆y )
2 2
d =

3. What is the equation of the circle whose centre is (3,-2) and whose radius is 4 units?
[Rewrite the equation with the constant term on the right side for better mathematical form]

4. Write the general equation of the circle with center (𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 , 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 ) and a radius of r.

5. State the centre and radius of the circle with the following equation and sketch the graph.
(x − 1) + ( y + 2 )
2 2
25
=

Centre: _____________ , Radius: _____________

6. What is the equation of the circle with center (0,3) and radius 8 units?

7. What is the equation of the circle with center (-2,4) and a point (3,-2) on the circle?
[(𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 4)2 = 61]

Try these! Thinking & Inquiry (& Teamwork)

1. If you know that three points on the circle are A(5,4), B(2,5) and C(-2,3). Is it possible to find
the equation of the circle? If so, what is the equation?
Practice: Equation of Circle
1. a) What is the radius of the circle?
i) x2 + y2 = 81 ii) x2 + y2 = 121
iii) x + y = 64
2 2 iv) x2 + y2 = 49/4
v) x2 + y2 = 36 vi) x2 + y2= 2.25
b) Graph each circle in (a).
2. (3, -4) is an endpoint of a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = r2.
a) What is the radius of the circle?
b) What are the coordinates of the other endpoint of the diameter?
3. Find the equation of the circle with centre (0, 0) which passes through the point:
a) (3, 0); b) (0, -4); c) (5, 2); d) (-1, 3).
4. a) Graph the circle x2 + y2 = 100.
b) On the same graph as in (a), plot the points (6, 8), (-10, 1), and (-7, -7).
c) Determine whether the points are on the circle, inside the circle, or outside the circle.

Answers:
1. A) i) 9 ii) 11 iii) 8 iv) 7/2 v) 6 vi) 1.5
2. a) 5 b) (-3,4)
3. a) x2+y2=9 b) x2+y2=16
c) x2+y2=29 d) x2+y2=10
4. c) (6,8) ; on ;(-10,1) ; outside ; (-7,-7) ; inside

1. State the centre and the radius of' each circle:

a) (x - 4)2+ (y- 1)2=36 b) (x - 2)2 + (y + 5)2=9
c) (x+7)2+(y+ 3)2=16 d) (x+ 2)2+(y- 2)2=5
e) x2+ (y-8)2= 25 f) (x + 3)2 +y2 = 13
2. Write the equation of the circle with the given centre and radius:
a) (6, 2), 3 b) (-4, 5), 7 c) (-1, -3), 5
d) (-8, -2), 2 e) (3, 0), 1 f) (0, -4), 6

3. Given: circle (x - 6)2 + (y + 2)2 = 85. State:

a) the coordinates of the centre; b) the radius; c) the diameter; d) the x-intercepts;
e) the y-intercepts.

4. Find the equation of the circle that has:

a) the line segment with endpoints (-2, 0), (6, -6) as a diameter;
b) centre (-4, 2) and passes through (1, -6)
c) centre (5, 4) and just touches the x-axis.

5. A circle of radius 31 passes through (-1, 3). Find its equation if its centre lies on the x-axis.
 Answers
1. a) (4, 1), 6 b) (2, -5), 3 c) (-7, -3), 4
d) (-2, 2), 5 e) (0, 8), 5 f) (-3, 0), 13
2.
a) (x -6)2+ (y 2)2=9
b) (x + 4)2 +(y -5)2= 49
c) (x+ 1)2+(y + 3)2= 25
d) (x + 8)2 + (y + 2)2= 4
e) (x-3)2+ y2=1
f) x2+(y+ 4)2= 36
3. a) (6, -2) b) 85 c) 2 85 d) -3, 15 e) -9, 5
4. a) (x - 2)2 + (y + 3)2= 25
b) (x+ 4)2+ (y- 2)2= 89
c) (x -5)2+ (y- 4)2=16
5. a) (x— 5)2+ y2= 45, or (x + 7)2+ y2= 45

Warm Up: Equations of Circles

1. Determine the equation of the circle with:

a) centre at the origin and passing through b) centre at (8, -7) and passing through
1
� , −1�. (-2, 5).
2

2. A line segment has endpoints X(6, 1) and Y(-4, 9). Find the:
a) length of the line segment. b) slope of the line segment.

c) Equation of the perpendicular line to XY and passing through A(1, 5).

3. A circle has a radius of √13 units and passes through point A(3, 1). Find its equation if its centre
lies on the y-axis. i.e.) The center is at (0, 𝑘𝑘).
 Midpoint of a Line Segment

Midpoint Formula

The midpoint of a line segment with endpoints 𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑦𝑦1 ) and 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥2 , 𝑦𝑦2 ) is:

𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2

𝑀𝑀 = � , �
2 2

Example 1: Find the midpoint of the line segment AB with endpoints A(1, -2) and B(7, 6).

Example 2: If the midpoint of a line segment AB is M(4, 5) and one endpoint is A(8, 3), find the other
endpoint B.

Example 3: A circle has a diameter with endpoints A(-3, 4) and B(5, 6). Find:

a) the coordinates of the centre.

b) the radius.
Practice: Length and Midpoint of a Line Segment
3. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment with endpoints:
a) (4, 2), (-8, -6); b) (5, 6) (13, -4);
c) (--6, 3), (4, -5); d) (4, 2), (12, -7);
e) (-3, 7), (6, 2); f) (-4, -3), (10, 9).

4. A triangle has vertices A(-2, 8), B(2, -6), C(6, 2).

a) Find the coordinates of the midpoints, D, E, F, of the sides.

b)Compare the lengths of the sides of ΔDEF with those of ΔABC.

Answers:

3. a) ( -2,-2 ) b) ( 9,1 ) c) ( -1,-1 )

 5 3 9
d)  8,-  e)  ,  f) ( 3,3 )
 2 2 2
4. a) ( 0,1 ) , ( 4,-2 ) , ( 2,5 ) b) The length of each
side of ΔDEF is half the length of the
corresponding side of ΔABC.

Internal Division of a Line Segment

4. P divides line segment AB in the ratio 3 : 4 . If AB = 21, find the lengths of AP and PB.
5. A line segment has endpoints (-5, -1) and (7, 5). In what ratio does point (3, 3) divide it?
6. A line segment has endpoints (-6, 7) and (4, 2). Find the coordinates of the point that divides
it in the ratio 2
8. A line segment has endpoints 0(0, 0) and A(12, 10). Find the coordinates of the point that
divides OA in the ratio:
a) 3:1; b) 2:3.
11. A is a point on the x-axis and B is a point on the y-axis. If point P(6, -2) divides line segment
AB in the ratio ½, find the coordinates of A and B.

#6 Help!!

Answers
4. 9,12
5. 2 :1
6. (-2, 5)
8. a) (9, 7.5) b) (4.8, 4)
11. A(9, 0), B(0, -6)
 Shortest Distance from a Point to a Line

You’ve Got the Power!!!

Problem: A house is located at point (6, 19) and needs to be connected by a cable to a power
line. The power line runs along a straight line containing points (0, 4) and (12, 10). What is the
shortest amount of cable needed?
MPM2DZ Distance between a Point and a Line

Conclusion: The shortest distance between any two points :

_____________________________________________________________

Example 1: Find the distance between (-4, 3) and y = x -1.

A) Plot the line and the point.
B) Analyze slope of line. Find slope of perpendicular
line. Count from point to line to find point of
intersection.
C) Calculate distance between given point and point
of intersection.

Example 2: Find the distance between (1, -5) and y = -1/2 x + 3.

3. Find the distance between (3,6) and y = -3x - 5.
[ 2 10 ]

4. Find the distance between (-2,5) and y = ¼ x - 3.

[ 68 ]

5. Find the distance between (6,6) and y = -2 x +3.

[3 5 ]
MPM2DE Name:
Date:

Analytic Geometry Quiz #1 K&U App. Thinking Comm.

/8 /9 /6 /5
KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

1. A line segment has endpoints A (6, 1) and B (-4, 9). Find the following: ⑥ marks

(a) Distance between the points √√ (b) midpoint √√ (c) slope of the line √√

2. A circle with centre (0,0) has a diameter of 46. Find the equation of the circle. ② marks

APPLICATION

3. A circle has its center at the origin and passes through the point (8,-5). Find the equation of the circle.
③ marks

4. For a line segment, one endpoint is (5,-7) and the midpoint is (7,3). Find the other endpoint. ③ marks
5. The coordinates of the endpoints of the diameter of a circle are (6,4) and (-2,0). Determine the
exact length of the radius of the circle. ③ marks

THINKING

3. A triangle has sides defined by 5x + 2y = - 2,y = 4 and x = 2. Classify the triangle. ⑥marks

COMMUNICATION

7. Explain how to find the perimeter of a quadrilateral given its vertices. ③ marks

Overall Mathematical Form ② marks.

 Finding the Equation of
Medians, Altitudes and Perpendicular bisector of Triangles

Visuals:

Median of Triangle Example:

A triangle has vertices A(-2, 4), B(6,2) and C(-4, -2). Find the equation of the median line that passes
4 4
through A. �𝑦𝑦 = − 3 𝑥𝑥 + 3�

Altitude of Triangle Example:

A triangle has vertices A(-1 , 4) and B(-1, -2) and C(5,1). Find the equation of the fine that contains
the altitude from vertex A. [𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 + 2]

Perpendicular Bisector Example

Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment with endpoints A(4, 8) and
B(10,2). [𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 2]
 Warm Up: Medians, Altitudes and Perpendicular Bisectors

1. A triangle has vertices A(-3, 4), B(-1,8) and C(7, 4).

a) Determine the equation of the median through A.

b) Determine the equation of the perpendicular bisector of BC.

c) Determine the equation of the altitude through A.

d) Explain the steps required to determine the area of the triangle using the altitude
through A.
 Some triangle centers
CENTROID
The centroid of a triangle is the common intersection of the 3 medians. The centroid is also known
as the centre of mass or centre of gravity of an object (where the mass of an object is
concentrated).

Procedure to Determine the Centroid

1. Find the equation of two of the median lines.

The median is the line segment from a vertex
to the midpoint of the opposite side.

2. Find the point of intersection of the two lines

using elimination or substitution.

CIRCUMCENTRE
The circumcentre (O) of a triangle is the common intersection of the 3 perpendicular bisectors of
the sides of a triangle.

Procedure to Determine the Circumcentre

1. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisectors

of two sides.
A perpendicular (right) bisector is perpendicular
to a side of the triangle and passes through the
midpoint of that side of the triangle.

2. Find the point of intersection of the two lines

using elimination or substitution.

ORTHOCENTRE
The orthocenter of a triangle is the common intersection of the 3 lines containing the altitudes.

Procedure to Determine the Orthocentre

1. Find the equation of two of the altitude lines.

An altitude is a perpendicular line segment from
a vertex to the line of the opposite side.

2. Find the point of intersection of the two lines

using elimination or substitution.
Centroid Example
Example 1: Find the coordinates of the centroid with vertices A(12, 18), B(18, 6) and C(3, 12).
[(11, 12)]

Circumcenter Example
Example 2: Triangle ABC has vertices A(-2, 0), B(2, 8), C(7, 3). Find the coordinates of the
circumcenter. [(2, 3)]

Orthocenter Example
8 20
Example 3: Triangle ABC has vertices A(-1, 5), B(7, 2),C(-1, 4). Find the orthocenter. �𝑦𝑦 = 3 𝑥𝑥 + 3
�

Warm Up: Circumcentres, Circles & Geometric Shapes

1. A triangle has vertices at A(-3, 2), B(-5, -6) and C(5, 0).
a) Find the equation of the median line from vertex A.

b) Find the equation of the altitude line from vertex A.

c) Classify the triangle based on parts a) and b).

2. Points F(4, 8), G(5,1 ) and H(-2,0) lie on a circle. Determine the equation of the circle. Hint:
What does the intersection of perpendicular bisectors allow you to find? [𝑐𝑐 = (1, 4), 𝑟𝑟 = 5]
 Classifying Shapes
When you know the coordinates of the vertices of a Triangle or Quadrilateral, use formula for slope,
length and midpoint to determine properties of the figure.
Figure Shape Properties Formula to use
Scalene triangle No sides equal Length of a line segment

Isosceles triangle Two sides have Length of a line segment

equal length

Equilateral triangle All sides are equal. Length of a line segment

Right angle triangle Two sides are Slope of each line( are
perpendicular to they opposite reciprocal)
each other.

Parallelogram Opposite sides are Slope of each line

parallel and have
equal length

Rectangle Adjacent sides are Slope of each line( are

perpendicular to they opposite reciprocal
each other.
Square All sides have Slope of each line( are
equal length. they opposite reciprocal)
Adjacent sides are AND length of line
perpendicular to segment
each other.
Rhombus Opposite sides are Slope of each line AND
parallel AND all length of line segment
sides are equal to
each other
 Properties of Quadrilaterals

Geometric Shape Properties

A Parallelogram has:
• Diagonals that bisect each other

i.e.) The midpoints intersect!

A Rectangle has:
• Diagonals that bisect each other
• Equal diagonals

A Rhombus has:
• Diagonals that bisect each other
• Diagonals that are perpendicular

A Square has
• Diagonals that bisect each other
• Equal Diagonals
• Diagonals that are perpendicular

A kite has:
• Diagonals that are perpendicular

A Trapezoid is a quadrilateral in which one pair of

opposite sides is parallel and unequal in length
Verifying Geometric Properties

1. The vertices of a quadrilateral are A(0,0),B(2,3), C(5,1), and D(3,-2). Verify that the diagonals of
ABCD are perpendicular to each other.

2. Quadrilateral PQRS has vertices P(0,6),Q(-6,-2),R(2,-4), and S(4,2).Verify that the quadrilateral
formed by the mid-segments of quadrilateral PQRS is a parallelogram.

3. Quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(3,4),B(-1,2),C(-3,-4), and D(5,-6).Verify the following:

a) The quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus.
b) The diagonals of the rhombus bisect each other at right angles.

4. a) Show that points A(3,1), and B(1,-3) lie on the circle with equation x 2 + y 2 =
10 .
b) Show that the perpendicular bisector of chord AB passes through the center of the circle.
 Performance Task: Verifying Geometric Properties

Task 1: The diagonals of a square are perpendicular. Verify this statement for
the square whose vertices are C(6, 10), D(10, 9) E(9, 5) and F(5, 6).

1) On graph paper, construct the square and label appropriately

2) Using the vertices, construct the diagonals of the square.
3) Measure the slopes of the diagonals. Explain how your calculations show that the'
diagonals are perpendicular.

Task 2: The midpoints of the sides of any quadrilateral are the vertices of a
parallelogram. Verify this statement for any quadrilateral of your choice

1) On graph paper, construct any quadrilateral of your choice and label the vertices. It
would be wise to draw a quadrilateral that is not a typical quadrilateral like a square
or parallelogram.
2) Find the midpoint of each line segment. Label appropriately
3) Connect the midpoints found in (2) to form a new quadrilateral.
4) Calculate the slopes of this quadrilateral's sides. Explain how your calculations show
that this quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
5) Why was it important in (1) to draw a quadrilateral that was not a typical quadrilateral
like a square or a parallelogram? (Hint. We were trying to prove the midpoints of the
sides of any quadrilateral are the vertices of a parallelogram)

Task 3: The line segment joining the midpoint of two sides of a triangle is
parallel to the third side and equal to one half of it .Verify this statement for
the triangle whose vertices are P(4, 2), Q(-2, 6), R(0, -4).
 Analytical Geometry Problem Assignment
66 marks total
'Analysis' is a Greek word meaning to ‘unloose’. In modern day it means to break down into smaller parts to
determine the how and why of a situation, For the following problems you will have to think analytically; think
about what you have and what you need; label parts that you have and use symbols to represent unknowns.
Draw graphs to see how all the parts combine. Use the distance, midpoint and circle formulas to derive equations
that are true among the various components of the problem. These equations can then be used to solve for
unknowns.

1. Find the equation of the circle with center at the origin that passes through the point (5,12). [3 marks]

2. The Titanic gives out a distress signal giving its location by the grid reference (-50,175). A freighter at
(100,-400) and the steamship the Carpathia at (225,100) hear and respond. If the freight travels twice
as fast as the Carpathia, which ship arrives first? [6 marks]

3. A line segment has endpoints A(-12,-11) and B(6,19). Find the 3 points that divide AB into 4 equal
pieces. [5 marks]

4. Show that the line segment with endpoints A(5,3) and B(3,-5) is a chord of the circle x2 + y2 = 34.
[3 marks]
a) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB. [8 marks]
b) Show that the line in 4a) passes through the center of the circle. [3 marks]

5. A is the point (6,2) and B is a point on the y-axis, if the midpoint M of AB is on the x-axis, find the
coordinates of B and M. [5 marks]

6. Find the equation of the circle that has a diameter with the endpoints A(-3,6) and B(3,-6).[5 marks]

7. Line segment AB is trisected by points M and N, which lie on the coordinate axes. If the coordinates
of A are (12,8) find the possible coordinates of B. [9 marks]

8. Find the point on the y-axis that is equidistant from the points A(-5,2) and B(3,4). [7 marks]

9. A line segment has endpoints A(-7,-3) and B(13,4). Find the coordinates of the point P that divides it
7
in the ratio . Check your answer by calculating the lengths of AP and PB using the distance
3
formula. [4 marks]

10. A circle has center (3,0) and radius 5.

a) Find the equation of the circle. [1 mark]
b) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the circle and the x-axis, [3 marks]
11. A circle has radius 13 and passes through point A(3,1). Find its equation if the center lies on the
y-axis, [4 marks]
MPM2DZ Name:

Date:

Analytic Geometry Quiz #2 K&U App. Thinking Comm.

/11 /10 /8 /6

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING

1. Given line segment with endpoints A(-8, 5) and B(6, 13):

a) Find the midpoint, M, of AB. [2 marks] b) verify that M is equidistant from A and B. [3 marks]

2. Does the point (-2, 5) lie inside, outside or on the circle with the equation x2 + y 2 = 30 ? Justify your
reasoning. [2 marks]

3. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment having endpoints (-2, 0) and (4, -4).
[4 marks]

APPLICATION

4. Find the shortest distance from the point (-6, 5) to the line y = 6 x +1 .[6 marks]

5. Find the equation of the circle that has a line segment with endpoints (-2, 0) and (6, -6) as a diameter.
[4 marks]

THINKING

6. Points P(a, 6) and Q(8, b) form a chord of the circle x2 + y 2 = 100 . What is the length of the chord?
[4 marks]

7. Kristen is adapting part of the pattern for a theatrical costume. She adds part of a square on to the
outside of the circle. If the circle in the pattern has the equation x2 + y2 = 0.062, how much extra
fabric (the shaded region) is needed to make the pattern shown? The measurements are in meters.
[4 marks]

COMMUNICATION

8. “A square is the same quadrilateral as a rectangle.”

Explain why the above statement is always true. Justify your reasoning with the use of diagrams.
[4 marks]

Appropriate use of mathematical form throughout [2 marks]

 Unit 1 Review
1. Given Δ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 where 𝐴𝐴(2, 10), 𝐵𝐵(3, 3), 𝐶𝐶(−7, 5) determine
3
a. The Median Line through point A. �𝑦𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑥 + 7�
9 42
b. The Altitude Line through point B. �𝑦𝑦 = − 5 𝑥𝑥 + 5
�
9
c. The Perpendicular Bisector of AC. �𝑦𝑦 = − 5 𝑥𝑥 + 3�
d. The type of triangle formed by points A, B, and C. [𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡]

2. Determine the shortest distance from point 𝑃𝑃 (1, 4) to the line formed by points 𝐴𝐴(−7, 2) and
3 11 5 7
𝐵𝐵(3, −4). �𝑦𝑦 = − − , 𝑦𝑦 = 3 𝑥𝑥 + 3 , 𝐷𝐷(−2, −1), 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = √34 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢�
5𝑥𝑥 5

3. Points 𝐴𝐴(𝑘𝑘, 3), 𝐵𝐵 (3, 1), and 𝐶𝐶 (6, 𝑘𝑘) form an isosceles triangle. If ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, determine all
possible values of k. [𝑘𝑘 = 4 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 8]

4. Bayview S.S. is thinking about constructing a large circular track for a track and field team. A
building contractor states that if a track is built with the equation 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 15625, they will
charge $39269.91 to construct the track.
a. What is the circumference of the track? [785.4 𝑚𝑚]
b. How much does the contractor want for 1 meter of track. [$50]

5. Given that (𝑥𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 3)2 = 400, show that the perpendicular bisector of the chord formed
by the points 𝐴𝐴(−9, 9) and 𝐵𝐵(19, 13) goes through the center of the circle. [𝑦𝑦 = −7𝑥𝑥 + 46]

6. A tangent line is a line that is drawn on a curve using only one point. We
will investigate tangent lines in calculus. One property of a tangent line on
a circle is that the normal line (the line perpendicular to the tangent line at
a point on the curve) must intersect the origin of the circle.

If a tangent line is drawn at (14, 5) on the circle (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 7)2 = 225
4 41 3 31
then determine the equation of the tangent line. �𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − , 𝑦𝑦 = − 4 + �
3 3 2

7. Given that 𝐴𝐴(−7, 2), 𝐵𝐵(9, 6), 𝐶𝐶 (4, 10), 𝐷𝐷(−4, 8). Determine the type of quadrilateral that points A,
B, C, and D make. [𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇]

8. Given that 𝐴𝐴(−2, 9), 𝐵𝐵(−4, −2), 𝐶𝐶(1, −12), 𝐷𝐷(3, −1), determine the type of quadrilateral that points
A, B, C, and D make. [𝑅𝑅ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜]
9. Given that 𝐴𝐴(−7, −3), 𝐵𝐵(11, 4), 𝐶𝐶 (3, 9), 𝐷𝐷(−11, 7). Show that the mid-segments of the
quadrilateral form a parallelogram. [𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀: (2, 0.5), (7, 6.5), (−4, 8), (−9, 2)]

10. Determine the area of the triangle formed by the points 𝐴𝐴(−1, 9), 𝐵𝐵(8, 1), and 𝐶𝐶 (−7, −5) by using
7 34 3 31 1
side AC as the base of the triangle. �𝑦𝑦 = 3 𝑥𝑥 + 3
, 𝑦𝑦 = − 7 𝑥𝑥 + 7
, 𝐷𝐷(−2.5, 5.5), 𝐴𝐴Δ = 2 √130.5 √232 =

87 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠 2 �

11. Given that 𝐴𝐴(−7, −6), 𝐵𝐵(−9, 10), 𝐶𝐶 (7, −10), determine the center of mass (centroid) of Δ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 using
4 22
two different methods. �𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1, 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 − 8, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − , (−3, −2)�
5 5

12. Determine the point that is the same distance from 𝐴𝐴(5, 7), 𝐵𝐵 (6, 6), and 𝐶𝐶 (2, −2).
−1 −1 11
�𝑦𝑦 =
2
𝑥𝑥 + 4, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 1, 𝑦𝑦 = 3
𝑥𝑥 + 3
, (2, 3)�

13. Given points 𝐴𝐴(−5, 8), 𝐵𝐵(7, 2), and 𝐶𝐶 (−2, −7), determine the location of the orthocenter.
1 3
�𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 + 3, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + , 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3, (2, 1)�
5 5
Unit 2: Quadratic Equations
 Radicals
In ancient Greece the followers of Pythagoras discovered the existence of
irrational numbers during their investigation of right-angled triangles. The solution of
a
equation x2 =2 could not be expressed in the form . The symbol 2 , was assigned
b
to this value, and was called the square root of 2. Mathematicians have since
known that the value for 2 is an irrational number (a non-terminating, non-
repeating decimal).

