CERAMIC RESONATOR PRINCIPLES

Principles of Operation for fr = 1/2 π L1 C1

Ceramic Resonators fa = 1/2 π L1 C1C0/( C1+C0) = Fr 1 + C1+C0
Qm = 1/2 π Fr C1R1

Equivalent Circuit Constants: Fig.1.2 shows the symbol for a (Q m = Mechanical Q)

ceramic resonator. The impedance and phase characteristics measured
between the terminals are shown in Fig.1.5. This figure illustrates that the Considering the limited frequency range of f r ≤ f ≤ f a , the impedance is
resonator becomes inductive in the frequency range between the given as Z=R e +jwL e (L e ≤=0) as shown in Fig.1.5. The ceramic resonator
frequency fr (resonant frequency), which provides the minimum should operate as an inductor Le (H) having the loss Re (Ω).
impedance, and the frequency fa (anti-resonant frequency), which Fig.1.1 shows comparisons for equivalent circuit constants between a
provides the maximum impedance. It becomes capacitive in other ceramic resonator and a quartz crystal resonator. Note there is a large
frequency ranges. This means that the mechanical oscillation of a two- difference in capacitance and Qm which results in the difference of
terminal resonator can be replaced with an equivalent circuit consisting of oscillating conditions when actually operated. The table in the appendix
a combination of series and parallel resonant circuits with an inductor L, shows the standard values of equivalent circuit constants for each type of
a capacitor C, and a resistor R. In the vicinity of the resonant frequency, ceramic resonator.
the equivalent circuit can be expressed as shown in Fig.1.4. Higher harmonics for other modes of oscillation exist other than the
The fr and fa frequencies are determined by the piezoelectric ceramic desired oscillation mode. These other oscillation modes exist because the
material and its physical parameters. The equivalent circuit constants can ceramic resonator uses mechanical resonance. Fig.1.6 shows these
be determined from the following formulas: characteristics.

CERAMIC RESONATOR CRYSTAL

FREQUENCY
455KHz 2.50MHz 4.00MHz 8.00MHz 453.5KHz 2.457MHz 4.00MHz 8.00MHz
L 1 (µH) 8.8x10 3 1.0x10 3 385 72 8.6x10 3 7.2x10 3 2.1x10 3 1.4x10 4
C 1 (pF) 14.5 4.2 4.4 5.9 0.015 0.005 0.007 0.027
C 0 (pF) 256.3 33.3 36.3 39.8 5.15 2.39 2.39 5.57
R 1 (Ω) 9.0 17.6 8.7 4.8 1060 37.0 22.1 8.0
Qm 2734 912 1134 731 23000 298869 240986 88677
∆ F (KHz) 12 147 228 555 0.6 3 6 19
Figure 1.1 Comparisons of equivalent Circuit Constants for Ceramic and Crystal Resonators

1M
500k

100k
Main Vibration Mode
50k
105
Impedance Z (Q)

10k
5k
Impedance between 2 terminals 104
Thickness Mode
1k
Phase (φ) = tan-1 X/R fr
500
Impedance Z (Ω)

Z = R + jX ( R: real number, X: imaginary number)

Phase ø (Deg.)

100
103 50

Figure 1.2) Symbols for 2-Terminal Ceramic Resonator fa 10

5
102
1
0 000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.00
L1
C1 R1
Frequency (MHz)
10
Figure 1.6) Spurious Characteristics for a Typical Ceramic
Resonator (455 KHz)
430 440 450 460 470
Frequency (KHz)
C0

R1 : Equivalent Resistance
L1 : Equivalent Inductance
C1 : Equivalent Capacitance
C0 : Inner Electrode Capacitance
+90

Figure 1.3) Electrical Equiv. Circuit for a Cer. Resonator

L1 L2
CL1 CL2
0

Re Le C L C
L C
-90 (Colpitts Oscillator) (Hartley Oscillator)

R e : Effective Resistance
L e : Effective Inductance

Figure 1.4) Equivalent Circuit for a Ceramic Resonator in Figure 1.5) Impedance and Phase Characteristics for Figure 1.7) Basic configuration for an LC Oscillation Circuit
the Frequency Range of f r ≤ f ≤ fa Ceramic Resonators