The radical sign, , is used in representing the square root of any number, even
though we are able to determine a rational value in some cases.

The equation x2 =25 may be seen to have two solutions: 52 = 25 and ( -5 ) = 25 .

2

To avoid confusion of a symbol representing two values, mathematicians agree

that the radical sign, , represented only the positive square root (called the
principal square root).

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ
√𝑥𝑥 × √𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥

An expression, such as 2 , which does not have a rational values is called a

radical.

Multiplication of Radicals

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ≥ 0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 √𝑎𝑎 × √𝑏𝑏 = √𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

In simplest form, a radical has the lowest possible value under the radical sign.
Example 1: Simplify

a) 18 b) 5 20 = c) 288 =

= 9× 2
= 9× 2
=3 2

12 + 72
d) 5 128 = e) 3 6 × 5 12 = f) =
4
There are two types of radical term. Radicand

i. An entire radical is in the form n

ii. A mixed radical is in the form: a b

rational factor irrational factor

For all of your answers with radicals, ALWAYS simplify your entire radical into a
mixed radical whenever possible. It is similar to reducing a fraction; it is expected of
you to do so every time.

Example 2: Write the following as mixed radicals.

a) 75 b) 72 c) 96

Division of Radicals

15
If 3× 5 =15 then = 3
5

𝑎𝑎
In General : 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 ≥ 0, 𝑏𝑏 > 0𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 √𝑎𝑎 = �𝑏𝑏
√𝑏𝑏

True or False? Explain.

1. =
ab a× b

_________________________________________________________________________

2. a2 = a

_________________________________________________________________________

3. a +b= a+ b
_______________________________________________________________________________
Adding and Subtracting Radicals
In this part of our handout, we’ll relate like terms and radicals

If 7𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 9𝑥𝑥…

7√2 + 2√2 =
If 7𝑥𝑥 – 2𝑥𝑥 = 5𝑥𝑥...

7√2 − 2√2 =
Remember, you can only add and subtract LIKE terms!
E.g. We cannot simplify 7√2 + 3√3
Example 3: Simplify the following expressions.

a) 9√7 + 2√7 b) 4√3 − 2√27

Example 4: Simplifying the following expressions.

a) 3 48 − 4 8 + 4 27 − 2 72 (
b) 3 3 5 6 − 3 8 )

(3 )
2
c) 5 −4 2
Rationalizing the Denominator
It is not proper form to have a radical in the denominator. You rationalize the
denominator by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the radical
denominator.
Example 5:

7 7
= ×1
3 3
7 3
= ×
3 3
21
=
3

Example 6: Rationalize the denominator

1+ 3
a)
1− 3

In order to rationalize the denominator in this case, we must multiply by its conjugate.

Recall the difference of squares: ( a    –    –

+ b )( a b ) =
a 2 b2

Conjugates of one another

The conjugate of 1 − √3 is ___________________________

1+ 3 1+ 3
∴ ×
   =
1− 3 1+ 3
Practice: Rationalize the denominator of the following expressions.

2+ 5 6
a) b)
3− 2 5 x− 3

1
c) Challenge:
1+ 3 − 5

d) Challenge :Simplify:

i. 9−6 2 ii. 10 + 2 21
 PRACTICE WITH RADICALS

1. Simplify.
a) 8 3 + 5 12 − 2 75 b) 3 8 − 5 27 + 2 3 − 32

( ) (
c) 3 3 5 − 2 3 + 4 3 + 3 3 ) d)
1
3
18 +
3
5
75 −
5
3
27

2. Find a simplified expression for the shaded area in each shape.

a) b)

3. Are the expressions −1 − 5 and −1 + 5 solutions to the equation x2 + 2x – 4 = 0?

Justify your answers.

4. A rectangle has a length of 10 cm and a diagonal length of 18 cm. Determine

the perimeter and the area of the rectangle.

5. Outline the steps to fully simplify the expression 588.

6. A circle has an area of 63π cm2. Find the radius of the circle in simplified radical
form.

7. A square field is surrounded by 6-m sections of fencing. If the diagonal length of

the field is 54 2 m, how many lengths of fencing are on each side?

Answers

1. a) 8 3 b) 2 2 − 13 3 c) 27 3 − 6 d) 2 − 2 3 2. a) 21 b) 60 3 − 8π
3. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Yes, as they both satisfy the equation when substituted.
4. perimeter 20 + 8 14 cm; area 40 14 cm2
5. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Factor the number 588 by finding the largest perfect square
factor of the number. This perfect square number can then be removed from the root by
evaluating its square root. All other factors that are not perfect squares would remain under the
root sign.
6. 3 7 cm 7. 9
 Introduction to Quadratic Equation

An example of a Quadratic Equation: 5x 2 - 3x + 3 = 0

Quadratic Equation

Name : The name Quadratic comes from "quad" meaning square, because the
variable gets squared (like x2). It is also called an "Equation of Degree 2" (because
of the exponent of "2" on the x)

Standard Form

The Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation looks like this: ax 2 + bx + c = 0

Where a, b and c are known values and a ≠ 0 . If a = 0, the equation can't be
quadratic, it’s simply a linear equation. “c” is the constant coefficient and "x" is the
variable or unknown .

Also a is said to be the quadratic coefficient

b is said to be the linear coefficient, and
c is said to be the constant coefficient

Example:
2x2 + 5x + 3 = 0 in this one a=2, b=5 and c=3

Example: The following are all quadratic equations. Identify a, b, and c for each.
a) x 2 - 6x + 8 = 0 b) ( x - 5 )( x + 2 ) = 0 c) 1+ 3x - x 2 = 0

e) 9y - 0.6y 2 = 0 f) 5x 2 - 4 = 41

Example: The following are NOT quadratic equations. Why not?

a) 2x - 3 = 6x + 9 b) x 3 + x 2 - 3x - 6 = 9 c) x 4 + 3x 3 + 2x 2 - 6x +10 = 0
Solving Quadratics of the form ax 2 + c = 0

Quadratics of the form ax 2 + c = 0 are missing their linear term. Because of this they
are relatively easy to solve.

Example: Solve the equations that are missing a linear term.

a) 5x 2 - 4 = 41 b) 6 ( x 2 - 4 ) = 3x 2 + 3 c) 3x ( x - 4 ) = 2 ( x +1) + 3

Solving Quadratics of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 by Factoring

Recall: "The Zero Factor Principle”: If A× B = 0 then either A= 0 or B = 0 .

Steps:
1) factor
2) set each factor equal to zero
3) solve each linear equation

Example: Solve the following quadratics:

a) x 2 - 3x + 2 = 0 b) 4y 2 +12x + 9 = 0 c) 3x ( x - 4 ) = 2 ( x +1) + 3
Practice: Solving Quadratic Equations by factoring
1. Solve:
a) x2- 4x + 3 = 0 b) y2 + 8y + 15 =0
c) m2 - m - 56 = 0 d) 2a2 + a - 15=0
e) x2 -64 = 0 f) 9m2 - 12m+4=0

2. Solve and check:

a) x2+ 3x - 10 = 0 b) m2 - 12m + 35 = 0
c) a2- 5a - 6 = 0 d) y2-11y = 0
e) 4c2 - 49 = 0 f) 2x2 -7x – 15 =0

3. Solve:
a) y2 – l0y = 2y - 36 b) m2 + 8m= 3m + 24
c) x(x - 6) = 2(x -8) d) a(a- 9) = 2(a - 14)
e) 3c(c - 3) = c(c - 2) + 15 f) 6x(x + 3) + 5 =2(x2 -x - 10)

4. Write a quadratic equation with roots:

a) 5, -2; b) 3, 3; c) 4, - 3;
d) -7/3 ,3/4 e) -7, 7; f) 1/6 ,5/8

5. Solve:
a) 5x2 -x - 18 =0 b) 6z2 -5z-4=0
c) 3y2 + 15y - 18 = 0 d) 6x2 + 17x - 14 = 0
e) 2t2 -24t+72=0 e) 25m2 - 36 = 0

6. Solve:
a) 2m(m + 3) = 5(3 + m) b) 3v(v + 2) = 2(v2 - 4)
c) x(x + 3) = -2(3x + 10) d) 3a(a - 4) - 5 = 2(a - 3) - 7
e)(2x - 1)(x- 3) (x + 1)(x - 2) f) 3(x - 2)(x + 2) + 5x= 2x(x + 4) + 16

7. Solve:
a) 6x(x – 2) - 3 = 2(x - 2)(x + 2) - 4
b) 3(c - 1)2- 2 = (c - 4)(c + 1) + 7
c) (2y + 1)(2y - 3) + 5 = (y + 8)(y - 5) + 48
d) (2p - 1)2 – 3= (p - 2)(p - 1)
e) 2(x - 1)(x- 2)=(x- 5)(x + 4) +5x

8. Find two consecutive integers with a product: a) 56; b) 156.

9. What number and its square differ by: a) 20? b) 30?
10. The sum of the squares of two consecutive integers is 145. Find integers.
11. The sum of the squares of three consecutive integers is 149. Find the integers.
Answer-Exercises 4-3, page 112
1. a) 3,1 b) -5, -3 c) 8, -7 d) 5/2 , -3 e) ±8 f) 2/3
2. a) -5,2 b) 7, 5 c) 6,-1 d) 0,11 e) ± 7/2 f) -3/2 ,5
3. a) 6 b) 3, -8 c) 4 d) 4,7 e) -3/2 , 5 f) -5/2

4. a) x2-3x-10=0 b) x2-6x+9=0
c) x2-x-12=0 d) 12x2+12x-21=0
e) x2 - 49 =0 f) 48x2-38x+5=0

5. a) -9/5 , 2 b)-1/2 , 4/3 c) -6,1 d) -7/2 e) 6 f) ± 6/5

6. a) 5/2, -3 b) -2, -4 c) -5,-4 d) e) 5,1 f) 7, -4
7. a) 3/2 b) -1/2, 2 c) -2/3 d) 4/3 ,-1 e) 4, 6 f) -2/3, 5
8. a) 7, 8; -7, -8 b) 12, 13; -12.,
9. a) 5; -4 b) 6; -5
10. 8, 9; -8, -9
11. -8,-7,-6, or 6, 7, 8
 Completing the square
Recall, when a binomial is squared, the result is called a “Perfect Square Trinomial”.

( a+b )
2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
(a - b)
2
= a2 - 2ab + b2

1. Decide if the following trinomials are perfect square trinomials. Factor if possible.
a) x 2 +10x + 25 b) x 2 + 8x + 64 c) x 2 - 4x + 4

2. What constant term must be added to the following expressions to make them
perfect square?
a) x 2 - 8x + ____ b) x 2 + 4x + ____ c) x 2 - 3x + ____

The standard form of a quadratic function, y = ax 2 +bx + c can be rearranged to

Vertex form, y = a ( x - h) +k , by a process called completing the square. The vertex
2

(h,k) can be easily read from the vertex form of quadratic function.
2
Rearranging y = ax 2 + bx + c to y = a ( x -h ) + k :

Steps Example: y = 2x 2 -12x + 11

Remove the quadratic coefficient as a
common factor from the first TWO terms

Add and subtract the square of half of the

linear coefficient inside the brackets (i.e. add
2
 b 
and subtract   inside the brackets.)
 2a 
Remove the last term from inside the
brackets and combine with the constant
term. Don’t forget to multiply by the
quadratic coefficient!
Factor the expression in the brackets as a
perfect square trinomial.

Now that we have rearranged this

equation, we see that vertex is
____________ and we can easily graph
this function.
Example: Rearrange the following into vertex form. State the vertex of each
function.

a) y = -2x 2 + 4x + 5 b) y = -x 2 +6x + 432

1 2
c) 𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 18𝑥𝑥 + 11 d) y = x + 4x -11
2
 Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square
Solving quadratic equations by factoring is only accurate and easy to use when the
equation is factorable. However, an equation like 2x 2 -12x + 11= 0 is difficult to solve
because it isn’t factorable and difficult to graph.
Fortunately, solving by Completing the Square will allow us to solve any quadratic
equation with any degree of accuracy we desire. This techniques involves rearranging
the quadratic equation into vertex form and solving it.

Steps Example: 12x = 2x 2 + 11

1. Move all terms over to one side of the
equal sign

2. Complete the square and rearrange

the equation into vertex form on one
side.

3. Isolate the ( x – h )2 part of the equation

on one side.

4. Square root both sides of the equation

5. Isolate x

Example: Solve by completing the Square.

a) 3x 2 -12x + 6 = 0 b) x 2 - 2x = -3 c) 4x 2 - 8x = 9
 Practice: Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square
1. Determine if the trinomial is a perfect square:
a) x 2 + 6 x + 9 b) x 2 − 4 x + 4 c) x 2 + 10 x − 25
9
d) x 2 − 9 x + 81 e) x 2 − 14 x + 49 f) x 2 − 3 x +
4
2. What constant term must be added to make the expression a perfect square?

a) x 2 + 6 x                  b) x 2 − 2 x                    c) x 2 − 20 x
d) x 2 + 7 x                  e) x 2 − 3x                    f) x 2 + x
g) x 2 − 11x                 h) x 2 + 2ax                 i) x 2 + bx

3. Solve by completing the square:

=
a) x 2 + 4 x − 12 0                               
=    b) x 2 + 8 x − 33 0
=
c) x 2 − 6 x + 7 =
0                                d) x 2 − 16 x + 50 0
=
e) x 2 − 3 x + 1 =
0                                 f) x 2 + 5 x + 3 0

4. Solve:
=
a) x 2 + 12 x − 8 0                                    
= b) x 2 − 18 x + 20 0
c) x 2 − 3 x − 5 =
0                                  d) x 2 − x − 1 0
=
e) x 2 + 9 x + 16 0                               
=    f) x 2 + 5 x − 3 0

5. Solve:
=
a) 2 x 2 + 8 x + 5 0                                 
= b) 3 y 2 − 12 y + 5 0
=
c) 2k 2 − 12k + 3 0                         
= d) 3d 2 + 6d + 2 0

6. Solve:
a) a 2 − 6a − 9 0                                  
= b) 2 x 2 + x − 5 0
=
c) 2r 2 − 7 r + 1 0                                  
= d) 2t 2 − 10t + 3 0
e) 2 x 2 + 3x − 3 0                                
=    f) 5c 2 − 2c − 6 0

7. Find the roots correct to two decimal places.

=
a) m 2 + 2m − 9 0                                
= b) x 2 + 9 x − 12 0
Answers

=
c) 2 s 2 − 3s − 6 0                                 
= d) 3c 2 + 5c − 11 0
=
e) 2 y 2 + 7 y + 2 0                                
= f) 5 x 2 − 20 x + 3 0
 Deriving The Quadratic Formula
If we complete the square on the general quadratic equation ax 2 +bx + c = 0 we
can derive a formula that will tell us directly what x equals.

The Quadratic Formula

In general, roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 +bx + c = 0 ,a ≠ 0 are

2
-b ± b - 4ac
x=
2a
 Using Quadratic Formula to Solve Quadratic Equations
1. Solve.
a) x 2 - x - 6 = 0 b) x 2 - 3x +1= 0

c) 2x 2 - 5x +1= 0 d) 3x 2 + x = -2

Challenge Problem:
1. What is the sum of the roots of the equation ( x 2 - 3x ) - ( 3x 2 - 9x ) = 4
2

Hint: Factor and then try to use a substitution!

 The Nature of the Roots and the Discriminant
Use the quadratic formula to solve the following and identify the number of
solutions.
a) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 5 = 0 b) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 9 = 0 c) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 13 = 0

Introducing the Discriminant

If you look at the quadratic formula, you see the discriminant inside the square root
sign.

We use the “discriminant” to:

1. ______________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________

There can be 3 scenarios when using the discriminant:

• if 𝐷𝐷 > 0, the quadratic equation has 2 distinct real roots
• if 𝐷𝐷 = 0, the quadratic equation has 1 distinct real root or 2 equal real roots
• if 𝐷𝐷 < 0, the quadratic equation has no real roots

Two distinct real roots One real root No real roots

b − 4ac > 0
2
b − 4ac =
2
0 b 2 − 4ac < 0
 Example 1: Without solving, determine the nature of the roots.
a) 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 10 = 0 b) 9𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 = −4

Example 2: Determine the value of k that will make the equation 3 x 2 − kx + 12 =

0
have one distinct real root. [𝑘𝑘 = 12]

Example 3: Determine the value of k that will make the equation 3 x 2 − kx + 12 =

0
have two real roots. 𝑘𝑘 < −12 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑘𝑘 > 12
[ ]

Solving Quadratic Equation Using a Formula

1. Solve:
a) 2x2 -5x + 2 = 0 b) 2x2+ 7x+ 3 =0
e) 5x2+ 7x+ 2 =0 f) 6x2+7x-20=0

4. Find the roots correct to two decimal places:

a) 5x2 + 6x - 1 = 0 b) 2c2 - 6c - 1 =0
e) 3p - 6p + 1 = 0
2 f) 2a2 - 6a + 1 = 0

5. An Acapulco diver dives into the sea from a height of 35 m. His height, h, in meters, t
seconds after leaving the cliff is given by: h = -4.9t2+ t + 35. How long is it until he reaches
the water?

6. Solve:
e) 0.2s2- s - 3.2 =0 f) 2x 2 - 5x - 8 = 0

9. Solve:
x 2 + 6 7 x +10 4 x 5
a) - = b) (x + 6)(x - 1) + x2= 10x + 9 c) + =
3 2 2 x 4 2
50 40 3 1 1
d) - =1 e) = − f) (x – 2)( x + 3) = x(5x - 9) - 2
x x +10 x+2 4 x - 4

Answers
1. a) ½ , 2 b) -3,-1/2
e) -2/5 ,-1 f) 4/3 , -5/2

4. a) 0,15,-1.35 b) 3.16,-0.16
e) 1,82, 0.18 f) 2.82,0.18

5. 2.78s

5 ± 89 5 ± 41
6. e) f)
2 2 2
3 ± 321 5 ± 145
9. a) b) c) 2,8 d) 10 5 e) 2,16 f) 2, ½
4 4
Nature of the Roots of a Quadratic Equation
1. Find the value of the discriminant:
a) x2+ 11x + 24 = 0 b) x2- 4x + 2 = 0
c) 4x2- 20x + 25 =0 d) 2x2- 5x + 8= 0

2. Which of the equations in Exercise I have:

a) two different real roots? b) two equal real roots? c) no real roots?

3. Determine the nature of the roots of these equations:

d) 2x2 - 7x -5 = 0 e) 5x2 - 8x + 4 =0 f) 49x2 - 70x + 25 = 0

10. For what values of k will x2 + kx- k + 8 = 0 have:

a) equal roots? b) real roots? c) no real roots?

Answers
1. a) 25 b) 8 c) 0 d) -39
2. a) a, b b) c c) d
3. a) 2 real b) 1 real c) 2 real d) 2 real e) 0 real f) 1 real
10.a) 4, -8 b) k≥4 , k<-8 c) -8<k <4

Warm Up-Solving Quadratic Equations and the Discriminant

1. Solve the following equations using the method indicated:

a) By Factoring: b) By Quadratic Formula:
10 x 2 + 24 =
−38 x 2 x + 5x2 − 2 =0

c) By Completing the Square:

3 x 2 − 12 x + 11 =
0

2. Solve using the most efficient method:

( )
a) 2 x 2 − x + 6 = x( x + 3) b) 5( x + 2 ) − 2( x + 5) = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )

3. For what values of k will 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑘𝑘 + 8 = 0 have

a) one distinct real root. b) two distinct real root.

4. What is the sum of the solutions of 2x -2 + x -1 -1= 0 ?

 Complex Numbers

Solve: This equation has no solution in the set

2
x +1= 0 of real numbers.
x 2 = -1
Therefore, a new number i is defined such
x = ± -1 that i= −1 . In other word i is the number
∴ x = ____ such that i 2 = −1

Complex numbers

o An expression of the form a+ bi , called the rectangular form, where

and a and b are real numbers and i , is a complex number.
o The set of complex numbers includes the real numbers since any real
number x can be written as x+i(0) .
o a+ bi and a-bi are conjugates (same terms with opposite signs).
o Complex roots of a quadratic equation always occurs in conjugate pairs.

Recall: Discriminant D
= b 2 − 4ac
o When b 2 − 4ac > 0 , there are 2 distinct real roots
o When b 2 − 4ac = 0 , there are 2 equal real roots
o When b − 4ac < 0 , there are 2 complex roots that are conjugates ( a ± bi )
2

Number Systems

Natural Numbers (ℕ)= {1, 2,3,...}

Whole Numbers ( W )= {0,1, 2,3,...}
Integers (I or Z)= {..., −2, −1, 0,1, 2,...}
a 
Rational Numbers (Q)=  , a, b ∈ I , b ≠ 0 
 b 
a
Irrational Numbers ( Q ) : any real number that cannot be written as , a, b ∈ I , b ≠ 0
b
Real Numbers (ℝ): the set of Q ∪ Q

Complex Numbers (ℂ): any number that can be expressed in the form a+ib (includes the
set of real numbers)
 Examples:
1. Write as a complex number:
a) -36 b) -17 c) -12

2. Evaluate/simplify:
i8
( 7i )
2
a) b) i3 c)
i4

d) ( 5 + 3i ) - ( 2 - 4i ) e) ( 2 + 3i ) + ( -7 - 5i )

3. Solve and check for 3a only:

a) x 2 - 6x +13 = 0

b) x 2 + x +1= 0

4. For a given value of k the product of the solutions of x 2 - 3kx + 2k 2 -1= 0 is 7. Are the
roots rational, irrational, or imaginary?
 Simplifying Quotients of Complex Numbers

Case 1: Dividing by “ di” a+ bi i

To simplify ,multiply by
Ex. Simplify or rationalize the denominator: di i
7 2 - 3i 3 + 5i
a) b) c)
i −4i i3

a+ bi
To simplify ,multiply by the
Case 2: Dividing by “ c+di” c+ di
c-di
Ex. Simplify: conjugate of denominator
c-di
3 + 2i 2 + 5i
a) b)
1− 2i 6 − 3i

Practice- Complex Numbers

Simplify the imaginary numbers. (No exponents!)
1) i23 2) i113

Simplify. Write your final answer in standard form.