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Basic Oscillating Circuits Colpilts Circuit
Generally, the oscillating circuits can be grouped into the f OSC = 1/2 π L1 * [(CL1 * CL2)/( CL1 + CL2)]
following three types:
1. Positive feedback Hartley Circuit
2. Negative resistance element f OSC = 1/2 π C (L1+ L2)
3. Delay of transfer time or phase in the case of ceramic resonators,
quartz crystal resonators, and LC oscillators, positive feedback is the In a ceramic resonator oscillator, the inductor is replaced by a ceramic
circuit of choice. resonator, taking advantage of the fact that the resonator becomes
inductive between resonant and anti-resonant frequencies. The most
Among the positive feedback oscillation circuits using LC, the tuning commonly used circuit is the Colpitts circuit.
type anti-coupling oscillation circuit, by Colpitts and Hartley, are
typically used. See Fig. 1.7. The operating principle of these oscillation circuits can be seen in Fig.2.1.
Oscillation occurs when the following conditions are satisfied.
In Fig.1. 7, a transistor, which is the most basic amplifier, is used. Loop gain: G = α • β ≥ 1
Phase amount: φ Τ = φ 1 + φ 2 = 360˚ • n (n = 1,2,…)
The oscillation frequencies are approximately the same as the resonance
frequency of the circuit consisting of L, CL1, and CL 2 in the Colpitts In a Colpitts circuit, an inversion of φ 1 = 180˚ is used, and it is inverted
circuit or consisting of L1, L2, and C in the Hartley circuit. These more than φ 2 = 180˚ with L and C in the feedback circuit. The operation
frequencies can be represented by the following formulas. with a ceramic resonator can be considered as the same.

α(φ1) 40

30 Possible to Oscillate
Amplifier 90
Phase
Gain
20
Phase Shift: φ1
Rf
10

Loop Gain (dB)

Phase (deg)
A
0
Feedback Network
Gain
Transfer Function: Β
Phase Shift: φ2
-10

CL1 Ceramic Resonator CL2 -20

Oscillating conditions -90
Loop gain G = α • β≥1 4.00M
-30
Phase Shift φT = φ1+φ1 = 360˚ • n(n = 1,2, …)
VDD = +5V
CL1 = CL2 = 30pF
IC: CD4069UBE
-40
β(φ2) 3.90 4.00 4.10
Frequency (KHz)
Figure 2.1) Principles of Oscillation Figure 2.2) Basic Oscillation Circuit with Inverters
40

30 Impossible to Oscillate
90

20
α(φ1) β(φ2)
IC Ceramic 10
Loop Gain (dB)

Zin [1M(Ω)] - j/w[8 • 10 9(F)] Phase

Resonator
Phase (deg)

0
0.01µΩ
-10
Z0 = 50Ω
Vector Voltmeter
CL2 CL1 -20
Gain -90
Vin 4.00M
S.S.G. -30 VDD = +2.7V
CL1 = CL2 = 30pF
IC: CD4069UBE
-40
3.90 4.00 4.10
Loop gain G = α • β≥1
Phase Shift φT = φ1+φ1 = 360˚ • n(n = 1,2, …)
Frequency (KHz)

Figure 2.4) Measured Results of Loop Gain

Figure 2.3) Measuring Circuit Network for Loop-Gain and Phase Shift and Phase Shift