5) ( -9 - i ) - ( -2 - 3i ) 6) ( 8 + 3i ) - (10 + i)

7) ( -6 - 10i ) - ( -4 - i) 8 ) ( -10 - 10i ) + (-4 - 10i)

Simplify.

9) (8 − 2𝑖𝑖)(5 + 2𝑖𝑖) 10) (7 + 𝑖𝑖)(−4 + 3𝑖𝑖 )

11) (−3 + 7𝑖𝑖 )(6 + 5𝑖𝑖 ) 12) (−8 + 8𝑖𝑖)(−5 + 8𝑖𝑖 )

Find the discriminant of each quadratic equation then state the number and type of solutions.
19) - 5p2 - 7 p + 11= 5 20) 3p2 - 4p - 7 = -7

Solve each equation by taking square roots

23) x 2 +6 = 3 24) - 3k 2 = 162

Solve each equation with the quadratic formula.

25) k 2 = - 8k + 14 26) 3n2 + n = -11

27)12k 2 - 20 = 4k 28) 4p2 - 78 = 11p

Graph each number in the complex plane.

29) -4 + 3i 30) 1 – i
Identify each complex number graphed.
31) 32)
 Problem Solving By Finding the Zeros of a Function

1. The sum of the squares of two consecutive even numbers is 452. Find the numbers.
−14 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 16 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 14 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 16]

2. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 15 cm. The sum of the other two sides is 21 cm. Find
the lengths of the other two sides. [9 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 12 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐]

3. A playground, which measures 60 m by 40 m, is to be doubled in area by adding a strip

at one end and a strip of the same width along one side. Find the width of the strips.
[20 𝑚𝑚]

4. A jet flew from New York to Los Angles, a distance of 4200 km. On the return trip, the
speed was increased by 100 km/h. If the total trip took 13 hours, what was the speed from
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
New York to Los Angles? �600 �
ℎ

Trip Distance Speed time

New York to Los
Angles

Los Angles to
New York

Total
 Warm Up- Quadratic Equation Word Problems

1. Harlan has been a 32-cm by 18-cm rectangular sheet of construction paper and wants to cut
out square pieces from each of the corners in order to fold the paper into a box. The base of
the box must have an area of 176 cm2 . What are the dimensions of the Harlan must cut out
of the corners to make this box?[Ans: 5 cm]

2. A garden is to be planted around the edges of a 15-m by 25-m tract of land such that the
width of the garden is equal on all sides of the property, and the area of the garden is equal
to the area of the property. Find the width of garden , around to the nearest tenth of a meter
if necessary.[Ans: 3.9 m]
 Quadratic Word Problems

Ex. 1. The path of a stone thrown into a river from a cliff is modeled by the quadratic relation
y = − x 2 + 5 x + 84 , where x represents the distance, in meters, travelled horizontally and y
represents the height, in meters, above the surface of the river.

a) How far does the stone travel horizontally before it hits the water? [12 𝑚𝑚]

b) How high is the cliff? [84 𝑚𝑚]

Ex. 2. A rocket is launched upward at an initial speed of 49 m/s, from a height of 1.5 m above
the ground. The height of the rocket, h, in meters, after t seconds, is modelled by the
equation: h = −4.9t 2 + 49t + 1.5 .

a) Over what time interval is the height of the rocket greater than 100 m above the ground?
Round final answer to 2 decimal places. [4.42 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠]

b) When does the rocket land? Round final answer to 2 decimal places. [10.03 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠]

Ex. 3. The product of two consecutive even numbers is 5624. What are the numbers?
[74 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 76 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 76 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 74]

Ex. 4. One leg (side) of a right triangle is 1 cm longer than the other leg. The length of the
hypotenuse is 9 cm longer than that of the shorter leg. Find the lengths of the three sides.
[20 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 21 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 29 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐]
 Exercise
PART B

1. The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd integers is 290. Find the integers.

2. Find two integers whose sum is 96 and whose product is 1728.

3. Find three consecutive odd integers such that the sum of the squares of the first two is 15
less than the square of the third.

4. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is 6.41. What is the number?

5. A rectangular solar-heat collecting panel is 2.5 m longer than it is wide. If its area is 21 rn2,
what are its dimensions?

6. A right triangle has a perimeter of 3 m. Its hypotenuse is 130 cm. What are the lengths of
the other sides?

7. A rectangular box is 20 cm high and twice as long as it is wide. If it has a surface area of
1600 cm2, what is its volume?

8. A rectangular nuclear-waste holding facility is 100 m long and 70 m wide. A safety zone,
of a uniform strip of more than 20 m in width must be constructed around the facility as
shown.

Determine the width of the strip of land to the nearest meter, if the area of the facility and
the strip is 90 000 m2.

9. What is the length of the diagonal of a square with area 40 cm2?

10. A matte of uniform width is to be placed around a painting so that the area of the
matted surface is twice the area of the picture. If the outside dimensions of the matte are
to be 20 cm by 30 cm, find the width of the matte.

11. A television screen is 40 cm high and 60 cm wide. The picture is compressed to 62.5% of its
original area, leaving a uniform dark strip around the outside. What are the dimensions of
the reduced picture?
 12. If the average speed of a light plane had been 40 km/h less, the plane would have taken
one hour longer to fly 1200 km. What was the speed of the plane?

13. The stopping distance d, in meters, of a car travelling at a velocity of v km/h is given by
the formula d = 0.007v2 + 0.015v.How fast, to the nearest whole number is a car travelling
if it takes,30 m to stop?

14. A number of students charter a bus to go to a school football game at a total cost of $80.
Eight of the students are ill and cannot go. Each of the remaining students then has to
pay an extra 50¢. How many students go on the bus?

PART C
15. Show that it is impossible to form a 20 cm length of wire into a rectangle with area 30 cm2.

16. It took a crew 80 min to row 3 km upstream and back again. If the rate of flow of the
stream was 3 km/h, what was the rowing rate of the crew?

17. Express y in terms of x for the relation 4x2 -4xy + y2 - 2x + y - 6 = 0.

Answer
9. 4 5 cm
1. 11, 13 or -11, -13

2. 24, 72 10. 5 cm

3. 3, 5, 7 or 1, 3, 5 11. 50 cm by 30 cm

4. 6.25 or 0.16 12. 240 km/h

5. 3.5 m by 6.0 m 13. 64 km/h

6. 120 cm and 50 cm 14. 32

7. 4000 cm3 16. 6 km/h

8. 108 m 17. y= 2x-3 or y=2y + 2

 Radical Equations
Equations such as:
√𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 3
√𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 5
√𝑥𝑥 + 2 = √2𝑥𝑥 − 5 + √𝑥𝑥

are called radical equations because the variable occurs under a radical sign. We rationalize
the radical variable before continuing to solve the equation.
Ex. 1: Solve the following equations and check your solution.
a) √𝑥𝑥 = 2 b) √𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0 c) √𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0

Notice the solution to the equation in c) does not satisfy the equation. We can conclude that
the equation has no roots. We say the value is extraneous. Extraneous values occur because
squaring both sides of an equation is not a reversible step. Therefore, the solutions to all radical
equations must be verified.
Ex. 2: Solve.
a) √𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 5 b) √𝑥𝑥 + 2 = √2𝑥𝑥 − 5
Ex. 3: Solve √𝑥𝑥 + 7 − 1 = √𝑥𝑥.

Practice: Solve the following.

a) �𝑦𝑦 − 1 = 1 b) 3 − √𝑥𝑥 = 5

c) √𝑥𝑥 + 3 − 5 = 0 d) √2𝑥𝑥 + 3 = √3𝑥𝑥

e) √𝑎𝑎 + √𝑎𝑎 + 5 = 1 f) √𝑥𝑥 − 4 = √𝑥𝑥 + 11 − 3

Practice: Solving Radical Equations Worksheet

1. Solve for x. 2. Solve for y.

15 9 x y 8 5 7

3. Solve for z. 4. Solve for w.

3z 4 5 5w 3 4w 5

5. Solve for p. 6. Solve for m.

p 16 4 p m 1 5 m 2

7. Solve for n. 8. Solve for r.

10 − 13r =−
r 4
3n 10 n 4

9. Solve for k. 10. Solve for h.

k 9 k 1 2h 5 1 h 3

Answers:
1. x=36 2. y=12 3. z=7 4. w=2 5. p=9
6. M=10 7. n=-2 or n=-3 8. No solution 9. k=25 10. h=3
MPM2DZ Name: ___________________________________

Formative Quiz: Quadratic Equations and Radical Equations

Knowledge & Understanding:
1. Simplify fully:
−12√3
(a) 3√2
 (b) 7√45 + 4√196 − 6√175  (c) (3√8 − 2√50)2 

2√7−4√3 3 2
(d) 3√7+√3
 (e) 2+√5
− 
√5

2. Express as a simplified complex number:

(a) 𝑖𝑖 75  (b) √−12  (c) 3𝑖𝑖 (2 + 3𝑖𝑖 ) − 2(4 − 3𝑖𝑖)2 

3. Solve by completing the square 2𝑛𝑛2 − 12𝑛𝑛 + 3 = 0: 

Application:
4. Solve for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑅𝑅:
(a) −2(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + 16 = 0  (b) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 = 15  (c) 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0 
5. Solve by the most efficient method for 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝐶𝐶:
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 −1
(a) 2𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1  (b) 𝑥𝑥(10 − 𝑥𝑥) = 40  (c) 2
−2= 8


6. Determine a quadratic equation in standard form with roots: 2 ± √5 

7. Solve the radical equation: √2𝑥𝑥 2 − 7 = 3 − 𝑥𝑥 .

Thinking:
8. Solve for x ∈ 𝐶𝐶: 6𝑥𝑥 3 + 20𝑥𝑥 2 = 16𝑥𝑥 

9. For what values of k, does 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 + 1 = 0 have noreal roots? 

10. A rectangle has a perimeter of 46 cm and an area of 120 cm2. Find the approximate dimension of the rectangle
to 1 decimal place value. 

Communication:
11. Explain what is meant by the “Nature of Roots” for a quadratic equation. 

Mathematical conventions, form and organization. 

 Unit 2 Review

1. Simplify each of the following:

a) 50 b) -18 c) 5(-3i)2
4
d) 75 - 45 + 12 e) f) ( 4 – i )2 ( 5 + 2i )
-6
3 - 2i 2 2
g) h) i) i2015 –i416+1
3+ 4i 5+ 3
2. Determine the number of real roots for each equation without solving the equation.
a) 2x 2 + 2 2 x +1 = 0                      b) ix 2 – 5x + 9i = 0                  
c) 3 2x 2 + 2 2x – 1 = 0                   d)  i 2x 2 + 3ix - i = 0

3. Solve for x ∈  , using the most efficient and appropriate method. Give exact answers only.

a) 2x2 – 7x = 4 b) x2 = 6x + 40
c) 3x2 + 4x - 1 = 0 d) x2 - 6x + 13 = 0
e) 2 (x - 4) = (x + 1)(3x + 7) f) 2x - 3 + 3 = x
g) x + x - 2 = 4 h) 40 - 9x - 2 7 - x = -x
i) x + x +11 + x - x +11 = 4 (Challenging)
4. For what value(s) of k will the equation x2 - 3kx + (k2 + 5) = 0 have:
a) one real root b) two real roots c) no real roots

5. A rectangular field has a perimeter of 500 m and an area of 14400 m2. Find the lengths of the
sides.

6. If z = a + bi is a complex number, it's conjugate is given by z = a - bi , where z is read as

"z-conjugate". Find the values of a and b for which z + z = 10 and z - z = 14i.

7. What is the positive difference of roots of the equation x2-7x-9=0?

8. What is the sum of roots of the equation ( x 2 - 3x ) - ( 3x 2 - 9x ) = 4 ?
2

9. Simplify 53 - 8 15 .
10. Suppose x 1 and x 2 are roots of x2+3x+m=0. What value of m will result in roots that differ by
6?
11. Suppose that the roots of the equation x 2 - kx - k = 0 are such that x 1 4 + x 2 4 = -8k. Determine
the value(s) of k.

12. The height of a right angled triangle is 10 less than the base. If the hypotenuse is 50 cm, what
are the dimensions of the triangle.

13. For what value(s) of k will the line y= - x+k touches the graph of y = 2x 2 - 5x +1 at one point?
14. A lidless box is constructed from a square piece of tin by cutting a 10 cm square from each
corner and bending up the sides for the box. If the volume of the box is 72 cm3, find the
dimensions to the nearest tenth of a centimeter.

15. Three consecutive even integers are such that the product of the first two is 6 less than 9 times
the third. Find the integers.

16. A rectangle is 24 cm long and 16 cm wide. When each dimension is increased by the same
amount, the area is doubled. What are the new dimensions?

17. A plain mat is placed around a picture measuring 28 cm by 36 cm so that the width of the mat
is equal on all sides. The area of the mat is half of the area of the picture. Find the width of the
mat, to the nearest millimetre.

18.A window is in the shape of a rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. The height of the rectangle
is 0.4 m more than the width. The total area of the window is 10.4 m2. Find the width and
height of the window, to the nearest hundredth.

19. Is it possible to write two real numbers whose sum is 4 and whose product is 5? Explain.

20. Is it possible to form a 20 c m length of wire into a rectangle with area 30 cm2 ? Explain.

1 1
21. Find z4 + 4
, given that z > 0 and z + = 4 .
z z
Unit 3: Quadratic Functions
 Linear vs. None-Linear Relations
Sometimes a curve of best fit is a more appropriate model for data than a line of best fit.
This is true when the data points seem to fit a recognizable patter that is not a straight
line. In such a case, try to draw a smooth curve that passes through as many of data
points as possible.
Example: Complete the following table for the relation y = 2x + 1:

x y 1st Diff.
0
1
2
3
4
Conclusion: For constant increments of the independent variable, a relation is __________
if the _______________________ of the dependent variable ____________________.

Example: Complete the following table for the relation y = x2 + 2:

x y 1st Diff. 2nd Diff.

0
2
4
6
8

Conclusion: For constant increments of the independent variable, a relation is

________________if the _____________________of the dependent variable ________________.

A linear relation models a situation where the rate of change is constant.

A nonlinear relation models a situation with a variable rate of change.

The degree of a polynomial with one-variable is the highest exponent that

appears in any term of the expanded form of the polynomial.

A one-variable polynomial of degree 2 models a quadratic relation.

2𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

The a-value has the relation 𝑎𝑎 =
2
 The Parabola
1. Graph y = x 2 on the grid provided.
a) Method ① table of values b) Method ② step pattern

Equation y = x2
The Table of Values
x y = x2
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Fill in the following information
about the parabola:

What is the What is the What's the "step pattern" of Over 1 Up___
vertex? direction of the parabola? (How do you
the opening? move from point to point, Over 1 Up ___
starting from the vertex? And
it doesn't matter if you go to
the right or left) Over 1 Up ___

Since all parabolas have their "over" steps the same, we usually refer to these three
numbers as the Step Pattern of the parabola .So, the Step Pattern of this parabola is
_____________________.

If graphing y = a ( x - h) +k and the value of "a" ≠ 1 , ______________________

2

________________________________________________________________________.
2. Important terms

Axis of Symmetry – A vertical line of symmetry for the parabola

Zeros – The values of x where the parabola hits the x-axis
Vertex – The highest/lowest point on the parabola
y-intercept – The point where the parabola hits the y-axis
Optimal value – The highest/lowest value of y that the parabola takes
Domain – All values of x where the quadratic has a value for y
Range – All values of y that the quadratic takes.

3. In the graph below label the following

• axis of symmetry
• zeros
• vertex
• y - intercept
• optimal value

D ={ }
R ={ }
 Example: For the following parabolas, fill in the table which follows.

Parabola Graph

Vertex

Optimal Value

Maximum/minimu

Axis of Symmetry

Zeroes

Direction Opening

y – intercept

Challenge Problem: Find the equation of the parabola in the image above in
1 1
factored form and in standard form. �𝑦𝑦 = − 5 (𝑥𝑥 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 − 9), 𝑦𝑦 = − 5 (𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 + 5�

Example: Using a table of values, graph the following parabola on the grid provided
and fill in the blanks.
𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 5
x y Vertex:____________
-2
-1 Optimal Value:_____
0 Max/Min Point:________
1
2 Axis of Symmetry:________
3 Zeros:___________________
4
5 Direction of opening:_______
6 Y-intercept:___________
Warm-up: Quadratic Relations, Degree of a function, Key Properties of a Parabola

1. Determine the degree of each function and determine which function has a graph
that is a parabola.
a) y = 2x – 4 _____________________________________
b) y = x(x -1) _____________________________________
c) y = x - 2x + 1
3 2 _____________________________________

2. State the y-intercept of the graph and state whether the graph opens upward or
downward.
a) y= x2 -4x+ 5 ______________________________________
b) y = -x(x +4) ______________________________________

3. Determine if the relation is quadratic and whether the graph opens upward or
downward.
a) b)
x y x -2 -1 0 1 2
1 0 y 7 6 5 4 3
2 3
3 8
4 15

4. Graph y = x2 - 4x using a table of values to determine:

a) the equation of the axis of symmetry _______________________
b) the coordinates of the vertex _______________________
c) the y-intercept _______________________
d) the zeros _______________________
e) the optimal value _______________________

x y
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
 The Domain and Range of A Function

Recall:

Relation: A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

Function: is a relation in which there is one and only one dependent value (output) for
each independent value (input).

An alternative definition: A function is a relation in which no two ordered pairs have the
same first coordinate.
Ways of Representing Functions

1. TABLE OF VALUES 2. COORDINATES in a SET

x y
f = {(−2,1), (0,1), (3,1), (4,1), (7,1)}
2 5

5 7

6 5

3. GRAPH 4. MAPPING (Bubble Diagrams)

Domain Range

-2 0
4 1

8 5

5.

a) EQUATION b) Function Notation

y = x2 – 5 f(x) = x2 - 5
Vertical Line Test
On a graph, the idea of single valued means that no vertical line ever crosses more
than one value. If it crosses more than once it is still a valid curve, but is not a function.

Domain: The domain is the set of all the independent values or inputs(x).
Range : The range is the set of all the dependent values or outputs (y).

Examples: In each case below, f represents a relation. State the domain and range of
f.
D = { __________________ }
a) f =
{(−2, 4), (−1,1), (0, 0), (1,1), (2, 4)}
R = { __________________ }
b) c)

D = { __________________ } D = { __________________ }
R = { __________________ } R = { __________________ }

d) e)

D = { __________________ } D = { __________________ }
R = { __________________ } R = { __________________ }
f) g)

D = { __________________ } D = { __________________ }
R = { __________________ } R = { __________________ }
h) i)

D = { __________________ } D = { __________________ }
R = { __________________ } R = { __________________ }

j) k)

D = { __________________ } D = { __________________ }
R = { __________________ } R = { __________________ }
 Warm Up: Domain and Range

1. State the domain and range for the relations with the following graphs:

a) b) c)

Domain: __________________ Domain: __________________ Domain:_________________

Range: ___________________ Range: ___________________ Range___________________

2. State the domain and range for the relations with the following equations:

a) 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 4 b) 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥 c) (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 3)2 = 25

Domain: __________________ Domain: __________________ Domain: _________________

Range: ___________________ Range: ___________________ Range: ___________________

 Investigating Transformations: Graphing y=a(x-h)2+k
What is the effect of varying k?
INSTRUCTIONS:
• Use your graphing calculator to graph the pairs of quadratic relations below
• Sketch and label each graph using a different colour.

Equations Equations
y = x2 y= x 2 + 3 y =x 2
y= x 2 − 6
Vertex(____,_____) Vertex(____,_____) Vertex(____,_____) Vertex(____,_____)

Difference : Difference :

CONCLUSION:
• When we graph the quadratic relation, y = x2 +k , the vertex of the parabola has coordinates

__________________.

• When 'k' is positive, the graph of y = x2 is _____________ translated __________‘|k|’units.

• When 'k' is negative, the graph of y = x2 is _____________ translated _________‘|k|’units

Ex) State the equations of the graphs below:

y y
y

10 4

2
8

x 2
6
-4 -2 2 4

4
-2 x
-4 -2 2 4
2

x -4
-4 -2 2 4 -2
 Investigating Transformations: Graphing y=a(x-h)2+k
What is the effect of varying h?
INSTRUCTIONS:
• Use your graphing calculator to graph the pairs of quadratic relations below
• Sketch and label each graph using a different colour
• State the vertex of each parabola
• State the difference between the graphs in each pair

Equations Equations
y =x ( x − 5) y =x ( x + 3)
2
y=
2 2
y=
2

Vertex(____,_____) Vertex(____,_____) Vertex(____,_____) Vertex(____,_____)

Difference : Difference :

CONCLUSION:
When we graph the quadratic relation, y = ( x - h) the vertex of the parabola has coordinates
2
•
__________________.
• When 'h' is positive, the graph of y = x2 is ___________ translated to the _______‘|h|’units.
• When 'h' is negative, the graph of y = x2 is __________ translated to the ______‘|h|’units

Ex) State the equations of the graphs below:

y y
y

2 2 2

x
x x
-6 -4 -2
2 4 6 2 4
GRAPH:

Without the calculator, sketch the graphs on the same axes to the right. State the
vertex of each graph.
y
a) y = x2 + 1
b) y = x2 - 5 2

x
-4 -2 2 4

-2

-4

GRAPH:

Without the calculator, sketch the graphs on the same axes to the right. State the
vertex of each graph.
y

a) y = ( x - 4 )
2

b) y = ( x +6 )
2
4

-6 -4 -2 2 4

Challenge:

Putting it all together: Graph 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 − 5 on the grid below.

 WARM UP: GRAPHING QUADRATIC RELATIONS WITH
TRANSLATIONS

Graph the following quadratic relations. List the transformations to the graph of
y = x2 that you applied. State the coordinates of the vertex, the axis of symmetry,
x-intercept(s), y-intercept, the domain and the range.

a) y = x 2 - 4 b) y = (x + 4)2 + 2

Transformations: Transformations:

1.________________________________ 1.________________________________

2.________________________________

Vertex =________________ Vertex =________________

Axis of Symmetry: ________________ Axis of Symmetry: _______________
x-intercepts: ________________ x-intercepts: ________________
Domain: ________________ Domain: ________________
Range: ________________ Range: ________________
 Graphing Quadratic Functions by Hand
Example: Without using the graphing calculator, graph the following quadratic functions.
List the transformations to the graph of y = x2 that you made. State the coordinates of the
vertex, the axis of symmetry and any x-intercepts.
a) y = x 2 - 7 b) y = (x + 5)2 + 4

Vertex =__________ x-intercepts:___________ Vertex =__________ x-intercepts:___________

Axis of Symmetry: ________________ Axis of Symmetry: ________________

Transformations: Transformations:

__________________________________________ __________________________________________

__________________________________________ __________________________________________

__________________________________________ __________________________________________

2. Determine the relation of the following parabolas.

 Investigating Transformations: Graphing y=a(x-h)2+k
What is the effect of varying a?

INSTRUCTIONS:
• Use your graphing calculator to graph the pairs of quadratic relations below
• Sketch and label each graph using a different colour
• State the difference between the graphs in each pair
1) 2)
Equations Equations
y =x 2
y = −x 2
y =x 2
y = 2x2

Difference : Difference :

3) 4)
Equations Equations
y =x 2
1 y =x 2
y = −3 x 2
y = x2
3

Difference : Difference :
 Transformations of Quadratic Relations Summary
If |a| >1  vertical stretch/expansion by a factor of |a|

If 0< |a| <1  vertical compression by a factor of |a|

If a < 0  reflection in the x-axis

y = a (x - h) + k 2
If h> 0, If k > 0,
 horizontal translation |h|  vertical translation |k| units up
units to the right
If k < 0,
If h< 0,  vertical translation |k| units down
 horizontal translation |h| units to the
left

GRAPHING TRANSFORMATIONS
Graph the following quadratic relations with the step property.

1
a) 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 + 1 b) 𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 + 5
2
 Graphing y = a ( x - h ) + k
2

Putting it All Together!

Without using the graphic calculator graph the following quadratic functions. List the
transformations to the graph of y = x2 that you- made. State the coordinates of the vertex,
the axis of symmetry, and any intercepts.
𝑎𝑎) 𝑦𝑦 = 2(𝑥𝑥 + 5)2 + 4 𝑏𝑏) 𝑦𝑦 = −4(𝑥𝑥 + 3)2

1 1
c) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 8 𝑑𝑑) 𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 + 10
4 2
 Warm Up: Graphing Quadratic Relations

Graph the following quadratic relations. List the transformations to the graph of y = x2 that
was applied. State the coordinates of the vertex, the axis of symmetry, x-intercept(s), y-
intercept, the domain and the range.

a) 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 – 4 b) 𝑦𝑦 = −(𝑥𝑥 + 5)2

Transformations:______________________ Transformations:______________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________

Vertex = _____________ Vertex = _____________

Axis of Symmetry________________ Axis of Symmetry________________

x-intercepts _____________________ x-intercepts _____________________

Domain _____________________________ Domain _____________________________

Range ______________________________ Range ______________________________

 1
c) 𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 d) 𝑦𝑦 = −4(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 + 4
2

Transformations:______________________ Transformations:______________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
_____________________________________ _____________________________________

Vertex = _____________ Vertex = _____________

Axis of Symmetry________________ Axis of Symmetry________________
x-intercepts _____________________ x-intercepts _____________________
Domain _____________________________ Domain _____________________________
Range ______________________________ Range ______________________________
 The Factored Form of a Quadratic Function

A quadratic relation in the form y = a ( x − r )( x − s ) , is said to be in factored form.

The zeros are 𝑥𝑥 =______ and 𝑥𝑥 =______.

The axis of symmetry can be determined by using the formula _____________.

The axis of symmetry is also the _____________________ of the vertex.

A quadratic function can be written in 3 ways:

Quadratic Function Zeros Vertex Axis of sym.

Form
standard y= a x 2 + bx + c

vertex y = a ( x − h) 2 + k

factored y = a ( x − r )( x − s )

1
Example 1. For the quadratic relation y = ( x - 5 )( x + 3 ) :
2
a) state the zeros b) determine the axis of symmetry

c) determine the vertex d) determine the y-intercept

e) Sketch the graph

Example 2. Sketch the graph of y = −( x − 1)( x − 6) .

Example 3.
Determine the equation of the quadratic relation, in factored form, which has:
a) zeros of -2 and 4 and a y-intercept of -3.

b) x-intercepts of 2 and 7 and a minimum value of -5.

 Writing Equations of Parabolas

Find the equation of the quadratics

1. In vertex form with a vertex of (-2,3) 2. In standard form with zeros -3 and 1
and passing through the point (-1,6) and passing through the point (-1,-7).

[𝑦𝑦 = 3(𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + 3] Hint: Start with the factored form first!

7 7 21
�𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − �
4 2 4
3. In standard form with a vertex of (-4, 1) 4. In vertex form with a maximum at (4,-2)
and y intercept of -5. and congruent to y = 2 x2.

Hint: Start with the vertex form first! [𝑦𝑦 = −2(𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 − 2]
3
�𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 5�
8

Writing Quadratic Relations from Graph

g) h)

Factored Form: Factored Form:

Standard Form: Standard Form:

vertex Form: vertex Form:

 Using a Formula to Determine the Vertex of a Quadratic Relation

A formula can be derived to find the vertex of a quadratic relation given in standard
form, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐. Complete the square on the standard form of a quadratic
relation to derive the formula.

Steps Equation: 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒂𝒂𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 + 𝒄𝒄

Remove the quadratic coefficient as a
common factor from the first TWO
terms.
Add and subtract the square of half
the linear coefficient inside the
brackets.
Remove the last term from inside the
brackets and combine with the
constant term. Don’t forget to multiply
by the quadratic coefficient!
Factor the expression in the brackets as
a perfect square trinomial.

The General Formula to Determine the Vertex

In general, the x-coordinate of the vertex of a quadratic relation, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐,

where 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0, can be found by using the formula ___________________. The y-coordinate

can then be found by substituting the x-coordinate into the original equation. This method
will give you the coordinates of the vertex.

Example 1. Determine the vertex of the following quadratic relations

1 3
a) y = −2 x 2 + 4 x + 5 b) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − c) 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 15
2 2
Example 2. A ball is thrown from the top of a building. Its height, ℎ, in metres, after 𝑡𝑡
seconds is ℎ = −5𝑡𝑡 2 + 8𝑡𝑡 + 10. Determine the maximum height the ball and when it
occurs.

Example 3. The profit on the school drama production is modelled by the quadratic
function, 𝑃𝑃 = −60𝑥𝑥 2 + 790𝑥𝑥 − 1000, where 𝑃𝑃 is the profit in dollars and 𝑥𝑥 is the price of
the ticket, also in dollars.

a) Determine the break-even price (the price where there is no profit or loss) for
the tickets.

b) At what price should the drama department set the tickets to maximize their
profit? What is the maximum profit?
 Completing the Square Practice

1. Write in the form y = a(x -h)2 + k:

a) y=x2 -6x+8 b) y =x2 + 10x + 14
c) y = 2x + 4x + 7
2 d) y = -2x2 + 4x -I- 5
e) y = 3x2 - 24x + 40 f) y = -5x2 - 20x – 30

1. Sketch the graphs of the parabolas in Exercise 1.

2. Sketch each parabola showing:
i. coordinates of the vertex;
ii. equation of axis of symmetry;
iii. coordinates of two other points on the graph.
a) y = x2- 6x + 10 b) y=2x2+ 8x+ 7
c) y = -x2 + 10x – 13 d) r = 3t2 -6t + 8
e) m = -4n2 - 24n – 20 f) m = - 2v2- 16v – 35

3. Sketch each parabola showing:

i. coordinates of the vertex;
ii. equation of axis of symmetry;
iii. coordinates of two other points on the graph.
a) y = -½x2 - 2x + 7 b) r = 4t2 + 12t - 5
c) k =-2j2 + 14j - 12 d) y = 3x2 - 4x- 6
e) u = -4v2 + 10v – 7

12. Find the equation of the parabola:

a) with vertex (-2, 0), y-intercept 4;
b) with vertex (5, 0), y-intercept 25;
c) with x-intercept -6, y-intercept 36, axis of symmetry x + 6 = 0.

13. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (0, 0) which passes through:

a) (2, 16) b) (3, -18) c) (2, 6) d) (-3, 15)

e) (2/3 ,-2/3) f( 4,12) g( 5/2 ,5) h( ½ , - ½)

14. Write the equation of the parabola:

a) with vertex (-3, 4), y-intercept -5;
b) with vertex (2, -2), x-intercepts 1 and 3;
c) with vertex (4, -4), that opens up, and is congruent to y = ½ x2.

15. Sketch each parabola showing:

i. coordinates of the vertex;
ii. equation of axis of symmetry;
iii. coordinates of two other points on the graph.
a) y = x2 - 6x + 5 b) w = 2z2 - 8z- 5
c) v = ½t2+ 10t+21 d) p = -3q2+ 18q -20
 Partial Factoring
Recall: If 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 can be factored into 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑟𝑟)(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠), then this equation can
be used to determine the vertex form of the quadratic relation. What if the relation cannot
be factored?

Another strategy is Partial Factoring.

PARTIAL FACTORING: If 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 cannot be factored use the following steps to
determine the vertex form of the quadratic relation:

1. Express the relation in the partially factored form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) + 𝑐𝑐

2. Set 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐 or 𝑥𝑥 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏) = 0 and solve for 𝑥𝑥 to determine two points on the parabola
that are the same distance from the axis of symmetry. Both of these points will have
a 𝑦𝑦-coordinate of 𝑐𝑐.
3. Calculate the axis of symmetry, 𝑥𝑥 = ℎ, by calculating the mean of the 𝑥𝑥-coordinates.
4. Substitute the ℎ-value into 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 to determine the 𝑦𝑦-coordinate of the
vertex. This gives you 𝑘𝑘.
5. Substitute the values of 𝑎𝑎, ℎ and 𝑘𝑘 into 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ )2 + 𝑘𝑘.

Example 1. Determine the maximum value of the quadratic relation y = −3 x 2 + 12 x + 29,

using partial factoring and express the relation in vertex form.

Example 2. Use partial factoring to determine the vertex of the relation y =

−5 x 2 + 40 x + 2,
and sketch a graph.
 Quadratic Regression
4. A farming cooperative collected data showing the effect of different amounts
of fertilizer, x, in hundreds of kilograms per hectare (kg/ha), on the yield of
carrots, y in tones (t).
a) Given the data in the table, predict the maximum yield of carrots.

Fertilizer, x (kg/ha) 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00

Yield, y (t) 0.16 0.46 0.63 0.91 0.96 1.08 1.05 0.88 0.78

b) Enter the data into a graphing calculator and use quadratic regression to
estimate y as a function of x.

c) How much fertilizer would you recommend the farmers use? Explain.

3. Selecting a strategy to determine a quadratic model

This table shows the number of imported cars that were sold in Newfoundland between 2003
and 2007.

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Sales of Imported Cars 3996 3906 3762 3788 4151

a) Create a scatter Plot, and draw a

quadratic curve of good fit. Sales of Imported Cars Starting from
2003
b) Determine an algebraic equation in
4200
vertex form to model this relation. 4150
4100
c) Use your model to predict how many 4050
imported cars were sold in 2008. 4000
[~4520] 3950
3900
3850
d) What does your model predict for 3800
2006? Is this prediction accurate? 3750
Explain. [~3860] 3700
0 1 2 3 4 5

e) Check the accuracy of your model using a quadratic regression.

Your calculator should read
y=ax2+bx+c
a=76.85714 b=-288.228 c=4035.91
 Quadratic Inequalities

Quadratic inequalities can be solved graphically and algebraically. Since we know

how to graph quadratic relations, we can solve quadratic inequalities graphically.

Solve the following inequalities by finding the zeros and graphing the relation.

a) −2(𝑥𝑥 − 4)2 + 8 < 0 b ) 0 ≥ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 8

c) 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 ≥ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 6 d) – 𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 9 ≤ 0

Inequalities can be solved without the use of a graph. To do this, you need to use the
factored form.

Solve 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 15 ≥ 0 Solve −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 + 7 ≥ 0

Solving Quadratic Inequalities Worksheet

1. Solve the following quadratic inequalities graphically and state the solution in set
notation.

𝑎𝑎) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 20 ≤ 0 𝑏𝑏) − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 54 > 0

𝑐𝑐) 𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 13 < 0 𝑑𝑑) 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 30 ≥ 0

2. Solve the following quadratic inequalities and state the solution in interval notation.

a) − 3x 2 + 6 x + 9 ≥ 0 b) 2 x 2 + 9 x − 5 > 0

c) 9 x 2 + 31x ≥ −12   d ) 5 − 2 x 2 > −3 x

 Quadratics Warm-Up!!!
1. Without using the graphing calculator graph the following quadratic functions. List
the transformations to the graph of y = x2 that you made. State the coordinates of
the vertex for each graph.
1
a) y = -2 ( x + 4 ) + 9
2
b) y = x 2 - 8
4

Transformations: Transformations:
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

2b. Find two points that lie on the parabola

2a. Does the point (-2,-4) lie on the parabola
with equation y = -2 ( x + 3 ) - 3?
2

with equation y = -2 ( x + 3 ) - 3?
2

3. Find the equation of a parabola with

vertex (-1,3) that passes through (-2,-5).
Note: Always use the general vertex form of the equation y = a(x -h)2 + k where the vertex of
the parabola is (h, k)

4. Write the relation for a parabola that satisfies each condition.

a) vertex at (0, 3); opens downward; the same shape as y = x2

b) vertex at (-2, 5); opens upward; narrower than y = x2

c) vertex at (1, -4); opens downward; wider than y = x2

d) The graph of y = x2 is stretched vertically by a factor of 3, then translated 5 units right.

1
e) The graph of y =x2 is compressed vertically by a factor of ,then translated 5 units
2
down.

f) The graph of y = x2 is reflected about the x-axis, stretched vertically by a factor of 3,

then translated 2 units left and 7 units up.

5. Find the equation of a parabola with a stretch factor of 3 and a vertex of (-2, 6).

6. a) Find the equation of a parabola with a vertex of (-4, -2) and passes through (-2, -6).

b) Does point (-3, -4) lie on this parabola? Justify your reasoning.
 Maximum and Minimum Word Problems

1. Understand the question and identify variables

2. Draw a well labeled diagram

3. Construct an equation, Q, for the quantity to be maximized/minimized

4. Express Q in terms of one variable only (if there are 2 variables, look for information to create a
second equation used to reduce variables)

5. Express the equation in vertex form to find maximum/minimum

Note: Profit = Revenue – Cost

Number Type:
Find two numbers whose sum is 32 and whose product is a maximum. [16 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 16]

Revenue/Profit Type:
The cost of a ticket to a hockey area seating 800 people is $3.00. At this price every ticket is sold.
A survey indicates that if the price is increased, attendance will fall by 100 for every dollar of
increase. What ticket price results in the greatest revenue? What is the greatest revenue?
[$5.50, $3025]

Projectile Type:
A ball is thrown into the air from an apartment balcony. The height, h metres, of the ball relative to
the ground after t seconds is given by the equation: h(t)= -5t2 + 20t + 25 .
a) Find the maximum height of the ball above the ground. [45 𝑚𝑚]
b) When did the ball reach the maximum height?[𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠]
c) How high is the balcony above the ground? [25 𝑚𝑚]

Area Type:
A gardener wants to enclose a rectangular vegetable garden with 60 m of fencing.
a) What are the dimensions that will maximize the area? [15𝑥𝑥15]
b) What is the maximum area? [225]
 Worksheet # 1: Maximum & Minimum problems

1. A ball is kicked from the ground into the air. The height of the ball, h, in metres, after t seconds is
modelled by h= 30t -5t2. How long is the ball in the air? [Answer: 6 s]

2. A ball is kicked from the ground into the air. The height of the ball h, in metres, after t seconds is
modelled by h = 30t- 5t2. Find the greatest height the ball reaches. [Answer: 45 m]

3. An object is thrown upward with an initial velocity of v m/s from an initial height of c metres. The
height reached by the object, in metres, after t seconds can be modelled by h = -5t2 + vt + c. What
is the initial velocity of the object if it reaches its maximum height after 4 s? [Answer: 40m/s]

4. The distance a car travels when it skids is modelled by d= 250 + 50t – 4t2, where d is the length of the
skid in metres and t is the time in seconds needed for the car to stop. How long does it take the car
to stop? [Answer: 6.25 s]

5. A campground charges $20.00 to camp for one night. They average 56 people each night. A
recent survey indicated that for every $1.00 decrease in the nightly price, the number of camping
sites rented increases by seven. What price will maximize nightly revenue? Show the steps of your
solution. [Answer: price : $14; revenue : $1372]

6. A toy rocket is launched with an initial velocity of 180 m/s. The height of the rocket, in metres, can
be modeled by h = - 5t2 + 180t where t is the time in seconds the rocket is in the air. How long will the
rocket stay above a height of 1000 m? Show the steps of your solution. [Answer: about 22.3 s]

7. A farmer has $5200 to spend on fencing to make a pen along a river. A local company tells the
farmer that they can build the pen for $6.50/m. The farmer tells the company that he wants a
rectangular pen with the river as one of the sides. The manager from the company suggests a pen
in the shape of a right triangle with the hypotenuse along the river. Which shape should the farmer
go with if he wants to get the pen with the greatest area? Show the steps of your solution. [Answer:
80 000 m2 for both shapes]

8. The cost per book, C, in dollars, when a school orders yearbooks is modelled by
C = 0.000 05n2 - 0.095n + 66.125, where n is the number of books ordered. How many yearbooks does
a school have to order to have the least cost per book? What is the least cost per book? Show the
steps of your solution. [Answer: 950 yearbooks, $21 per book]

9. When a ball is tossed into the air, the height, h, in metres, of the ball after t seconds is modelled by
h = -5t2 + 20t + 1. After how many seconds, correct to two decimal places, does the ball hit the
ground? [Answer: 4.05 s]

10. The city bus company carries, on average, 3500 passengers daily. Each passenger pays $2.25 to
ride the bus. Market research has shown that for every $0.25 increase in bus fare, the company loses
50 customers. Write an equation, in standard form, for the revenue, M, in dollars, in terms of the
number of $0.25 price increases, n. [Answer: M= -12.5n2 + 762.5n + 7875]
 Worksheet #2: Maximum & Minimum problems
1. A ball is shot into the air. Its height h, in metres, after t seconds is modelled by h = –4.9t2 + 30t + 1.6.
How long will it take the ball to reach a height of 35 m? Show the steps of your solution.
[Answer: about 1.46 s]

2. When a ball is thrown into the air, its height, h, in metres, after t seconds is modelled by
h = - 4.9(t –2)2 + 20. When will this ball hit the ground? Show the steps of your solution and correct
your answer to two decimal places. [Answer: 4.02 s]

3. Suppose that while on the moon, one astronaut tossed a wrench to another astronaut. The
height of the wrench, h, in metres, is modelled by h = –0.8t2 + 10t + 1.4. When will the wrench hit
the ground? Show the steps of your solution. [Answer: after 12.6 s]

4. A rocket club is studying the performance of some of their rockets. A person stands on a tower,
30 m high, and starts a stopwatch when a launched rocket reaches the height of the tower.
Other measurements of height reached by the rocket and time taken to reach that height are
made. When a quadratic regression is completed, the height of the rocket, h, in metres is
modelled by h = – 4.87t2 + 71.41 t + 30.26, where t is the time in seconds after the stopwatch is
started. Predict when the rocket reached a height of only 10 m above the ground. Show the
steps of your solution. [Answer: t = – 0.28 or t = 14.9]

5. A rocket is fired from the floor of the Grand Canyon. The height of the rocket, h, in metres, above
the floor of the canyon after t seconds is modelled by h = –5t2 + 240t. A person sitting at the top of
the canyon, 1734 m above its floor, can only see the rocket when it is above that height. For how
many seconds will the rocket be visible? Show the steps of your solution. [Answer: 30.28 s]

6. A rectangle is 7 cm longer than it is wide. The diagonal of the rectangle is 4 cm longer than the
longest side. Find the dimensions of the rectangle. Show the steps of your solution.
[Answer: 13.4 cm × 20.4 cm]

7. Suppose your student council did a survey on ticket prices for the upcoming Christmas formal
dance. They found that 480 students would buy tickets if the price were $5 per ticket. For each
$0.10 increase in the price of a ticket, the number of students who will attend the dance drops by
8. Predict the maximum revenue the student council can receive from the sale of tickets. Show
the steps of your solution. [Answer: $2420]

8. A public rectangular-shaped pool is 15 m by 30 m. Public pools must be surrounded by a cement

walkway of uniform width whose area is at least as large as the area of the pool. What is the
minimum width of the walkway? Show the steps of your solution. [Answer: at least 4.2 m wide]

9. The sum of two numbers is 37. The sum of their squares is 756.5. Find the two numbers. Show the
steps of your solution. [Answer: 12.5 and 24.5]

10. A cylindrical cup is made so that the sum of its diameter and its height is 25 cm. Find the
dimensions of the cup so that the surface area of the cup is a maximum. Show the steps of yours
solution. [Answer: diameter 50/3 cm height 25/3 cm]
 Applications of Quadratic Relations II: Optimization

Example 1: Farmer Josephine wishes to make the largest possible rectangular vegetable
garden using 24 m of fencing. The garden is right behind the back of her house, so she only
has to fence 3 sides of the garden. Determine the dimensions of the garden that will
maximize the area. [12𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 6𝑚𝑚]

Example 2: Tom sells T-shirt for $10. At this price, he is able to sell 30 T-shirts per week. Tom
noticed that for every $1 decrease in price, he is able to sell 1 more T-shirt. At what price
should he be selling his T-shirt in order to maximize his revenue? [$20]

Example 3: Mila sells CD’s at $20 each. At this price she is able to sell 280 CD per day.
However, market research shows that for every $0.50 increase in price, her sales drops by 5
units. At what sale price should she set her CD’s to be in order to maximize revenue? What is
her maximum revenue at this price? [$24, $5760]

Solving Problems Using Quadratic Relations

1. Write the quadratic relation y = x2 - 4x -5 in vertex form, and sketch

the graph.

2. The underside of a concrete railway underpass forms a parabolic arch. The arch is 30 m wide at
the base and 10.8 m high in the center. Can a truck that is 5 m wide and 7.5 m tall get through
this underpass if the railway is 2 lanes and takes incoming and outgoing traffic? [9.6 > 7.5, 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦]

3. The Next Cup coffee shop sells a special blend of coffee for $2.60 per mug. The shop sells about
200 mugs per day. Customer surveys show that for every $0.05 decrease in the price, the shop
will sell 10 more mugs per day.

a) Determine the maximum daily revenue from coffee sales and the price per mug for this
revenue. [$1.80, $648]

b) Write an equation in both standard form and vertex form to model this problem. Then sketch
the graph. [𝑅𝑅 = −0.5(𝑥𝑥 − 16)2 + 648, 𝑅𝑅 = −0.5𝑥𝑥 2 + 16𝑥𝑥 + 520]
 Quadratic Review

1. Complete the table.

Direction of Equation of Axis of
Function Vertex
Opening Symmetry
a y = x2 - 3
b y = -(x - 4)2
c y = -3x2

d 1
y = (x - 3)2 + 1
2

2. For the parabola defined by y = -2(x + 5)2 - 4:

a) Does the parabola have a maximum or minimum value?
b) What is the value of the maximum or minimum?
c) How many x-intercepts does this parabola have?
d) Express the function in standard form.