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APPLICATIONS CMOS Inverter: A CMOS inverter can be used as the inverting
amplifier; the one-stage type of the 4069 CMOS group is most useful.
Typical Oscillation Circuit: The most common oscillator circuit for a Because of excessive gain, ring oscillation or CR oscillation is a typical
ceramic resonator is a Colpitts circuit. The design of the circuit varies problem when using the three-stage buffer type inverter, such as the 4049
with the application and the IC to be used, etc. Although the basic group. ECS employs the RCA CD4O69UBE as a CMOS standard curcuit,
configuration of the circuit is the same as that of a crystal controlled as shown in Fig. 3.2.
oscillator, the difference in mechanical Q results from a difference in
circuit constants. Some typical examples follow. HCMOS Inverter Circuit: Recently, the high speed CMOS (HCMOS)
is increasingly being used for circuits allowing high speed and low power
Design Considerations: It is becoming more common to configure consumption for microprocessors.
the oscillation circuit with a digital IC, using an inverter gate. Fig.3.1 on There are two types HCMOS inverters: the un-buffered 74HCU series
the following page shows the configuration of a basic oscillation circuit and the 74HC series with buffers. The 74HCU system is optimum for
with a CMOS inverter. ceramic resonators. See Fig.3.3
INV.1 operates as an inverting amplifier for the oscillating circuit.
INV.2 is used as a waveform shaper and also acts as a buffer for the TTL Inverter Circuit: The value of load capacitance CL1 and CL2
output. should be greater than those of CMOS due to impedance matching. In
The feedback resistance Rf provides negative feedback around the addition, the feedback resistance Rf should be as small as several KΩ.
inverter so that oscillation will start when power is applied. Note that the bias resistance Rd is required to properly determine the DC
If the value of Rf is too large and the insulation resistance of the input operating point.
inverter is low, then oscillation will stop due to the loss of loop gain. Also,
if Rf is too great, noise from other circuits can be introduced into the Frequency Correlation: The oscillator circuits shown on the
oscillation circuit. Obviously, if Rf is too small, loop gain will be following page are ECS standard test circuits. The inverters used in these
decreased. An Rf of 1MΩ is generally used with a ceramic resonator. circuits are widely accepted as industry standard because their
Damping resistor Rd has the following function although it is characteristics are representative of those found in microprocessors
sometimes omitted. It makes the coupling between the inverter and the within the same family (CMOS/HCMOS/TTL). Naturally, applications
feedback circuit loose; thereby, decreasing the load on the output side of will differ in what IC is used, and as can be expected, oscillator circuit
the inverter. In addition, the phase of the feedback circuit is stabilized. It characteristics will vary from IC to IC.
also provides a means of reducing the gain at higher frequencies, thus Usually, this variation is negligible and a ceramic resonator part
preventing the possibility of spurious oscillation. number can be selected simply by classifying the processor as CMOS,
HCMOS or TTL.
Loading Capacitance: Load capacitance CL1 and CL2 provide a phase Given that the standard ECS ceramic resonators are 100% frequency
lag of 180˚. These values should be properly selected depending on the sorted to the test circuits on the following page, it is relatively easy to
application, the IC used, and the frequency. If CL1 and CL2 are lower correlate the frequency of oscillation of our standard circuit to that of a
values than necessary, the loop gain at high frequencies is increased, customer specified circuit.
which in turn increases the probability of spurious oscillation. This is For example, if the microprocessor being used is a Motorola 6805at a
particularly likely around 4-5MHz where the thickness vibration frequency of 4MHz, then the correct ECS part number would be
mode lies. ZTA4.OMG (frequency sorted to the CD4O69UBE CMOS test circuit).
Oscillation frequency (fOSC) in this circuit is expressed approximately Circuit parameters should be selected as below:
by the following equation.
f OSC = fr 1 + (C1 / C0 + CL) VDD (+5V)

Where, fr: Resonance frequency of the ceramic resonator. 40

C1: Equivalent series capacitance of the ceramic resonator. IC: MC68HC05C4

C0: Equivalent parallel capacitance of the ceramic resonator. 38 39

CL =CL1 • CL2/CL1 +CL2 20

Rf

This clearly shows that the oscillation frequency is influenced by the

loading capacitance. Caution should be taken in defining its value when a
tight tolerance for oscillation frequency is required.
CL1 CL2

C1 = 30pF
C2 = 30pF
R1 = 1MΩ

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By actually setting up this circuit as well as the standard test circuit From this data, it is possible to predict that the standard ZTA4.00MG
shown in Fig.3.1 below, it is possible to establish the average shift that can resonator will have an approximate +0.06% frequency shift from the
be expected when using the ZTA4.OMG with a 6805 processor. The actual original 4.00MHz ±0.5% initial tolerance. This is of course a negligible
data is shown below: shift and will not affect circuit performance in any way.

RESONATOR SAMPLE # IC: MC6805C4 IC: CD4O69UBE

1 3994.21 3991.80
2 3997.49 3995.46
3 4000.87 3997.96
4 3998.18 3995.96
5 4001.09 3998.87
X 3998.37 3996.01

VDD
Figure 3.1) Basic Oscillation Circuit with INV.1 INV.2
Output
CMOS Inverter IC IC

Rf = 1MΩ
IC: CD4069UBE (MOS)
X: Ceramic Resonator
Rd CL1 = CL2 = Loading Capacitance
Rd: Damping Resistance

CL1 X CL2

VDD

14 CIRCUIT CONSTANT
FREQUENCY RANGE VDD
CD4069UBE (RCA) C L1 C L2 Rf Rd
1 2 3 4 7
190 ~ 249KHz +5V 330pF 470pF 1M 0
250 ~ 374KHz +5V 220pF 470pF 1M 0
Rf
375 ~ 429KHz +5V 120pF 470pF 1M 0
Rd
430 ~ 699KHz +5V 100pF 100pF 1M 0
OUTPUT 700 ~ 1250KHZ +5V 100pF 100pF 1M 5.6K
CL1 CL2
1.25 ~ 1.80MHz +5V 30pF 30pF 1M 0
1.80 ~ 6.30MHz +5V 30pF 30pF 1M 0
Figure 3.2) CMOS Standard Circuit 6.31 ~ 13.0MHz +12V 30pF 30pF 1M 0

VDD +5VDC CIRCUIT CONSTANT

FREQUENCY RANGE C L1 C L2 Rf Rd
14
190 ~ 374 KHz 470pF 470pF 1M 5.6K
TC74HCUO4 (TOSHIBA)
375 ~ 429 KHz 330pF 330pF 1M 5.6K
1 2 3 4 7
430 ~ 699 KHz 220pF 220pF 1M 5.6K
700 ~ 999 KHz 150pF 150pF 1M 5.6K
Rf
1000 ~ 1250 KHz 100pF 100pF 1M 5.6K
Rd
1.251 ~ 1.80 Mhz 100pF 100pF 1M 1.0K
OUTPUT 1.80 ~ 6.30 MHz 100pF 100pF 1M 680
CL1 CL2
6.31 ~ 13.0 MHz 100pF 100pF 1M 220
13.01 ~ 19.99 MHz 30pF 30pF 1M 0
20.00 ~ 25.99 MHz 15pF 15pF 1M 0
Figure 3.3) HCMOS Standard Circuit 26.00 ~ 32.00 Mhz 5pF 5pF 1M 0

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CIRCUIT CONSTANT
FREQUENCY RANGE
VDD C L1 C L2 Rf Rd
1.251 ~ 1.499 MHz 1500pF 2000pF 4.7kΩ 22KΩ
14
1.500 ~ 1.99 MHz 1500pF 1500pF 4.7KΩ 22KΩ
SN74LSO4N (T.I.)
1.80 ~ 2.49 MHz 1000pF 1000pF 4.7KΩ 22KΩ
1 2 3 4 7 2.50 ~ 3.99 Mhz 1000pF 1000pF 4.7KΩ 10KΩ
4.00 ~ 4.99 Mhz 680pF 680pF 4.7KΩ 10KΩ
5.00 ~ 6.30 Mhz 470pF 470pF 4.7KΩ 10KΩ
Rf 6.31 ~ 6.99 Mhz 470pF 470pF 4.7KΩ 10KΩ
Rd 7.00 ~ 8.99 MHz 330pF 330pF 4.7KΩ 10KΩ
OUTPUT
CL1 CL2
9.00 ~ 11.99 MHz 220pF 220pF 4.7KΩ 10KΩ
12.00 ~ 13.99 Mhz 220pF 220pF 2.2KΩ 22KΩ
14.00 ~ 17.99 Mhz 150pF 150pF 2.2KΩ 22KΩ
18.00 ~ 21.99 MHz 100pF 100pF 2.2KΩ 22KΩ
22.00 ~ 25.99 Mhz 68pF 68pF 4.7KΩ 22KΩ
Figure 5.1) TTL Standard Circuit 26.00 ~ 32.00 MHz 47pF 47pF 4.7KΩ 22KΩ

VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) Circuits: VCO circuits are

Circuits for Various IC/ LSI: used in TV’s and audio equipment because the signals need to be
Ceramic resonators are being used in a wide range of applications in processed in synchronization with pilot signals transmitted from
combination with various kinds of IC’s by making good use of the broadcasting stations. Oscillation circuits, such as LC and RC were
previously mentioned features. Following are a few examples of actual originally used; however, ceramic resonators are now used since they
applications. require no adjustment and have superior stability over the older type
circuits. Resonators for VCO applications are required to have a wide
Applications for Microprocessors: Ceramic resonators are variable frequency
optimum as a stable oscillating element for various kinds of
microprocessors: 4 bit, 8 bit, and 16 bit. As the general frequency Miscellaneous: Other than the above mentioned uses, ceramic
tolerance required for the reference clock of microprocessors is ±2% - 3%, resonators are widely used with IC’s for voice synthesis and clock
standard units meet this requirement. Ask your ECS or LSI manufacturers generation. For general timing control applications, oscillation frequency
about circuit constants because they vary with frequency and the LSI is usually selected by the user based on the IC manufacturer’s
circuit being used. Fig. A shows an application with a 4 bit recommended operating frequency range. The selection of this frequency
microprocessor, and Fig. B shows an application with an 8 bit with a given IC will dictate what circuit values and which ceramic
microprocessor. resonator will be appropriate. Please contact your local ECS Sales
representative when selecting a ceramic resonator part number.
Remote Control IC: Remote controls have increasingly become a As mentioned earlier, there are many applications for ceramic
common feature. Oscillation frequency is normally 400-500 KHz, with resonators. Some of the more application specific oscillator circuits
455KHz being the most popular. This 455KHz is divided by a carrier require that unique ceramic resonators be developed for that application
signal generator so that approximately 38KHz of carrier is generated. and IC.

+5V
+5V
VDD (+5V)

100KΩ
VDD RESET 40
IC: MC68HC05C4

38 39
61 44 42 26 24 22 6805 20
43 41 25 23
Rf
VSS E ExTAL xTAL
TMP47C420F
4.00M

9 11 12 18 19 20 21
fOCS CL1 CL2
30pF 30pF
C1 = 30pF
30pF 30pF C2 = 30pF
4.00M (1) MC6805 (Motorola) R1 = 1MΩ

(2) HD6805 (Hitachi)

Figure A) TMP47C420F (TOSHIBA) Figure B) 6805s by Various Manufacturers (Timing Control) Figure C) By Various Manufacturers (Timing Control, 8bit)

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OSCILLATION RISE TIME against load capacitance (CL) and supply voltage. It is noteworthy that
Oscillation rise time means the time when oscillation develops from a the rise time is one or two decades faster for a ceramic resonator than for
transient area to a steady area at the time the power to the IC is activated. a quartz crystal. (This point is graphically illustrated in Fig. 6.3)
With a ceramic resonator, it is defined as the time to reach 90% of the
oscillation level under steady conditions as shown in Fig.6.1. Starting Voltage: Starting voltage means the minimum supply voltage
Rise time is primarily a function of oscillating circuit design. Generally, at which an oscillating circuit can operate. Starting voltage is affected by
smaller loading capacitance, a higher frequency ceramic resonator, and a all circuit elements. It is determined mostly by the characteristics of the
smaller size of ceramic resonator will cause a faster rise time. The effect of IC. Fig.6.4 shows an example of an actual measurement for the starting
load capacitance becomes more apparent as the capacitance of the voltage characteristics against the loading capacitance.
resonator decreases. Fig.6.2 shows an actual measurement of rise time

ON 10
VDD
5

OV IC: TC74HCU04P
VDD = +5.OV Crystal
2 CL1 = CL2 = 100PF

Rise Time (msec)

0.9 x Vp-p Vp-p 0.5

Ceramic
0.2

0.1

t=0 Rise Time Time 0.05

Figure 6.1) Definition of Rise Time

0.02

0.01
Oscillation Rise Time (ms)

(IC: CD4069UBE, Resonator: ZTA4.0MG)