3. What is the equation of the parabola that has a vertex at (2,4) and a y-intercept of -4?

4. For the parabola y = 3x2 + 18x + 21:

a) Convert the function to vertex form (by completing the square).
b) State the vertex of the parabola
c) Find its y-intercept.
d) Determine the zeros of the function.

5. Determine the x-intercept(s) of y = -2(x + 1)2 + 8.

1
6. Sketch the graphs of y = x2 and y = (x - 2)2 − 3
2
7. Baz Ketball's jump shot follows the path defined by the equation h = -5t2 + 10t + 3, where h is
the ball's distance above the floor, in metres, and t is the time in seconds.
a) How far above the floor is the ball when it reaches its peak?
b) How long does it take to get there?
c) If the basket is 3m above the floor, how long has the ball been in the air when
Baz scores?
 Unit 3 Review Problems
1 7
1. Graph the following Quadratic Relations: a) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − by using factored form.
2 2
b) 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 2 − 20𝑥𝑥 − 43 by using vertex form.

2. State the transformations done to the base graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 to obtain the graph
3
𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥 − 7)2 + 10.
4

3. Given the following table of values, determine the equation of the parabola in any form.
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Y -7.5 -13 -19.5 -27 -35.5 -45 -55.5 -67
1
�𝑦𝑦 = − (𝑥𝑥 + 8)2 + 5�
2

4. Solve the following equations

𝑥𝑥+2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥−1
a. 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥 − 21 = 0 b. 3(2𝑥𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑥) = 7𝑥𝑥 + 8 c. − =1+
𝑥𝑥+3 𝑥𝑥 2 −9 𝑥𝑥−3

5. Determine the vertex of the following equations

a. 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 24𝑥𝑥 + 15 b. 𝑦𝑦 = 3(𝑥𝑥 − 5)(𝑥𝑥 + 11) c. 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 6) − (𝑥𝑥 + 1)2

6. Put the relation 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 12 into vertex form by

a. Completing the square
b. Partial factoring
2
4 20
�𝑦𝑦 = 3 �𝑥𝑥 − � + �
3 3
7. Given the following table of values
−5+9
a. Determine the equation of the quadratic relation in factored form. �𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = =
2
𝑥𝑥1 +7 1
2, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥2 = −3, 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)(𝑥𝑥 + 7)�
2 4
25
b. State the coordinate of the vertex. ��2, ��
4
X -7 -5 -4 0 3 7 9 10
Y 14 6 2.75 -5.25 -6 0 6 9.75

8. Research for a given orchard has shown that, if 100 pear trees are planted, then the annual revenue
is $117 per tree. If more trees are planted, they have less room to grow and generate fewer pears
per tree. As a result, the annual revenue per tree is reduced by $0.90 for each additional tree
planted. How many trees should be planted to maximize revenue? [(115, $11902.5)]

9. Determine where the relation 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 2 + 16𝑥𝑥 − 23 intersects the line 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 3. [(2, 1), (5, 7)]

4+√10 4−√10
10. Solve 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 1 ≥ 2𝑥𝑥 − 1. ��𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 ≥ , 𝑥𝑥 ≤ ��
3 3

11. Determine the value(s) of m so that the line 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 30 never intersects the parabola

𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 12𝑥𝑥 + 2. [−4 < 𝑚𝑚 < 28]

12. Bayview S.S. Music Department are arranging a concert to raise money. They have to pay a set fee
to the concert hall, plus an additional fee for their truck rental. The relation
𝑃𝑃 = −0.1𝑛𝑛2 + 38𝑛𝑛 − 1920 models the profit, P, in dollars, for the concert, where n is the number of
tickets sold.

a. Determine the number of tickets that must be sold to break even. [320, 60]
b. Determine the number of tickets that must be sold to maximize profit. What is the maximum
profit? [190, $1690]

13. A movie theatre can accommodate a maximum of 1200 people per day. The owners of the theatre
have determined that the number of people P, who come per day is related to the ticket price t, in
dollars, by 𝑃𝑃 = −30𝑡𝑡 2 + 480𝑡𝑡 − 790.
a. What ticket price will maximize the number of people who come to the theatre per day? [8]
b. At the best price, can the theatre support the expect number of people who will show up?
[1130<1200, yes]

14. A rectangular wheat field that has a length of 800 meters and a width of 500 meters is
about to be harvested. In order to harvest the field, a large tractor cuts an amount of
width w around the outsides of the rectangular field. If 40% of the field must be
harvested, what would be the dimensions remaining for the field? [662.35, 362.35]
15. A factory is to be built on a lot that measures 80 m by 60 m. A lawn of uniform width, equal to the
area of the factory, must surround it. How wide is the strip of lawn, and what are the dimensions of
the factory? [10, 60x40]

16. Harold wants to an enclosure consisting of 5 adjacent identical pigpens, side by side, on his farm
using 60 m of fencing. Determine the dimensions of the enclosure that would give his pigs the
largest possible area. Calculate this area of one pig pen. [15x5,75 ÷ 5]

17. The sum of the squares of three consecutive integers is 434. Find the integers [11, 12, 13]

18. A small flare is launched off the deck of a ship. The height of the flare above the water is given by
ℎ = −4.9𝑡𝑡 2 + 92𝑡𝑡 + 9, where h is measured in metres and t is the time in seconds
a. What was the initial height of the flare? [9]
b. When does the flare hit the water? [18.87 s]
c. When will the flare's height be 150 m? [1.68 or 17.09]
d. How long will the flare's height be above 150m? [15.41]

19. During the summer months, Audrey makes and sells necklaces for $9 each at Wasaga Beach.
Last summer, her sales averaged 60 necklaces per day. Considering a price increase, she
estimated that for every $0.50 increase, she would lose 4 sales per day. If each necklace
costs Audrey $4 to make and Audrey’s necklace stand costs her $20 to maintain each day,
what would be the selling price to maximize her profit? What is her daily max profit?
[$10.25, $292.50]

20.An Oasis-class cruise ship has dimensions: Length = 360 m, Height above water line = 72 m, and an
Extreme Width of 60.5 m. If the cruise ship had to go under a parabolic bridge with a height of 85
m and a width of 150 m, would it be safe to do so? [71.1724 < 72, 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝!]
Unit 4: Trigonometry
 REVIEW: Angle Theorems (MPM 2D)

1. Transversal Parallel Line Theorems (TPT)

a) Alternate Angles Equal Z- pattern

b) Corresponding Angles Equal F – Pattern

c) Interior Angles Add Up to 180

C -Pattern

2. Supplementary Angle Theorem (SAT)

• Two angles whose measure adds to 180

are supplementary angles.
x + y = 180o
3. Opposite Angle Theorem (OAT)

• When two lines intersect, the two angles formed

opposite each other have equal measures.

4. Complementary Angle Theorem (CAT)

• If two angles are equal in measure, then their x + y = 90o

complements are equal in measure.

5. Angle Sum of a Triangle (ASTT)

• In any triangle; the sum of the measures

of the three angles is 180. a +b + c = 180o

6. Exterior Angle Theorem (EAT)

• In any triangle, the measure of an exterior

angle is equal to the sum of the measures
of the opposite interior angles.

7. Isosceles Triangle Theorem (ITT)

• the base angles in any isosceles

triangle are equal.
 CONGRUENCY

There are three conditions to prove triangles are congruent (i.e. same size and shape).

Side-Side-Side (SSS)
If three sides of a triangle are respectively equal to three sides of another triangle, then the
triangles are congruent.
A D
∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF

B C E F

Example 1: Prove ∆ADB ≅ ∆ADC

A
Proof:

B C
D

Note: The congruence statement shows which sides and angles are related. Hence, it is essential
that you match corresponding vertices when congruent triangles are given.

Side-Angle-Side (SAS)
If two sides and the contained angle of a triangle are respectively equal to two sides and the
contained angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
A D

∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF
B C E F

Example 2: Prove ∆AOB ≅ ∆DOC

A Proof:

B
O
C

D
Angle-Side-Angle (ASA)
If two angles and the contained side of a triangle are respectively equal to two angles and the
contained side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
A D

∴ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF
 
B C E F

Example 3: Prove ED = CB
Note: Always prove triangles are congruent first. D E

C
B

Example 4: In ΔABC and ΔDEF, ∠ ABC = ∠ DEF, ∠ BAC = ∠ EDF, and AC = DF. Are the triangles
congruent? Explain.

Example 5: In the diagram below, given ∠ ACB = ∠ DBC and ∠ ABC = ∠ DCB . Prove ΔABC ≅ ΔDCB.

A D

B
C
Example 6: Which triangles are congruent? Write the congruence statement and the reason.

Diagrams are not drawn to scale.

 Congruency Exercises
1. For each pair of triangles, name two pairs of sides which if equal would be sufficient to prove that
the triangles are congruent.

2. For each pair of triangles, name a pair -of angles which if equal would be sufficient to prove the
triangles congruent.

3. In each diagram, name a pair of congruent triangles. State the theorem that guarantees each
congruence.
4. Calculate the measures of the angles marked x, y, and z.

Answers
1. 𝑎𝑎)𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷; 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑏𝑏) 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆; 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑐𝑐)𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿; 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

2. 𝑎𝑎)∠𝑃𝑃 = ∠𝑈𝑈 𝑏𝑏)∠𝑌𝑌 = ∠𝑈𝑈 𝑐𝑐)∠𝑀𝑀 = ∠ 𝐹𝐹

3. 𝑎𝑎) △ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ≅△ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸, (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑏𝑏) △ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ≅△ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅, (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆) 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴) 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆) 𝑐𝑐) △ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ≅△ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸, (𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)

4. 𝑎𝑎)23° 𝑏𝑏)118°, 62°, 118° 𝑐𝑐)45°, 45° 𝑑𝑑) 65°, 65°, 50° 𝑒𝑒) 30°, 60° 𝑓𝑓)76°, 52°, 76°
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Similar triangles have the same shape but different sizes (one is an enlargement of the other).

Symbol ∼ means “similar to”

∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF D
A



B C
E F

Properties:
∠A = ∠D
1. Corresponding angles are equal. ∠B = ∠E
∠C = ∠F

AB AC BC
2. Corresponding sides are proportional. = =
DE DF EF
• They all have the same ratio
• The ratio is the scale factor

There are 3 conditions to prove triangles are similar.

Side-Side-Side similarity (RRR∼)

Three pairs of corresponding sides are in the same ratio.

Example 1: Prove ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF

Proof:
D
A

2 6 1 3

C
B 2
E F
4
Side-Angle-Side similarity (RAR∼)
Two pairs of corresponding sides are proportional and the contained angles are equal.

Example 2:
a) Prove ∆ABC ∼ ∆XYZ
b) Find XZ.
Proof: a)
A
X

2 9
4
B C
6

Y 12 Z

b)

Angle-Angle similarity (AA∼)

Two pairs of corresponding angles are equal.

Example 3: Prove ∆ABC ∼ ∆DEF

Proof:
A D




E F

B C
 Similar Triangle Practice

In each figure, name a pair of similar triangles. Explain how you know they are similar. Determine
the values of x and y. HINT: Always look for the common angle first and write the ~ statement.

176 423
Answers: a) 𝑥𝑥 = 7.2, 𝑦𝑦 = 7 b) 𝑥𝑥 = , 𝑦𝑦 = c) 𝑥𝑥 = 10.5, 𝑦𝑦 = 5.5 d) 𝑥𝑥 = 1.6, 𝑦𝑦 = 3.2
25 110
Triangle PQR is similar to triangle ABC.

a) Determine the area of ΔPQR. [54 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠 2 ]

b) Determine the area of ΔABC. [6 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑠𝑠 2 ]
c) Write to explain a method to determine the area of ΔABC that is different from the method
𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
you used in part b. �𝐴𝐴Δ𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑘𝑘 2 ∙ 𝐴𝐴Δ𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑘𝑘 = , , �
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

Similarity Exercises
1. Name the condition which guarantees similarity.
a) ΔABC~ ΔDEF b) ΔJKL ~ΔMNO

2. a) State the triangles that are similar and the condition for their similarity.
b) State the proportions relating the sides of the triangles.
3. Find the values of x and y to 1 decimal place.
a) ΔJKL ~ ΔNML b) ΔPQR ~ΔPRS

4. For each part

a) Identify two similar triangles and prove that they are similar.
b) Find the values of x and y to 1 decimal place.

Answers
1. a)SAS~ b)AA~
2. i)a) △ JKL~ △ MNP, SSS~
JK KL JL
b) MN = NP = MP
ii)a) △ DGH~ △ DEF, AA~
DG GH DH
b) = = DF
DE EF
3. a) 16.3, 11.9 b)9, 13.3
4. i)a) △ ABC~ △ EDC, AA~b)35,15
ii)a) △ PQR~ △ PST, AA~b)14,10.7
iii)a) △ EFD~ △ EDC, AA~b)20,12.6
 Using Similarity to Find Unknown Lengths

Example 1: Given the diagram, find the lengths of XZ and XY.

P
X

o
o Y Z
Q R 2.6
3
Example 2: In the diagram, find the length of BM. A

>>
5
>
P
3 N

>>
7
>
B
M

Example 3: A tree casts a shadow 7.6m long. At the same time, a metre stick casts a shadow
1.5m long. How tall is the tree?

Example 4: Larry is standing 3 m from a puddle when he notices the reflection of the top of
a building in the puddle. Since Larry is 1.6m tall, and the puddle is 7 m from the building,
what is the height of the building?
 PRACTICE: SIMILAR FIGURES

1. A girl whose height is 190 cm decides to measure the height of a tree by walking away from the
tree along its shadow until her head is in line with the top T of the tree and the tip S of the
shadow. If her distance from the tree is 50 m and the length of the tree's shadow is 55 m, find
the height of the tree.

2. A man whose eye level is 2 m above the ground decides to find the, height of the CN Tower. He
notices that if he stands 4 m from a flagpole, the top of the pole appears to be in line with the top
of the CN Tower. He measures the distance from the flag pole to the base of the tower and finds
that PN = 133 m. He happens to know that the flagpole is 18 m high. How high is the CN Tower?
3. A vertical post 1.2 m high casts a shadow 80 cm long at 14:30. At the same time a nearby tree
casts a shadow 17 m long. Assuming that the sun's rays are parallel find the height of the tree.

4. A pinhole camera can be made by poking a pinhole P in the centre of one side of a box. Suppose the
distance from the object to the pinhole is 2 m and the camera is 12 cm long. If the height of the
object is AB = 1.2 m, find the height of the Image XY.

5. To determine the distance AB across a pond, surveyors measured the distances shown in the
diagram. Calculate the width of the pond (AB).
 EXERCISES

1. A tree casts shadow 28 m long at a time when a person 178 cm tall casts a shadow 240 cm long.
What is the height of the tree to the nearest meter?[21 m]
2. Shannon is 136 cm tall and she is standing 3 in from the aperture of a pinhole, camera. How tall
will her photographic image be if the film is 8 cm behind the aperture? [3.63 cm]

3. An A-frame ski chalet (below left) has a span of 20 m at its base. What is the height of the chalet
if a beam parallel to the base and 6 m above it, has a length of 13 m? [17m]

4. Jeremy notices that the end of the shadow of a tree coincides with the end of the shadow of a
post (above right). If the post is 1.25 m high and 12.5 m from the tree, and the post's shadow is
0. 75 m long, how high is the tree? [22.1 m]
5. A person 195 cm tall sees the reflection of the top of a building in a puddle 7 m away. How high
is the building if it is located 40 m from the puddle? [11m]

6. If metric paper is folded in half along its length, the resulting dimensions are proportional to
the original dimensions. Find the width of a piece of metric paper if its length is 28. 5 cm.
[20.2cm]
 Investigating Ratios in Similar Right Triangles
Similar right triangles share some interesting relationships. Their corresponding angles are equal and
the ratios of corresponding sides are also equal. Each is an enlarged or reduced version of the other.

The diagram to the right shows some similar

triangles with a common angle 40° at A.

1. Find the lengths of the sides of each triangle. Use the values to complete the following table.
Compute each ratio to at most three decimal places.

Triangle Side Opposite Side Adjacent Hypotenuse Trigonometric Ratios

to ∠A to ∠A
opposite adjacent opposite
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
ΔABC BC= BA= AC= BC AB BC
AC AC BA
ΔADE

ΔAFG

ΔAHI

2a. Explain why ΔABC, ΔADE, ΔAFG and 2b. How does this explain the pattern of
ΔAHI are all similar. values for the ratios in the last three columns
of the table?

3b. Which ratios would increase as the angle

3a. Describe what would happen to the values
increases? Which would decrease as the angle
in the table in <A were 20°, 30°, 60° or 80°.
increases?
 RIGHT ANGLE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Did you know?

Trigonometry is made up of 3 Greek words: Tri (three), gono (angle) and metria
(measurement).
Reference Angle: Is an acute angle used to label a right triangle. It can be represented
by a CAPITAL LETTER or by a SYMBOL (for example: x,θ)

We can also label a RIGHT triangle according to its reference angle:

Hypotenuse The longest side of the right triangle. It is
across the 90° (right angle)
Opposite Side opposite the reference angle
Adjacent Side next to the reference angle

If the reference angle

Ref. 𝜃𝜃 is the other acute angle,
then what two sides of
the right triangle get
affected?

We can form a relationship between a reference angle and a

ratio of any two sides of the right triangle.

PRIMARY TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS (valid for right angle triangles only)

𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜
SINE 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = COSINE 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = TANGENT 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 =
ℎ ℎ 𝑎𝑎

θ = is the reference angles (acute angles)

Remember the acronym: SOH CAH TOA
Example 1. Determine the primary trig ratios for 𝜃𝜃.
3

4
5
𝜃𝜃

Example 2. Determine the primary trig ratios for 𝛼𝛼.

𝛼𝛼
12

USING YOUR CALCULATORS *Make sure you are in degree mode*

Finding the ratio of 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60°, press: sin, 6, 0, enter or 6, 0, sin, enter

Finding the angle if 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.5, press: sin-1, 0.5 or 0.5, sin-1

Example 3. Determine the following ratios.

a) cos20° b) 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡10° c) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠50°

Example 4. Solve for 𝜃𝜃.

4 1 3
a) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = b) 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = c) 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
7 2 4
5. Find the value of θ and α in the triangles below .
5

α θ
10

13
θ α

6. Find the values of the unknowns below:

2 x
a) 3sin θ = 1.2 b) sin A = c) sin 45 = d) sin θ = 1.8
3 7

Putting it all together

1. Determine the measure of each side or angle indicated with a variable. Round to 1 decimal
place. Show all work.
a) b)

54.8 m
45.2 m x

930
𝜃𝜃 𝛼𝛼
63.1 m

[𝑎𝑎) 𝜃𝜃 = 55.57°, 𝛼𝛼 = 31.43°, 𝑥𝑥 = 73.95 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏) 𝑦𝑦 = 111.96, 𝑥𝑥 = 22.21]

 x
c) d)

[𝑐𝑐) 𝑦𝑦 = 14 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑧𝑧 = 79.34 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑) 𝑥𝑥 = 119.81𝑚𝑚]

2. Two men on the same side of a tall building notice the angle of elevation to the top of the
building to be 30o and 60o respectively. If the height of the building is known to be
h = 90 m, find the distance between the two men. [103.92 𝑚𝑚]

3. From a rock ledge the angle of elevation to the top of a tree is 25º. The angle of depression
to the bottom of the tree is 10º.
a) Find the height of the rock ledge to the nearest tenth of a meter. [17.6 𝑚𝑚]
b) Find the height of the tree to the nearest tenth of a meter. [64.3 𝑚𝑚]
 Warm Up-Solving Right Triangles

To “solve a triangle” means to find all unknown sides and angles.

Solve the following triangles:

Q
a) A b)
15 mm
25 cm
42o
P R
40o
B C

N
c) Y d)
5
5 X

7
Z
M 7 O
 Application of Trigonometry: Angle of Elevation and Depression

Terminology
Angle of Elevation Angle of Depression
Angle of Elevation is the angle from the Angle of Depression is the angle from
horizontal looking up to some object. the horizontal looking down to some
object.

Angle of Elevation = Angle of Depression

Example 1:
Two towers face each other separated by a distance d = 20 m. As seen from the roof top
of the first tower, the angle of depression of the second tower's base is 60° and the angle
of elevation to the top of the second tower is 30°. What is the height of each of the
towers? [34.64 𝑚𝑚, 46.19 𝑚𝑚]

30°
height
60°
Building
?

d = 20 m
Example 2:
A tower is supported by several guy wires anchored to the ground. One guy wire is 9.8 m
from the base of the tower and has an angle of inclination of 37°. The angle of inclination
from this anchor to the tip of the tower is 58°. Determine the height of the tower and how
far up the tower the guy wire reaches. [7.38 𝑚𝑚, 15.68 𝑚𝑚]

58°
37°

9.8 m

Example 3:
A search light is mounted at the front of a search-and-rescue helicopter. The pilot is flying
the helicopter 150 m above ground and the beam is angled at 70° from the horizontal. The
beam spreads out at an angle of 5°. How wide an area does the beam of light illuminate?
[162.86 𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 ]
 Solving Problems Using More than One Triangle

Example 1. A hydro pole and a tree are 50 m apart. From a point midway between them, the
angle of elevation to the top of the tree is 24o, and the angle of elevation to the top of the
hydro pole is 30o. Find the height of the hydro pole and the tree. [14.4𝑚𝑚 11.1𝑚𝑚]

hydro
pole tree

30o 24o
25 m 25 m

Example 2. Calculate the length of BC. [7.33 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐]

25o 45o

5 cm

B D C

Example 3. Calculate the measure of ∠ABC to 1 decimal place. [88.2°]

A 3 D 5 C

Example 4. Two buildings are 43.3 m apart. From the top floor of the shorter building, the
angle of elevation to the top of the taller building is 50o. The angle of depression to the
base of the taller building is 30o. What is the height of the taller building? [76.6 𝑚𝑚]

43.3 m
 Warm up- Applications of Primary Trigonometry

1. Ellen has a triangular lawn in the shape given by the diagram. She wishes to make it pretty by
putting new sod over the entire lawn and replacing her existing fence.
a) How much would it cost for her to put sod in her
triangular lawn if sod costs $1.75/m2? [$5877.49]
b) How much would it cost for her to put up the fence if
the fence costs $14.50/m? [$4009.50]
c) If she has budgeted $9 000 for the project, will she be
able to renovate her lawn? Explain. [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁]

2. Find the slope angle of each:

(a) y= 3x -1 [71.6°]
(b) The line that passes through the point A(-3,2) and B( 2,-5)
[−54.46°]

[note! lines with a positive slope have a slope angles that is

00 < θ < 900 and lines with negative slopes have slope angles
that is -90° < θ < 00]
 Trigonometry Applications
1. An underground parking lot is being constructed 8.00m below ground level.
a) If the exit ramp is to rise at a 15° angle, how long will the ramp be? [30.9m]
b) What horizontal distance is needed for the ramp? [29.9m]

2. At a concert a spotlight is placed at a height of 12.0m. The spotlight beam shines

down at an angle of depression of 35°. How far is the spotlight from the stage?
[17.1m]

3. The face of a cliff rises vertically to a height of 112.0m. A sighting is made from a
yacht to the top of the cliff. The angle of elevation is read as 14°. How far is the
yacht from the base of the cliff? [449.2m]

4. Two sightseers chose a spot 69m from the base of the Eiffel Tower. The angle of
elevation of the top was 77°.
a) Calculate the height of the tower to the nearest meter. [299m]
b) A flag was placed on the top of the Eiffel Tower. If the angle of elevation of
the top of the flag is 78°, how height is the top of the flag? [25.7m]

5. The tallest totem pole in the world is at Albert Bay, Canada. From a distance
37.0m from its base, the elevation of the top is 55°. Calculate its height to the
nearest tenth of a meter. [52.8m]

6. From the same level on opposite sides of Mount St. Jacques, the angles of
elevation of the peak are 16.3° and 24.5°. The height of the mountain is 1464m.
What is the length of a tunnel through the mountain? [8219m]

7. A helicopter, directly above a building, sights a position, A on the ground at an

angle of depression of 38°. The helicopter then rises vertically above the
building, a distance d, in meters, and sights a position A, now at an angle of
depression of 52°. If point A is 352.0m from the building, how far has the
helicopter risen? [175.5m]

8. A person is deep-sea fishing. The boat is travelling at a speed such that the
fishing line enters the water at a 30° angle. If the rod is 2.0m above the water's
surface, how much line must be let out in order for the bait to be at a depth of
40.0m? [84m]
 Warm Up-Similarity and Primary Trigonometric Ratios

1. Find the unknown value of the following: [𝑤𝑤 = 11.7, 𝜃𝜃 = 48.2°, 𝑥𝑥 = 11]

a) b) 12
50o
𝜃𝜃
9
w
18

A
c)

𝑥𝑥 + 1 5 E
C
6

𝑥𝑥 − 1
B D

2. A ladder leans against a wall forming a 25o angle with the wall. If the ladder reaches
2.8 m up the wall, how long is the ladder? [3.09 𝑚𝑚]

3. Two people are facing the same direction and looking at the top of a flagpole. Their
angles of elevation are 45o and 60o. If the flagpole is 36 m high, how far apart are the
two people? [15.2 𝑚𝑚]

4. Two ants are standing 65 m apart on opposite sides of a tree. Ant A sees the top of the
tree at an angle of elevation of 25o while Ant B has an angle of elevation of 30o. How
tall is the tree? [16.77 𝑚𝑚]
 THE SINE LAW
Let the height of ΔABC be "h" . From the two right triangles that result we have:

sin A = _____ and sin B = ______

C
sinA
Thus = =
sinB
sinA b a
Now we have: = h
sinB
After cross-multiplying:

After dividing both sides by "ab" : A c B

Which simplifies to :

Repeating similar procedures would show:

This version of the proportion is called THE SINE LAW

 The Sine Law

In any ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,
A
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
b
= =
𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
c
or

B C 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐
a = =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
This formula is used only when an angle and its opposite side is given. It can be used to
find angles and sides.

Other properties of Oblique (non-right) Triangles

1. The largest angle is opposite the longest side and the smallest angle is opposite the
shortest side.
A
If BC > AB > AC, then ∠A > ∠C > ∠B
c b

B a C

2. The ratio of the sines of two angles is equal to the ratio of the lengths of
corresponding opposite sides.

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏

= , = , =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐

3. The sum of the squares of 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 and 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 is always equal to 1.

sin2 𝐴𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴𝐴 = 1
Ex. 1. Determine ∠𝑄𝑄. [52.6°]

9 cm 62o

R Q
10 cm

Ex. 2. Solve the triangle (determine all unknown sides and angles). [∠𝐴𝐴 = 57.5°, ∠𝐵𝐵 =
81.5°, 𝑏𝑏 = 21.1 𝑚𝑚]

14 m

B
41o
18 m
C

Ex. 3. A bridge AB is to be built across a river. Point C is located 61 m from point B on the
same side of the river. ∠ABC is 68.5° and ∠ACB is 42°. Determine the length of bridge
AB. [43.6 𝑚𝑚]

Ex. 4. The roof of a ski chalet is in the shape of a triangle. The roof lines make angles of
26° and 73° with the horizontal. The shorter roof line is 3.4 m long. Calculate the length
of the other roof line. [7.42 𝑚𝑚]

Ex. 5. Determine the length of the altitude of the triangle from vertex X. [16.5 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐]
X

17o 21o
Y Z
97 cm
 Warm Up-Sine Law

1. Calculate the value of p. [𝑝𝑝 = 7.51]

P

5 cm

65o 40o
Q R

2. In ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, a=5.5 cm, c=7.8 cm and ∠𝐴𝐴=42o. Determine the measure of ∠𝐶𝐶. [71.6°]

3. A mountain is 450 m high. From points A and C on either side of the mountain, the
angles of elevation to the top of the mountain are 70o and 51o. A tunnel is to be
made at the base of the mountain from points A to C. Determine the length of the
tunnel. [528 𝑚𝑚]
 Ambiguous Case
The ambiguous case arises in SSA (side, side, angle) triangles. In this situation, depending on the
size of the given angle and the lengths of the given sides, the sine law calculation may lead to 0, 1,
or 2 solutions!
In the ambiguous case, if ∠𝐴𝐴, 𝑎𝑎, and 𝑏𝑏 are given, the height of the triangle is ℎ = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏.

Case If ∠𝑨𝑨 is acute Condition # & Type of tringles possible

1
𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎 < ℎ no triangle exists.
𝑏𝑏
ℎ

𝐴𝐴

𝑎𝑎 = ℎ one triangle exists

𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 = ℎ

𝐴𝐴

3
𝑏𝑏
𝑎𝑎′ ℎ 𝑎𝑎 ℎ < 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏 two triangle exist
(one acute triangle, one obtuse triangle)
𝐴𝐴

4
𝑏𝑏 ℎ 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 𝑏𝑏 one triangle exists
𝐴𝐴

Case If ∠𝑨𝑨 is obtuse Condition # & Type of tringles possible

5 𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑏𝑏 no triangle exists
𝑏𝑏

𝐴𝐴
6

𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 > 𝑏𝑏 one triangle exists

𝐴𝐴
Steps to determining how many solutions a triangle has:
1. Label your triangle with known angle ∠𝐴𝐴, the side opposite as 𝑎𝑎, and the side next to it as 𝑏𝑏
2. If ∠𝐴𝐴 is acute (less than 90o) then
• If 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 𝑏𝑏 - one triangle exists
• If 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏
a) Draw the perpendicular line ℎ from the point where the two sides 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 meet
to the opposite side
b) Calculate ℎ by using the formula 𝒉𝒉 = 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃. Determine if
 𝑎𝑎 < ℎ - no triangle exists
 𝑎𝑎 = ℎ - one right triangle exists
 ℎ < 𝑎𝑎 < 𝑏𝑏 - two triangles exist and you must find BOTH solutions
3. If ∠𝐴𝐴 is obtuse (between 90o and 180o) then
• If 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑏𝑏 - no triangle exists
• If 𝑎𝑎 > 𝑏𝑏 - one triangle exists

Ex. 1: For each triangle below, determine if they have no solution, one solution or two solutions.
a) b)
𝐶𝐶 12.2
𝐶𝐶 𝐵𝐵

10.2
6.8
11.4
71°
41°
𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴

(*Hint: For c) and d), you need to re-label the triangles…don’t rely on the same variables every
time! They can always change!
c) d)
𝐴𝐴 𝐶𝐶
12.2 34°
5.4 2.4 𝐴𝐴

32° 8.2
𝐶𝐶 𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵
Ex. 2: From an observation tower near Lake Winnipeg, the angle of elevation of a weather balloon is
68°. In the same plane, 35 km away, the balloon is sighted from another location with an angle of
elevation of 47°. Calculate the distance from the weather balloon to the observation tower to the
nearest kilometer. [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 1: 28.24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 2: 71.43 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

Ex. 3: Albert and Betty are part of a scientific team studying thunderclouds. The team is about to
launch a weather balloon into an active part of a cloud. Albert's rope is 7.8 m long and makes an
angle of 36° with the ground. Betty's rope is 5.9 m long. How far, to the nearest tenth of a metre,
is Albert from Betty? [10.02 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 2.6 𝑚𝑚]
 Sine law-Ambiguous Case
1. A race enthusiast plans a car racing track as shown.
(a) What is the perimeter (length) of the track?
(b) Why is there a problem in constructing this track?

2. A tower, standing on top of a hill that is inclined at an angle of 180, casts a shadow 45m
long down the hill. The angle of elevation of the sun is 470. Find the height of the tower.

3. Two ships, S and T, 120km apart, pick up a downed spacecraft's horning signal. Ship T
estimates that the spacecraft is 70 km away and that the angle between the line from
T to S and the line from S to the spacecraft is 280. Find the distance from S to the
spacecraft.

4. Two forest fire stations P and Q are 20.0 km apart. A ranger at station Q sees a fire
15 km away. If the angle between the line PQ and the line from P to the fire is 210, find
how far station P is from the fire.

5. Hole 18 of a certain golf course has a tee, T, a hole, H, and a dog-leg at A. If TA is

112 m, AH is 78 m and the angle at T is 220, what is the angle at A?

6. A Marathon swimmer starts at Island A, swims 9.2 km to Island B and then 8.6 km to
Island C. if ∠ BAC = 52°, how far does she have to swim back to Island A?

7. (a) Determine the range of values side a can assume so that ΔABC has two solutions if
∠ A = 400 and b= 50.
(b) Determine the range of values that side a can assume for ΔABC to have no solution
if ∠ A = 560 and b = 125.7.
(c) ΔABC has exactly one solution. If ∠ A = 570 and b = 73.7, what are the values of
side a for which this is possible?

8. Solve each triangle.

(a) ΔABC : a = 16.0 m, b=19.0 m. c = 22.0 m
(b) ΔDEF: ∠ D = 73 , e= 132.0 m. f = 112.0 m
9. At a construction site in downtown Ottawa, two tunnels were excavated starting at the
same point. One tunnel was 400.0 m long and the other tunnel was 250.0 m long. Find the
distance between the ends of the tunnels if the angle contained between them is 840.

10. The legs of a step ladder are each 2.0 m long. What is the maximum spread of the legs
if the maximum angle at the top is 400?

11. A surveyor is locating three amusement sections. M, N and P, around an artificial lake.
∠ MNP is measured and recorded as 570. Length MN is 728 m and length MP is 638m.
What is the angle at M?

12. In studying the solar system an astronomical unit (1 A.U.) is given as the distance from
the earth to the sun. At one particular position of the planets, Earth, Mars and the Sun
form a triangle with the following properties. The angle between the lines of sight from
Mars to the Sun and from Mars to Earth is approximately 390. The angle between the
lines of sight from Earth to the Sun and from Earth to Mars is 800. How many
astronomical units is it from Mars to the Sun. Express your answer to two decimal
places.

Partial Answers:

1. a) 1193.01m or 870.4 m

2. 32.0 m

3. 147.5 km or 64.4 km

4. 31.8 km or 5.5 km

5. 125.50 or 10.50

6. 10.3 km or 9.2 km
 Warm up-Trig Problems

1. Given ∠𝑄𝑄 = 45°, 𝑞𝑞 = 10.8 cm and 𝑟𝑟 = 14.2 cm, solve ∆𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄. [𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 14 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 6.07]

2. Bob and Mary are on a beach playing Frisbee when suddenly they both see an airplane.
Mary sees the plane at an angle of elevation of 82o while Bob sees it at 61o. If Bob are
Mary are separated by 100 m, how high is the airplane? [144 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 242 𝑚𝑚]
 The Cosine Law

In any ∆𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴,
A
𝑐𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎cosC
b
c

B C
a
This formula is used to find the length of the third side when two sides and the
contained angle of a triangle are given. It can also be used to find an angle when all
three sides are given.

Ex. 1. Determine ∠𝐴𝐴. Ex. 2. Determine b.

A
10
C B
2.8 cm
9 119o C
8
B 2.7 cm

Ex. 3. The posts of a hockey goal are 2.0 m apart. A player tries to score a goal by
shooting the puck along the ice from a point 4.8 m from one post and 6.7 m from the other.
Within what angle must the player shoot the puck to score the goal? [6.31°]

Ex. 4. Ken’s cell phone detects two transmission towers, one 7 km away and the other 13
km away. From his position, the two antennas appear to be separated by an angle of 80o.
How far apart are the two towers? [13.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
 Solving Oblique Triangles

Recall: to “solve” a triangle means to determine all the unknown sides and angles.

• You need to decide whether you need to start the problem with sine law or cosine
law. The problem will most likely require the use of both laws. Be careful about the
ambiguous case for sine law (SSA). There is no cosine ambiguous case 😊😊.

Solve the following triangles:

a) A

80o

55o
B C
12 m

b) E

50o 54 cm

F
o
34

P
c) *Always use sine law to find the angle opposite the short side. [∠𝑄𝑄 = 91.5°]

7 cm

Q
43o
5 cm
R

d) In ∆𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋, ∠𝑋𝑋 = 58°, 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 40 m and 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 = 32 m.

 Using Compass Directions And Bearings

Part 1: Compass Directions

Problem:
A ship is sailing due east at night. The ship’s navigator spots a lighthouse on a direction of
N40oE. According to the map, the water within 400 m of the lighthouse is too shallow for the
ship. After the ship continues to sail east for 800 m, the new direction of the lighthouse is
N48oW.
a) How far away is the lighthouse now?
b) How close did the boat come to the lighthouse?
c) Was the ship ever within the 400 m range of the shallow water?

Think, Do, Discuss!

1. N40oE means 40o east of N. Draw a 2. What is meant by N48oW? Draw a

diagram to illustrate this direction. diagram to illustrate this direction.

3. Draw a diagram for this problem.

4. Solve the problem.

 Part 2: Bearings

Another way to give directions is to express it as a bearing. Bearings are always measured
from the north, moving in a clockwise direction. Thus, E20oS is a bearing of 110o.

Think, Do, Discuss!

1. How would E20oN be expressed as a 2. Express a bearing of 80o in terms of

bearing? What about S25oW? compass directions.

3. On a map of the province of Quebec, Quebec City is 245 km from

Montreal, on a bearing of 41o. Draw a diagram to show their relative
positions.

4. The bearing of Ottawa from Toronto is 55o. To get from Toronto to Ottawa, a plane flew on a
bearing of 15o for 300 km before strong winds made it necessary to change course. The plane
then turned and flew 238 km to reach Ottawa. What was the bearing of the second leg of the
journey? How far is it from Toronto to Ottawa as the crow flies?
 Applications with Trigonometry Bearings
1. Use a sketch to show each compass direction, and repeat it as an alternate compass
bearing
a) N 38°W b) S 76°E c) S25°W d) N45°E

2. Three ships A, B, C are located as follows, A is 48 km due north of B and C is 125 km

due east of A.
a) Find the beating from C to B
b) Find the distance of C from B

3. A ship travels from port A to port B. Port B is 438 km N58°W from port A. The ship
then goes 608 km to port C on a bearing of S8°W.
a) What is the distance from A to C?
b) What is the bearing of port C from port A?

4. A ship sails directly north for 125 km. then turns 90° east and sails 125 km.
a) How far is the ship from its starting point A?
b) In what direction should a second ship sail in order to go from the starting point
directly to the ship?

5. A forest ranger at point A sights a fire directly south. A second roger at point B, 7.5
km east, sights the same fire at a bearing of S27°W. How far from A is the fire?

6. Ship A is due west of a lighthouse, Ship B is 12 km south of ship A. From ship B, the
bearing to the lighthouse is N63°E. How far is ship A from the lighthouse?

2. a) S690W b) 133.9km 3. a)587.3 km b) S510W

4. a) 176.8 km b) N450E 5. 14.7 km 6. 23.6 km
 The Law of Sines & The Law of Cosines

1. Fire towers A and B are 9.8km apart. A fire is observe at point C. The fire warden at A measures
∠ CAB as 58°. The fire warden at B measures ∠ CBA as 48°. Find the distance from each tower
to the fire, correct to the nearest hundredth of a metre. [7.58m, 8.65m]

2. A surveyor wishes to find the height of Cathedral Mountain in Alberta. She selects two points A
and B at the same height above sea level so that A, B, and the top of the mountain, T, lie in the
same vertical plane. She measures the distance AB to be 1503m, and the angle of elevation of T
from A to be 16.9° and from B to be 22.3°.

a) Calculate TB correct to 1 decimal place, using ΔTAB and the law of sines. [4642.8m]
b) Find the height of T above the horizontal plane through A and B, correct to the nearest
metre. [1761.74m]
c) If A and B are 1405m above sea level, how high is Cathedral Mountain, correct to the nearest
metre?[3167m]

3. You are to build a bridge across a ravine from P to Q. Standing at point R on the bottom of the
ravine, you find that ∠ PRQ is 36.1°. If PR measures 631 m and QR measures 412m, how long
must the bridge be, correct to the nearest metre? [384m]

4. The Expos are playing the Blue Jays in the World Series when a pitcher has to leave the mound
to cover first base. The baseball diamond is a square of 27.4m a side. The pitcher's mound is
18.4m from home plate on the diagonal of the square. How far does the pitcher have to run,
correct to the nearest tenth of a metre? [19.4m]

5. From an airplane flying 2500m above a flat plain, one can see two villages directly in line with
each other. The angles of depression to the villages are 6° and 78° respectively. To the nearest
kilometre, how far apart are the villages?[23km or 24km]

6. Eunice and Karen swim from a dock along lines that make an angle of 70° with each other.
Eunice swims at 30m/min and Karen at 21 m/min. How far apart are they after 5 minutes?
[150.84m]

7. A triangular lot has sides 100m, 130m, and 78m.

a) Find the angle between the two longer sides of the lot, correct to 1 decimal place. [36.8°]
b) What is the area of the lot, correct to 1 decimal place?[3893.7m]

8. A vertical pole stands on a hill that is inclined at an angle of 9° to the horizontal. When the
angle of elevation of the sun is 32°, the pole casts a shadow 24.0m long directly down the hill.
How long is the pole, correct to 1 decimal place?[11.1m]
 Warm-up: Compass Direction & Bearing Directions
(with Sine Law)

1. A ship's captain sights lighthouse A at bearing of 140°, and he sights lighthouse B at

compass bearing of N 75° E. If lighthouse B is 20 Km northeast of light house A, how far
is the ship from each of the two lighthouses? [11 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 22 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

Warm-up: Compass Direction & Bearing Directions

(with Cosine Law)

2. A sailboat leaves the dock of Chang's Landing on a bearing of 237°. After sailing for 8 km,
the ship changes directions and travels S31°E for 5 km.

(a) Determine how far the sailboat is from Chang's Landing? [9.58 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

(b) Determine the direction, both compass direction and bearing directions, the boat will
have to sail in order to return back to Chang's Landing? [25.6°]
 Applications of Sine Law and Cosine Law

1. A boat in a race starts at point A, sails 18.3 km to a red buoy, and then 29 km to a blue
buoy. The angle formed by the line of sight from the red buoy to the starting point and
the red buoy to the blue buoy is 62º. How far is it from the blue buoy to the starting
point? [26 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

2. A bicycle path forms a 66o angle with one lock of a canal. At

a distance of 2.5 km along the bicycle path, the angle
separating this lock from the next lock is 52o. How far
apart are the two locks? [2.23 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

3. Steve leaves the marina at Jordan on a 40 km sailboat race across Lake Ontario intending
to travel on a bearing of 355º, but it gets foggy and by the time it clears, Steve has
travelled 32 km on a bearing of 22º. In which direction must he head to reach the finish
line? [𝑊𝑊33.33°𝑁𝑁]

4. A ship travels 100 km at a direction of N60oE and then turns and travels 80 km at a
direction of S20oE before reaching its destination. If the ship travels directly from the
starting point to its destination, what is the distance and direction it should travel?
[116.71 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 102.46°]
 SOHCAHT0A, Law of Sines, Cosine Law

1. The angle of a cone is 35.4°. Find the diameter of the cone at a point on the face 22cm from the
vertex. (13.4cm)

2. Two tracking stations 20km apart measure the angles of elevation of a rocket to be 42.4° and
78.1°. Find the height of the rocket, ignoring the curvature of the earth. A (22.6km)

3. You are standing 2km from the launching pad of a vertically ascending space vehicle. You
measure the angle of elevation a few seconds after liftoff to be 18°; then 4 seconds later to be
28°.
a) How far did the space vehicle rise during the 4 second interval, correct to the nearest metre
(414m)
b) What was the average speed of the vehicle during this time? (103.5km/s)

4. Commercial airliners try to avoid thunder clouds. On one flight the pilot decided to detour at a
point A through an angle at 12° from the original path to avoid such a cloud. During the detour
the pilot did not change altitude. After several minutes, the pilot turned again at C through an
angle 118°. The airliner returned to its original flight path at B, 58km from A. How much further
did the airliner fly in order to avoid the cloud? (19km)
5. Two aircraft have radio equipment with a range of 350km. The distances and bearings from a
radio beacon are 245km on a bearing 228° for one aircraft, and 200km on a bearing 140° for
the other. Can the two aircraft make radio contact? (310.8km apart, yes)

6. Two aircraft leave Mirabel Airport at approximately the same time flying at 750km/h and
850km/h. After 2.5h, they are 1900km apart. Find the angle between their flight paths.
(56.3°)

7. A telecommunications satellite and two receiving towers A and B lie in the same vertical plane.
It is determined that the angle of elevation of the satellite from tower A is 89°, and the angle of
elevation from tower B is 87°. If the towers are 1290km apart, how far is the satellite from each
tower, correct to the nearest kilometre? (Neglect the curvature of the earth.)(18490km,
18468km)

8. A surveyor wishes to find the height of Cathedral Mountain in Alberta. She selects two points A
and B at the same height above sea level so that A, B, and the top of the mountain, T, lie in the
same vertical plane. She measures the distance AB to be 1503m, and the angle of elevation of T
from A to be 16.9° and from B to be 22.3°.

a) Calculate TB correct to 1 decimal place, using ATAB and the law of sines.(4642.8m)
b) Find the height of T above the horizontal plane through A and B, correct to the nearest
metre. (1762m)
c) If A and B are 1405m above sea level, how high is Cathedral Mountain, correct to the nearest
metre?(3167m, 4642m)
 Trigonometry Assignment

1. Find the largest angle in a triangle whose sides are 3, 4 and 6 units. (3 marks)

2. The string of a kite is taut and makes an angle of 28° with the level ground. If 170m of
string are let out and the lower end of the string is held at lm above the ground, find the
height of the kite to the nearest meter. (4 marks)

3. From a point A on level ground, the angle of elevation of a water tower is 17°. From a point
B, 97m away from A, the angle of elevation of the top is 21°. Find the height of the tower
to the nearest meter. (8 marks)

4. Jennifer is the navigation officer on the ship The Fricassee. She uses radar to determine
the distance between The Fricassee and The Sauté. In the same way, she determines the
distance between The Fricassee and
The Flambé. Then she measures the
angle between the lines of sight
leading to the two ships using a
telescope. Find the distance between
The Sauté and The Flambé. (3 marks)

5. Jacques and Pierre skate toward the net

on a two-on-one breakaway. Jacques can
take a 15m shot on net or pass to Pierre,
who is 6m away. How far is Pierre from
the net? What do you think Jacques
should do, pass or take a shot on his own?
(3 marks)
6. From the top of a lighthouse, 30m above sea level, the angle of depression of a sailboat is
20° and the angle of depression of a tanker is 31°. How far is the sailboat from the
tanker? (6 marks)

7. Phyllis is an astronomer. She determines the distance to the star Oleg 7 by measuring the
angle at which she must point her
telescope now in order to see the star,
and comparing it with the angle that she
used 6 months ago. To answer the
following questions you will need to know
that the distance from the Earth to the
Sun is about 1.5 x 108 km. (8 marks)

a) Calculate the current distance

from the Earth to Oleg 7 correct to as many decimal places as your calculator
displays.
b) Calculate the distance from the Earth to Oleg 7 six months ago. Once again, use
as many decimal places as your calculator allows.
c) Compare your results from a) and b). Discuss any differences.
d) Is it fair to say that the distance from the Earth to Oleg 7 is 1.44 x 1014 km at all
times of the-year? Explain.
e) One light-year is about 9.5 x 1012 km. Express the distance from the Earth to
Oleg 7 in light years.
f) Did Phyllis have to wait 6 months between measuring the angles at which she
pointed her telescope? Could she have waited 5 months, or 3 months or 10 days
for example? IS there a benefit to waiting 6 months?