1.0
0 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20
Oscillation Frequency (MHz)
0.5

Figure 6.3) Rise Time vs. Oscillation Frequency for both Ceramic and Crystal Resonators

0
0 2 5 8
Supply Voltage (V)
(a) Supply Voltage Characteristics
+5
Starting Voltage (V)

(IC: CD4069UBE, Resonator: ZTA4.0MG)

+4
Oscillation Rise Time (ms)

(IC: CD4069UBE, Ceramic Resonator: ZTA4.0MG)

1.0 +3

+2
0.5 +1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 CL(pF)
Supply Voltage (V)
(b) CLCharacteristics (CL = CL2)

Figure 6.2) Example of Actual Measurements for the Charac. of Oscillation Rise Time Figure 6.4) Starting Voltage Characteristics Against CL (CL1 = CL2)

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CERAMIC Supply Voltage Variation Characteristics: See Fig.1 below for an
RESONATOR OSCILLATION example of an actual measurement of stability for a given oscillation
frequency.
The following describes the general characteristics of oscillation in the
basic circuit. Contact ECS International for detailed characteristics of Oscillation Level: Below are examples of actual measurements of the
oscillation with specific kinds of IC’s and LSI’s. oscillation level against temperature, supply voltage, and load
The stability against temperature change is ±0.3 to 0.5% within a range capacitance (CL1, CL2). The oscillating level is required to be stable over a
of -20˚C to + 80˚C, although it varies slightly depending on the ceramic wide temperature range, and temperature characteristics be as flat as
material. Influences of load capacitance (CL1, CL2) on the oscillation possible. This change is linear with supply voltage unless the IC has an
frequency is relatively high as can be calculated from the formula for fOSC. internal constant voltage power source.
The fOSC. varies by approximately ± 0.1% because of the capacitance
deviation of ± 0.1% in the working voltage range. The fOSC. also varies
with the characteristics of the IC.

+0.5 VDD = +5V

+0.5 VDD = +5V +0.1
CL1 = 30pF

fOSC Drift (%)

max.
fOSC Drift (%)
fOSC Drift (%)

max.
min. 0
0 0 1 2 4
-40 0 40 80 120 2 5 8
CL1/CL2 (pF)
min. Supply Voltage (V)
Temperature (˚C)
-0.5
-0.5 -0.1

(c) CL2 Characteristics

(a) Temperature Characteristics (b) Supply Voltage Characteristics

+0.5 VDD = +5V

+0.5 VDD = +5V
CL2 = 30pF

fOSC Drift (%)

fOSC Drift (%)

0
0 10 20 40 100
1 2 4 CL(pF)
CL2/CL1(pF)
Figure 1) Examples of an Actual Measurement of -0.5
-0.5 Stability for a given Oscillation Frequency
(e) CL Characteristics
(d) CL1 Characteristics (CL1 = CL2)

V1H VDD = +5V

+6 VDD = +5V +8 V2H CL1 = 30pF
+6
V1H V1H
+5 V2H +7
+5
V2H
+4 +6 +4
Oscillating Level (V)

Oscillating Level (V)

+3 +5 +3

+2 +2
+4
Oscillating Level (V)

+1 Temperature (˚C) +1
+3
-40 0 40 80 120 1 2 4
V2L
0 0
V2L +2
VIL CL1/CL2 (pF)
-1 -1
(a) Temperature Characteristics +1 Supply Voltage (V)
V1L
2 5 8
0
V2L (c) CL2 Characteristics
VDD = +5V
V1L
CL2 = 30pF -1
+6
V2H +6 VDD = +5V
+5
V1H
(b) Supply Voltage Characteristics +5 V2H
+4
Oscillating Level (V)

V1H
+4
Oscillating Level (V)

+3

+3
+2

V1L +2
+1

1 2 4 +1
0 Figure 2) Examples of an Actual Measurement of 10 20 40 100
V2L
V2L
-1 Output Levels 0
CL(pF) V1L
CL2/CL1(pF)
-1
(c) CL2 Characteristics
(CL1 = CL2)
(d) CL1 Characteristics

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