8. Find the perimeter of a regular pentagon inscribed in a circle of radius 24cm.

(4 marks)

Answers:
1. 117  2. 81m 3. 146 or 16.5m
4. 7.87km 5. 11.9m 6. 132m or 32.5m
7. a) 1.44566884 ×10 km
14

b) 1.441568518 ×1014 km
e) 15.174 light years
 Warm Up-2D Word Problems

1. Airport X is 150 km east of airport Y. An aircraft is 240 km from airport Y and W23oN
from airport Y. How far is the aircraft from airport X? [383 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]

2. An observer notices that an airplane flies directly overhead at an altitude of 10,000 m.

Two minutes later, the airplane is at an angle of elevation of 27o. Determine the speed of
𝑚𝑚
the airplane. �9813.1 �
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

3. A boat is sailing north through a narrow strait. At one section, a lighthouse, 4.2km away
from the boat marks the western shoreline while a rock hazard is directly east of the
lighthouse and 4.5 km away from the boat. From the boat, the angle of separation of the
lighthouse and the rock is 26o. How wide is this section of the strait? [1.98 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘]
 3D Trigonometry Word Problems

When trying to solve 3D problems, where possible, use the following strategies:
A) Sketch a diagram. Include all information given in the question.
B) Identify the triangles. Include all the information given and introduce new variables
where needed.

1. From the top of a lighthouse, 30 m above the sea, the angle of depression of a tanker is
31º and the angle of depression of a sailboat is 20º. From the base of the lighthouse (sea
level) the angle between the horizontal lines to the tanker and sailboat is 54º. How far
apart are the tanker and sailboat? [66.7 𝑚𝑚]

2. To determine the height of the Peace Tower in Parliament Hill in Ottawa, measurements
were taken from a baseline AB. It was found that AB=50 m, ∠XAY=42.6o, ∠XAB=60o, and
∠ABX=81.65o. Calculate the height of the Peace Tower. [73.29 𝑚𝑚]
Y

X
B
A

3. The pilot of an aircraft is flying at an altitude of 750m. The pilot sees an airfield due
south at an angle of depression of 17o. At the same time, the pilot notices a town due east
at an angle of depressions 10o. How far is the town from the airfield? [4910.17 𝑚𝑚]

4. To estimate the amount of usable lumber in a tree, Kevin must first estimate the height
of the tree. From points A and B on the ground, he determined that the angle of elevation
for a certain tree were 41o and 52o, respectively. The angle formed at the base of the
tree between points A and B is 110o, and A and B are 30 m apart. If the tree is
perpendicular to the ground, what is its height? [18.79 𝑚𝑚]
 3-D Trigonometry Word Problems

1) A fence encloses a triangular plot of land. The two sides of the fence are 9.8m and 6.6m long,
respectively. The other side forms an angle of 40° with the 9.8m side. Find the length of the
third side. (9.48m or 5.54m)

2) China’s leaning tower has a height of 47m. It makes an angle of 87.2° with the ground. There is a
specific point on the ground where you can be equidistant from both the top and the bottom of
the tower. How far is this point from the base of the tower? (481.22m)

3) Your neighbour claims that his lot is triangular; with one side 430m long and the adjacent side
110m long. The angle opposite the side that measures 430m is 35°. Determine the other side of
the lot. (515.45m)

4) Emma is on a 50m bridge and sees two boats anchored below. From a point directly below her,
boat A is [S50°W] from this point and boat B is [S60°E] from the same point. Emma estimates
that the angle of depression is 38° for boat A and 35° for boat B. How far apart are the boats?
(111m)

5) The observation deck of the Skylon tower in Niagara Falls is 166m above the Niagara River. A
tourist on the observation deck notices boat A, which is south of her position, at an angle of
depression of 40°. Also, she notices boat B, which is [S70°W] of her position, at an angle of
depression of 34°. What is the distance between the two boats? (257.68m)

6) Two planes, A and B, are 31km apart when plane A is 38km from an airstrip. The angle between
the two planes, as measured from the airstrip, is 46°. Both planes are flying at the same speed.
Which plane will land first? Explain. (Plane A)

7) Two roads intersect at an angle of 12°. Two cars leave the intersection, each on a different road.
One car travels at 90km/h and the other car at 120km/h. After 20 minutes, a police helicopter
1000m directly above and between the cars, notes the angle of depression of the slower car is
14°. What is the horizontal distance from the helicopter to the faster car?
(8.34km)
Exercise
A. Express the measures of lengths correct to 1 decimal place and angles to the nearest
degree.
1. Use the diagram. Calculate the length h, in meters. [34.9m]

2. Calculate the distance AB shown in the diagram. [35.6m]

3. How far is A from B? [30.0 m]

4. An engineer wants to find the height of an inaccessible cliff and takes measurements as
shown in the diagram. ΔACB is a horizontal plane.
Find the height of the cliff, DB. [119.5 m]
5. A promotion blimp floated above Sheridan Plaza for two
days. As a project, a group of students was asked to
determine the altitude of the blimp. The data were
recorded in their diagram shown at the right. What was
the altitude, h, of the blimp? [520.0m]
ΔBDC is a horizontal plane. ΔADB and ΔADC are vertical
planes.

B Be sure to draw a diagram to record the given information.

6. The crows-nest of the yacht Mutiny is 50.0 in above the water level. The angle of
depression from the crows-nest to a buoy due west of the boat is 40° .The angle of
depression to another buoy S 70° W of the yacht is 34°. How far apart are the buoys?
[27.3m]

7. Two roads intersect at 34°. Two cars leave the intersection on different roads at speeds
of 80 km/h and 100 km/h. After 2 h, a traffic helicopter which is above and between the
two cars takes readings on them. The angle of depression to the slower car is 20° and the
distance to it is 100 km. How far is the helicopter from the faster car? [38.7km]

8. To estimate the usable lumber in a redwood tree in California, the company officials must
first estimate the usable height of the tree. A certain tree bas angles of elevation of 41°
and 52° respectively determined from points that are 50.0 m apart If the angle formed at
the base of the tree by the positions of the two sightings is a right angle, find the height
of the tree. [36.0km]

9. Jennifer and Alex were flying a hot air balloon when they decided to calculate the
straight line distance from Beaverton to Tandy. From a height of 340.0 m they recorded
the angles of depression of Beaverton and Tandy as 2° and 3° respectively. The angle
between the lines of sight to the two towns was 80°. Find the distance from Beaverton to
Tandy to one tenth of kilometer.[10.7 km]
 Review: Mixed Problems Applications of Primary Trigs, Sine Law
and Cosine Law (Acute Triangles)
1. For the given triangle, solve for the value of x. Find the exact values of
1 2 1
sin x, cos x and tan x (no decimals!). (Ans: 26.6 ° , , , )
5 5 2

2. A triangle has sides equal to 5 cm, 10 cm and 7 cm. Find its angles (round answers to 1 decimal
place).(Ans: 27.7° ,111.8°, 40.5°)

3. A triangle ABC has angle A = 106°, angle B = 31° and side a = 10 cm. Solve the triangle ABC
(round answers to 1 decimal place).(Ans: C = 43° , b = 5.4 cm, c = 7.1 cm)

4. A triangle has sides equal to 4 m, 11 m and 8 m. Find its angles (round answers to 1 decimal
place). (Ans: 16.2°,129.9°, 33.9° )

5. A triangle ABC has angle A = 104 °, angle C = 33 and side c = 9 m. Solve the triangle ABC
(round answers to 1 decimal place). (Ans. B = 43°, a = 16.0 m , b = 11.3 m)

6. Two trees stand opposite one another, at points A and B, on opposite banks of a river.

Distance AC along one bank is perpendicular to BA, and is measured to be 100feet. Angle ACB is
measured to be 79°. How far apart are the trees; that is, what is the width w of the river?
(Ans: 514.5 ft.)

7. A helicopter is flying over a forest at an altitude of 1600ft when the pilot sights a fire. He
measures the angle of depression and finds it to be 46°.
a) How far is the fire, to the nearest tenth of a ft., from the point on land that is directly below
the helicopter? (Ans: 1545.1 ft.)
b) If the helicopter descends vertically by a distance of 500 ft., determine the angle of
depression to the fire at his new location. (Ans: 35.4°)
8. An aircraft tracking station determines the distance from a common point 0 to each aircraft and
the angle between the aircrafts. If angle 0 between the two aircrafts is equal to 49° and the
distances from point 0 to the two aircrafts are 50 km and 72 km, respectively, find the distance,
d in km, between the two aircrafts.(round answers to 1 decimal place). (Ans: 54.4 km)

9. The angle of elevation to the top of a building, C, from two points A and B on level ground are
50 degrees and 60 degrees. The distance between points A and B is 30 meters. Points A, B and
C are in the same vertical plane. Find the height, h, of the building (round your answer to the
nearest unit). (Ans: 115 m)

10. An observer sees an aerorplane at an angle of elevation of 23°. If the aeroplane's altitude is
2500 m, how far away is it from the observer? (6400 m)

11. Find the distance of a boat from a lighthouse if the lighthouse is 100 meters tall, and the angle
of depression from the lighthouse to the boat is 6°. (Ans: 951.4 m)

12. A private plane flies 1.3 hours at 110 mph on a bearing of 40°. Then it turns and continues
another 1.5 hours at the same speed, but on a bearing of 130°. At the end of this time, how far is
the plane from its starting point? What is its bearing from its starting point? (Ans: about 218
miles away, at a bearing of about 89°)

13. A ship leaves port at 1 pm traveling north at the speed of 30 miles/hour. At 3 pm, the ship
adjusts its course 20 degrees eastward. How far is the ship from the port at 4pm? (Round to the
nearest unit). (Ans: 89 miles)

The Challenge!

14. A triangle ABC has side a = 12 cm, side b = 19 cm and angle A = 80°. Find side c and angles B
and C. (Round answers to 1 decimal place). (Ans: DNE, explain this!)

15. A triangle ABC has side a = 14 cm, side b = 19 cm and angle A = 32°. Find side c and angles B
and C. (Round answers to 1 decimal place). (Ans: B 1 = 46°, C 1 = 102 ° and 25.8 cm or B 2 = 134°
C 2 = 14 °and c 1 = 6.4 cm, explain why there are two answers ?!?)
Unit 5: Rational Expressions
 Rational Exponents
𝑚𝑚
Recall: a rational number is a number that can be written in the form , where 𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛
and 𝑛𝑛 are integers and 𝑛𝑛 ≠ 0
Powers:
1
52 represents the positive square root of 5
𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 = √𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 = � √𝑎𝑎�
Power form Radical form
Powers with negative rational exponents:
−1 −𝑚𝑚
1 1 1 1
𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 = 1 = 𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛𝑛 .
√𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 √𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛

Note: When dealing with power form, always reduce the exponent if you can.
2 1
• (−2)4 should be simplified to (−2)2 first.
𝑛𝑛 𝑚𝑚
It is often better to convert 𝑎𝑎𝑚𝑚 to � 𝑛𝑛√𝑎𝑎� .
2 2
• (−8)3 = � 3√−8� = (−2)2 = 4
Example 1. Express as a power.
1 1
a) √2 b) 3 c) 4
√5 √11

Example 2. Evaluate by rewriting the base.

−1
1
125
c)2430.2
3
a) 49 2 b) �− �
27

−1
d) (32−1) 5

Solving Exponential Equations

An exponential equation is an equation where the variable is in the exponent rather

than the base(s).

Ex: 5𝑥𝑥+1 = 125

Steps to solve:
1. Change expressions on both sides to the SAME BASE and simplify the
exponent(s).
2. Equate the exponents.
3. Solve for the variable and check solutions, if required.
Examples. Solve the following equations:

a) 3𝑥𝑥 = 81 b) 2𝑥𝑥+3 = 16

5
c) 9𝑥𝑥−1 = 27 d) 5(32𝑥𝑥 ) =
27

e) 22𝑥𝑥 − 7(2𝑥𝑥 ) − 8 = 0 f) 5𝑥𝑥 = 400

g)2 − 13 ∙ 3−𝑥𝑥 = 45 ∙ 3−2𝑥𝑥

Practice Questions

1. 8𝑥𝑥+1 − 4 = 60 2. 32𝑥𝑥 − 12(3𝑥𝑥 ) + 27 = 0

3 −4𝑥𝑥 2
3. 42𝑥𝑥 − 17(4𝑥𝑥 ) + 16 = 0 4. 2 𝑥𝑥 = 8−𝑥𝑥

x −3
5. 4 = 83− x 6. 25 = 5 125
x−3

x−1
1
7. 4(8 ) = 16
x
8.   = 27 3
9

x+6

9.
1
x2
36  
6
=1 10. 2
2 x +1
(
− 5 2 x +1 + 12 =
0)
 Warm-Up: Solving Exponential Equations
1. Simplify
3
−

( )  81x12 y 8 
2 4
a) 3
−64x15 y 3 b)  8 12 
 16 x y 

c)
( 36 x )( 3
8x2 )  2−2 + 8 
d)  2
−4

−1 
 2 +8 
1
40 x 6

e)
4 3 x 24 f)
( 27 )( −81 )
3a + 2 2 a −1

3a

2. Solve for x.

8x+ 2
a) = 32 x +1 + 32 x
108 c) x +3
= 16 x −3
4

2 5x( )( 25 ) + 10 =
−x

c)
125 2x
1260 (
d) 22 x − 3 2 x+ 2 =
−32 )
 Restrictions of a Rational Expression

𝑝𝑝
Rational expressions can be written in the form where 𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 are
𝑞𝑞
polynomials and 𝑞𝑞 ≠ 0.

1 1 3𝑥𝑥+2 𝑚𝑚2 −3𝑚𝑚+1

Ex: , , ,
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥−3 2𝑥𝑥−5 2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

A rational expression is undefined when it's denominator is zero.

Note: a value of a variable that makes the denominator zero is called a
non-permissible value. These values are described as restrictions on
the variable.

Examples: state the restrictions on the variable in the following rational

expressions.

1 3𝑥𝑥+2 3𝑥𝑥+2 6𝑥𝑥 2 𝑧𝑧

a) b) c) d)
𝑥𝑥−3 2𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥 2 −1 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

Simplifying Rational Expressions

A simplified rational expression is defined only for the value of the variables for which
the original expression was defined.
Examples: simplify and state restrictions.

x+5 x2 − 9 𝑥𝑥 2 −5𝑥𝑥+4
a) b) c)
x 2 − 25 x −3 3𝑥𝑥−12

𝑥𝑥 3 +5𝑥𝑥 2 +6𝑥𝑥 5𝑥𝑥−15 -9a5b3c

d) e) f)
2𝑥𝑥+6 𝑥𝑥 2 −9 27a2bc

x3 − x 3x3 − 3x 2
g) h)
x2 + 2x + 1 8 x3 − 12 x 2 + 4 x
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Simplify and state restrictions:

30x7 y 4 12mn2
1. 2.
6x2 y3 36mn

25x10 -15x7 -10x2 t 4 +3t2 +2

3. 4.
5x2 (1 + t )
2 2

4r2 - 49t2 x2 -2x +1

5. 6.
4r2 +28rt + 49t2 x2 + 7x -8

2y2 - y -15 12x3 -26x2 +12x

7. 8.
4y2 -13y +3 8x2 - 6x - 9
 Simplifying Rational Expressions:
Multiplying and Dividing

Steps to multiplying rational expressions:

1) Factor the numerators and denominators
2) State ALL restrictions on the variables
3) Using division, remove any common factors in the numerator and denominator
4) Multiply the numerators, then multiply the denominators
5) Write the result as a single expression

Ex. Simplify and state all restrictions.

9x2 12xy2 4x - 6 4xy
a) × b) ×
4xy 3x 8x2 y 6x - 9

a2 + 7a +12 a2 - a - 6 m2 + 5m -14 3m2 - 6m

c) × 2 d) ×
a2 + 4a + 4 a -9 m2 + 8m + 7 m2 - 4m + 4
Steps to dividing two rational expressions:
1) Factor the numerators and denominators
2) State all restrictions on the variables
3) Take the reciprocal of the second rational expression and change the ÷ to ×
4) State any NEW restrictions •
5) Using division, remove any common factors in the numerator and denominator
6) Multiply the numerators, then multiply the denominators
7) Write the result as a single expression

Ex. Simplify and state all restrictions.

2x + 8 4x +16 m2 -25 2m -10

a) ÷ b) ÷
3x 2x2 m2 -16 4m +16

x2 +3x +2 x2 - x -2 25 - 4x2 3x2 +10x -8 2x2 +13x +20

c) ÷ d) × ÷
x 4 - 4x2 5x3 - 9x2 -2x 1 - 9x2 4x2 - 4x -15 6x2 + 7x -3
Practice Questions
1) Simplify each expression. State any restrictions on the variables.
x x −3 p −3 p
a) × b) × 10 c) ÷ 10
2 3 25 25
p p2 35 21 3h  1 
d) × e) ÷ f)  
3 6 2
16 x 4 x (h + 1)  (h − 2) 
2) Simplify.
2
2a 2 3bc 2 (ab) 2 cx 2 9 x 2 y 3 (3 xy )3 2 x 3 y  4 xy 
a) × b) × 3 c) ÷ d) ÷− 3 
5b 2 c 8a 2 c xa b (5 xyz ) 2 20 x 2 y z3  z 
x+ y m+n
3 x + 6 14 x − 14 a −1 1− a 2x − y
e) × f) ÷ g) h) 2 5 2
7 x − 7 5 x + 10 2a − 3 4a − 6 x + y m +n
2x + y 15
3) Simplify. State any restrictions on the variables.
b2 + b 3b − 21 x 2 − 3x + 2 8 x + 8
a) × b) ×
b 2 − b b 2 − 6b − 7 x 2 + 3x + 2 4 x − 8
4 x 2 − 25 y 2 4 3b 2 − 9b + 6 3 − 3b
c) × d) ÷
(5 y − 2 x) 2
4 x + 10 y 2b − 10b + 12 6 − 2b
2

4) The bases of two parallelograms are also adjacent 2x - 5 B

sides of rectangle C. Parallelogram A has an area
of (12x2 + 2x – 2) m2 and a height of (3x – 1) m. 3x - 1 C
Parallelogram B has an area of (2x2 – 3x – 5) m2 A

and a height of (2x – 5) m. Find the area of rectangle C.

3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2 y 2
5) Write two different pairs of rational expressions with a product of .
x2 − y 2

Answer Key
x2 −6 p −3 p p3 5 3h
1. a) b) c) d) e) , x ≠ 0 f) 2 , h ≠ −1, h ≠ 2
6 5 250 18 12 x h −h−2
3c bx 4 xz 3 6 2x + y 3(m + n)
2. a) b) c) d) e) f) –2 g) h)
20b a 15xyz 2 8y 5 2x − y m2 + n2
3 2( x − 1) 2 5y 5y
3. a) , b ≠ 1, b ≠ 0, b ≠ 7, b ≠ −1 b) , x ≠ 2, x ≠ −2, x ≠ −1 c) ,x ≠ ,x ≠ −
b −1 x+2 2x − 5 y 2 2
b −1
d) , b ≠ 3, b ≠ 2, b ≠ 1
b−2
4. x2 + 6x + 2
5. 3 x + y x + 2y
x ≠ y , x, y ≠ 0 and x ≠ − y , x, y ≠ 0
x− y x+ y
3x + y x + 2y
or x ≠ − y , x, y ≠ 0 and x ≠ y , x, y ≠ 0
x+ y x− y
 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions with
Different Polynomial Denominators
Steps to add/subtract rational expressions
1) Factor the denominator.
2) State the restrictions on the variables.
3) Determine the lowest common denominator.

The LCD is not always the product of the two denominators.

To determine the lowest common denominator
Find the lowest common multiple of the coefficients The LCD of
Include each variable factor to the highest degree 4x2(x+1) and
Include each polynomial factor of the highest degree 2x(x+1)2 is
4) Write each expression with the common denominator. 4x2 (x+1)2
5) Add or subtract the numerators. (Combine them into one large expression)
6) Expand the numerator.
7) Simplify the numerator by combining like terms.
8) Factor the numerator, if factorable.
9) Divide out common factors.

Example: Simplify and state the restriction(s) on the variable

x 3 4 3 1
1. - +1 2. - 2+ 3
2x - 4 3x - 6 5a 2a a

x 5 4 5
3. + 4. - 2
6x +6 4x -12 y + 5y + 6 y - y -12
2
 2z -8 z +3 -5 5 1
5. + 2 6. + -
3z + 8z + 4 3z + 5z +2
2
x + 4 x2 + 8x + 16 x2 - 16

Practice Questions Practice

Simplify and state restriction(s).

2p - 2 p -1 5 4t2 - 9
1. 2
- 2 2. + 2
p + 4p + 3 p + 5p + 6 2t - 3 2t - 7t + 6

2x + 4 x +5 x2 - 4 q2 + 5q + 6 q + 3 6
3. - - 4. ÷ -
x2 + 5x + 6 x2 + 4x + 3 x2 + 3x + 2 q2 - 3q + 2 q -1 q + 3

5. Some of the members of the math department decide to go out for dinner. Mrs.
Lee and Mrs. Moshtagh don’t have cash so everyone else must pay $7.50 each
extra to cover the cost. If the total cost of the dinner was $180, how many people
went out to dinner?

10x + 5 A B
6. Find A and B such that = +
x +3x - 4 x + 4 x -1
2

7. A cylindrical swimming pool has the dimensions shown below.

a) Calculate the amount of water can be hold in the swimming pool.

4x -32
height =
x

4πx2
Base arae :
x2 -16x + 64

b) Find the ratio of surface area and the volume. V = πr2h , SA = 2πrh + πr2
 Unit 5 Review
1) Simplify the following expressions, and state their exact value (i.e. no decimals)
-2 -2
1 1
 4  + 3 
-2 1 1
 39   m5   4  6    
( )
3 6 0.4
a)   b)   ×  c) -2
d) 32
 64   2  m 1
5
 

(16 )
3
-2.5 -0.2
 4
 23  2.5 -
 49  2 2 3
4-8 + 4-5

5
e)  -32  27  - 4
 
f)   + ( -64 ) 3 - ( 81 ) 4 g) h)
(2 + 2-4 )
3 2
    81  4
-6
16

 21 15  -1 1
 a b  ( ab ) c
( x )( )
2 0
 12 0.25 3 
( ) ( ) x 
3 2 2
 x 216x 9 
i)   j)  k)  
( ( ) ) 0.5  
 ( 3x ) x
6 4
8a 6 18
  x3 
3
   
27b9

2) Melissa walks 𝟑𝟑 miles to the house of a friend and returns home on a bike. She averages 𝟒𝟒
miles per hour faster when cycling than when walking, and the total time for both trips is
two hours. Find her walking speed. [Ans: 𝟐𝟐 miles per hour]

3) It takes 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 minutes less time to travel 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 miles by car at night than by day because the
lack of traffic allows the average speed at night to be 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 miles per hour faster than in the
daytime. Find the average speed in the daytime.[Ans: 40 miles per hour]

4) If 5a = 4 and 5 b = 7 ,write 12.25 as a power of 5 in terms of a and b.

5) Fully simplify the following expressions. Factor and state restrictions where appropriate

6mnq 2 39pr 2 x+4 5 x+4

a) × b) + 2 -
-26m 3 nq -24pq 2 r x + 2 x - 5x - 14 x - 7

x - 5 2x +1 25 - x 2 2n 2 + n 2n 3 - 5n 2 - 3n 4n - 5
c) × ÷ d) ÷ 2
+ 2
3x 3x - 1 6x 2 - 2x 4n - 8 3n - 5n - 2 n + 4n - 21

5 6 x - 5 3x +1 3x(1 - 9x 2 )
e) 2
+ f) ÷ ×
9a - 4 3a + 2 3x 2x - 1 4x 2 - 2x

21pq - 3p2 q
x+2 x-2 16pq + 4p2 q 3
g) - 2 h) 2
+
2
x - 7x +10 x - 4x - 5 14 - 9p + p 4p - 8
2
12+ 7p + p
 3x +1 2x - 1
6) The length of a rectangle is represented by and its width is represented by .
2 3
Create an expression that represents the perimeter of the rectangle, in its simplest form.

7) Write and simplify an expression that represents the fraction

of the area of the large circle that is covered by the small circle.
(Note: Diagrams are not to scale)

8) The dimensions of the side of a rectangular box are 2x +1 and x - 1 . If each dimension is
increased by 3 units, write and simplify an expression in terms of x that represents the
increase in area.

9) Simplify and state the restrictions.

1 4 1
- -6
3x x + 2 3 - x -x
a) b) -
x 1 x+2 1
+
x+2 x -5+ x
k +9
10) The length of a rectangular shape is represented by 2 and its width is represented
k + 3k - 4
k -1 k+3
by - . What is the k-value if the rectangular shape is a square?
k+4 k -1

11) What does the word restrictions mean in connecting with a rational expression, and
why must you state the restrictions? Explain using examples.

12) A student wrote the following while trying to determine the value of an expression. Do you
agree with the solution? Explain why or why not.
1
 23   1   2  43 
 x  +  x 2   -  x 
      
1 1
 2 2  1 2  3 
=  x3  + x2  -  x4 
   
     
 31   41   43 
=  x + x  -  x 
     
     
7 3
4
= 2x - x 12

1
-
=x 6
13) Solve for x.

a) 4x + 20 = 10(2 x+1 ) - 44 b) 94x+1 ( 34-x ) ÷ 81 x -2 = 36

2
3
c) x = 25 (
d) 22x - 3 2 x+2 = -32 )

e)
( )( 25 ) +10 = 1260
2 5x -x

f) ( x 2 - 5x + 5 )
x 2 +4x-60
=1
1252x

g) 34x+53 = 243 (
h) 686 7 2x-1 = 98 )
i) 2 x+2 + 2 x+5 = 1152 ( )
j) 52x - 6 5 x+1 +125 = 0
Unit 6: Functions
Introduction to Functions and Relations
A function is a correspondence between two sets of elements. It serves to “link” each element
in the first set with one and only one element in the second set.
• The first set is called the Domain (values of x)
• The second set is called the Range (values of y)

So far, you have already studied functions however these may have been called “relations”
instead of functions.
• 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 7 is a relation vs. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 − 7 is a function
• 𝑦𝑦 = 2(𝑥𝑥 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 + 6) is a relation vs. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 2(𝑥𝑥 − 4)(𝑥𝑥 + 6) is a function

All functions can be considered relations however, not all relations are functions!
• Remember, a function “links” each element in the first set with one and only one element
in the second set

Vertical Line Test

If you have a graph of a relation, try to draw a vertical line through two points of the
relation. If you can do this, the relation is not a function!

Ex) Which of the following relations are functions

Equations Test
Deciding if a relation is a function given its equation is a much more difficult process.
Generally, we try to prove that a relation is not a function.
• Pick any value of x and solve for y. If you get two answers for y, then the relation is
NOT a function

Ex) Show that 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 25 is not a function.

Base Functions
In Grade 9 and Grade 10, you primarily focused on the linear base function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 as well as the
quadratic function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 . Also, you did transformations on the quadratic function and graphed
functions of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘𝑘.
• Throughout the unit, we will do transformations on different base functions.

Linear Function Quadratic Function

Domain:__________________________ Domain:__________________________

Range:___________________________ Range:___________________________
 Cubic Function Square Root Function

Domain:__________________________ Domain:__________________________

Range:___________________________ Range:___________________________

Absolute Value Function Reciprocal Function

Domain:__________________________ Domain:__________________________

Range:___________________________ Range:___________________________
 Exponential Function Logarithmic Function
(Inverse of the Exponential Function)

Domain:__________________________
Domain:__________________________

Range:___________________________ Range:___________________________
Domain and Range of Discrete Functions

A set of data is continuous if the values belonging to the set can take on ANY value within a
finite or infinite interval

A set of data is discrete if the values belonging to the set are distinct and separate
(unconnected values)

Ex) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = {(−3, 5), (−2, 2), (−1, 3), (2, −3), (4, 8), (6, 2)} Graph 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) and state the domain and
range.

Domain:____________________

Range:_____________________

Domain and Range of Piecewise Functions

A Piecewise function is a function which is made of up of multiple functions. To do this, we need

to specify a domain for each piece when we write the function.

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 < 2
Ex) Graph 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = � 6 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 = 2 on the grid below and state the domain and range.
10 − 𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 2 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 6

−4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 8 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ −3
Ex) Graph 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = � 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 3 < 𝑥𝑥 < 0 on the grid below and state the domain and range.
√𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 0 < 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 8
Warm-Up
1. Graph the following base functions and state the domain and range of each.

1
a) 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥 b) 𝑦𝑦 =
𝑥𝑥

Domain:___________________ Domain:___________________

Range:____________________ Range:____________________

2. State the domain and range of the following relations

a) b) c)

3. Which relations in #2 are not functions?

Function Notation
Recall: If we are going to use function notation then the function must pass the vertical line
test. In other words:

It is proper to write the relation 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 5 as the function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 5

It is not proper to write the relation 𝑦𝑦 = ±√25 − 𝑥𝑥 2 as the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = ±�(25 − 𝑥𝑥 )2 since
the relation does not pass the vertical line test!
• Note: The above relation came from 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 25

Function notation helps us notate what we are doing mathematically!

Ex) Given the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) find

a) 𝑓𝑓(2) b) 𝑓𝑓(8) c) 𝑓𝑓(−2)

d) The solution(s) to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 6

e) The solution(s) to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 0

f) The solution(s) to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 10

Ex) Given 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 9, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑥 − 6, and ℎ(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) find

a) 𝑓𝑓(2) b) 𝑔𝑔(−8) c) ℎ(4) d) The x-intercepts of ℎ(𝑥𝑥 )

e) The solution(s) to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) − 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = 5

Compositions of Functions

Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) represent two functions. We have learned how to
• Add two functions 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
• Subtract two functions 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) − 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
• Multiply two functions 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
• Divide two functions 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
• Find the Inverse of a function 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 ) (we will do this later)

It is possible to put a function into another function.

• Say we want to put 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) into 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
o This is written as 𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )� or (𝑓𝑓 ○ 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥)
𝑓𝑓�𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )� is an example of a Composite Function

Ex) Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 7 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 − 5. Determine the equation for each composition
function
a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )) b) 𝑔𝑔�𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 )�

1
c) 𝑔𝑔�𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )� d) 𝑓𝑓 (2𝑧𝑧 + 3) − 𝑔𝑔 � �
𝑧𝑧+1
Warm-Up
4. Graph the following base functions and state the domain and range of each.

b) 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑥𝑥| b) 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥

Domain:___________________ Domain:___________________

Range:____________________ Range:____________________

𝑥𝑥 2
5. Given 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥+10 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 determine

a) 𝑓𝑓 [𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )] b) The solution(s) to 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 9

c) 𝑔𝑔[𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )] d) If 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = {(−2, 3), (−1, 5), (0, 4), (2, −1), (3, −2)}
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = {(4, 5), (2, −1), (−1, 0), (−3, −2), (3, 3)}

Find 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )

Find 𝑓𝑓[𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )]
Transformations on Functions
Earlier in the course, you investigated transformations of the relation 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 . Recall the vertex form of
a parabola!
• We will transform different functions but we won’t be able to use the step property. We will
rely on a transformation map. The transformation map will work for all base functions.

Ex) Given 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −2(𝑥𝑥 + 4)2 + 9

a) Graph 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −2(𝑥𝑥 + 4)2 + 9 using the step property.
b) Provide a transformation map
c) Use the transformation map to get points for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

Vertical and Horizontal Translations

For each of the following functions, sketch the relation and fill in the blanks.

𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥 − 3 + 2 1
𝑦𝑦 = −4
𝑥𝑥

Domain:__________________________
Domain:__________________________
Range:___________________________
Range:___________________________
T-Map:___________________________
T-Map:___________________________
 1 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑥𝑥 + 5| − 7
𝑦𝑦 = +5
𝑥𝑥 + 3

Domain:__________________________ Domain:__________________________

Range:___________________________ Range:___________________________

T-Map:___________________________ T-Map:___________________________

𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)3 + 4

Domain:__________________________ Domain:__________________________

Range:___________________________ Range:___________________________

T-Map:___________________________ T-Map:___________________________
Vertical Stretches, Compressions and Reflections
For each of the following functions
a) Provide a transformation map
b) List the base function points
c) Use the transformation map to sketch the final graph
d) State the domain and range

𝑦𝑦 = −2√𝑥𝑥 + 7 + 5

4
𝑦𝑦 = − +2
𝑥𝑥 − 3
 𝑦𝑦 = 3|𝑥𝑥 − 3| − 5

𝑦𝑦 = √9𝑥𝑥 + 54 − 4 Hint: Factor first and then simplify

−3
𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 + 6
4
 2 1
𝑦𝑦 = −3 𝑦𝑦 = − √𝑥𝑥 + 7 + 5
𝑥𝑥 + 4 2

𝑦𝑦 = −3(2)𝑥𝑥−1 + 7 1
𝑦𝑦 = − |𝑥𝑥 − 4| + 6
2
Transformations of Functions – Horizontal
Stretches, Compressions, and Reflections
When we investigated parabolas, we didn’t investigate Horizontal Stretches, Compressions, or
Reflections.

A quadratic relation that has been fully transformed looks like

2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑎𝑎[𝑘𝑘(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑑𝑑 )] + 𝑐𝑐
Note the factored form!

Observe the following graph which illustrates horizontal stretches and compressions for the
base function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 .

Whenever we need to horizontally stretch or compress a function, we need to multiply the x-

values by _____ in our transformation map.

Note:
1
• If |𝑘𝑘| > 1 then the graph is horizontally compressed by a factor of
𝑘𝑘
1
• If 0 < |𝑘𝑘| < 1 then the graph is horizontally stretched by a factor of
𝑘𝑘
• If 𝑘𝑘 < 0 then the graph is reflected along the y-axis
Ex) For the following functions, state the transformations applied to the function.
2 3 1 −2
a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = √𝑥𝑥 ; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = �− 𝑥𝑥 + 6 − 7 b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = ; 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = +8
3 4 𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥−15

For each of the following functions

a) Provide a transformation map
b) List the base function points
c) Use the transformation map to sketch the final graph

𝑦𝑦 = −3|2𝑥𝑥 − 8| + 9 2
𝑦𝑦 = −3
−3𝑥𝑥 + 12
 −1
𝑦𝑦 = −3(2) 2 𝑥𝑥−1 + 5 𝑦𝑦 = 3√−2𝑥𝑥 + 8 − 6

Writing Transformations with Function

Notation
Ex) Compare how you would graph 𝑦𝑦 = 2(𝑥𝑥 + 4)2 − 5 to how you would graph 𝑦𝑦 = 2|𝑥𝑥 + 4| − 5.

How are the two processes similar? How are the two processes different?
 2
Ex) A function’s graph has been compressed vertically by a factor of , horizontally translated
5
right 7 units, and vertically translated down 4 units. Write these transformations in general,
using function notation.

4
Ex) A function’s graph has been stretched vertically by a factor of , reflected along the y-
3
2
axis, horizontally compressed by a factor of , horizontally translated left 3 units, and
5
vertically translated up 1 unit. Write these transformations in general, using function notation.

Ex) What transformations were performed on the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) to transform it onto the
graph of
2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓[−3𝑥𝑥 − 21] + 10
5

Transforming General Functions

Sometimes you will be given a sketch of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and then be asked to sketch a transformed
version of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).
• When you are asked to do this, it is helpful to create a transformation map so that you
don’t get messed up in the process.

Ex) Given the sketch of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), sketch the following

1
a) 𝑦𝑦 = 1.5𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 2 b) 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓 � 𝑥𝑥 − 3� + 10
2
Transformations of the general 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥)
We need to be able to graph functions that have every transformation involved. Unfortunately,
when there are a large number of transformations, this will become very complicated due to the
large number of sketches!
• In order to avoid tones of sketches, we will use a transformation map

Ex) If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = √𝑥𝑥, sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑓𝑓[2𝑥𝑥 + 10] − 4 i.e.) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3√2𝑥𝑥 + 10 − 4
a) Sketch the function using a transformation map and base function points
b) State the domain and range of the function

1
Ex) If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = , sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑓𝑓[(𝑥𝑥 − 3)] + 6 using a transformation map and then
𝑥𝑥
state the domain and range.
 −1
Ex) If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑓𝑓 � (𝑥𝑥 + 5)� + 8 using a transformation map and
3
then state the domain and range.

Ex) Given the following graph

1. Write down “nice points” of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ).
2. Switch the x and y values of each point i.e.) apply the transformation map
𝑇𝑇: (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑦𝑦, 𝑥𝑥 ). and list these new points down.
3. Take these new points and plot them on the grid and connect them.
4. Draw the line 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 on the grid.
5. Write down what you notice about 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) and the new function you drew.
The Inverse Function
If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a function then the inverse function is denoted as 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥). 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) takes in x-values
(domain) and outputs y-values (range). 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) takes in y-values from 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) and outputs x-value.

The inverse function has the following properties:

a. Domain of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = Range of 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 )
b. Range of 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = Domain of 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 )

Graphical Representation of the inverse function

• Graphically, 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) is the reflection of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) along the line ___________

• If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) is a function, this does not mean that 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) is a function. When looking at the
graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
o Vertical Line Test: Check to see if 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is a function
o Horizontal Line Test: Check to see if 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) is a function
 For the test to pass, the function can only hit the line once

Ex) Find the relation that is the inverse of the following function
𝑓𝑓 = {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (3, −2)}. Is this new relation a function?

Ex) Find the relation that is the inverse of the following function
𝑓𝑓 = {(−2, 5), (3, 8), (2, 1), (6, 8), (1, −3)}. Is this new relation a function?
Ex) For the function below
a) Sketch the inverse and state whether the inverse is a function.
b) State the domain and range of the function
c) State the domain and range of the inverse function
d) If the inverse is not a function, state a possible restricted domain for the original
function so that the inverse becomes a function.

Algebraic Representation of the inverse function

Algebraically, the inverse function is found by the following these steps:
1. Change 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) to y 3. Solve for y
2. Interchange x and y 4. Change y to 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) if the relation is a function

Ex) Determine the inverse of the following functions

a) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 − 7 b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = √𝑥𝑥 − 4
 2𝑥𝑥+5 5−3𝑥𝑥
c) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = d) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
3𝑥𝑥−4 7−4𝑥𝑥

Ex) If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 3, find 𝑓𝑓 −1 (2) using only 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).

Extra Practice Questions

1. Determine if 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) is the inverse of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
1 5 2𝑥𝑥−3 3+4𝑥𝑥
a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 3𝑥𝑥 + 5, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 − [yes] b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = , 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = [yes]
3 3 𝑥𝑥+4 2−𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥+1 3𝑥𝑥+1
c) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = , 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = [no] d) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) = −√𝑥𝑥 + 1 [no]
2𝑥𝑥−3 2𝑥𝑥+1

e) If 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 − 21, find 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 7 using only 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). [0]

Unit 6 Review – Functions
1. Given the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)

a. Fill in the blanks

i) 𝑓𝑓 (1) = ______ ii) 𝑓𝑓(−2) = ______ iii) 𝑓𝑓 (−6) = ______

iv) 𝑓𝑓 −1 (−7) = ______ v) 𝑓𝑓 −1 (9) = ______

b. Solve the following

i) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 5 ii) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = −7 iii) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 9 iv) 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) = −5

2. If 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 + 4, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥 − 28, and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = √𝑥𝑥 2 − 4

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
a) Find 𝑓𝑓 (2) − 𝑔𝑔(3) b) Find ℎ�𝑔𝑔(6)� c) Simplify 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)
and state restrictions

d) Find ℎ�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)� e) solve 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(−14)

3. If 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = −2(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 + 9

a) Graph 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) on the grid using the step property.

b) Explain how you would graph 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥).
c) Is 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) a function? Explain why.
d) Is 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) a function? Explain why.
e) If 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) is not a function, how would you restrict
the domain of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) so that it is a function.
f) Find 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥) algebraically
g) State the domain and the range of 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥)

4. For the following functions, state the domain and range

of each.
 In order to do this, it may be helpful to produce a small rough sketch of the function which
includes reflections and translations. There is no need to consider stretches or compressions.

1 1
3 𝑥𝑥−1
a. 𝑦𝑦 = − 3𝑥𝑥−12 + 4 b. 𝑦𝑦 = 3(2)−3𝑥𝑥+1 − 4 c. 𝑦𝑦 = −2 �4� +3

1
d. 𝑦𝑦 = 2�−(𝑥𝑥 + 4) − 3 e. 𝑦𝑦 = −�2 𝑥𝑥 + 3 − 4 f. 𝑦𝑦 = −2|𝑥𝑥 − 4| + 1
5. Algebraically prove that the relation 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 = 1 is not a function.

6. If 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥, and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 − 2. Solve 𝑓𝑓 �𝑔𝑔�ℎ(𝑥𝑥)�� = ℎ �𝑔𝑔�𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)��.

7. If 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) = √𝑥𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑥 − 9. Solve 𝑓𝑓(2𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 2 ).

8. Graph the following functions on the grids below and state the domain and range.

−2 5 1 −2𝑥𝑥+10
𝑦𝑦 = −5 𝑦𝑦 = − � � +7
1 4 2
− 2 𝑥𝑥 + 2

𝑦𝑦 = −2√3𝑥𝑥 + 6 + 5 3 3
𝑦𝑦 = − �− 𝑥𝑥 + 1� + 8
4 2
 𝑦𝑦 = log1.5 (𝑥𝑥 ) 1
𝑦𝑦 = − log1.5 (𝑥𝑥 + 3) + 1
2

9. Algebraically determine the inverse of the following functions

a. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 3(𝑥𝑥 + 4)2 − 7
b. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥 + 5
1
c. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = −2� 𝑥𝑥 + 1 + 3
5
2𝑥𝑥+3
d. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑥𝑥−5
𝑥𝑥−2
e. 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) =
𝑥𝑥 2+𝑥𝑥−6

10. If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = −𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 1

a) solve 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 7
b) solve 𝑓𝑓 −1 (4)
c) state how you would restrict the domain of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) so that 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥 ) is a function and then
state the domain and range of the inverse with the restriction in place.

11. If 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑥 + 5 and 𝑓𝑓(3 + 𝑘𝑘) = 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑘𝑘), determine the value of k.

12. If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = −𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 − 8 determine intersection of 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) and its inverse without actually using
the inverse.

13. If 𝐶𝐶 = 25𝑛𝑛2 − 3𝑛𝑛 and 𝑛𝑛 = 3𝑡𝑡 + 5. Determine C as a function of t.