ASSIGNMENT TITLE:

DIGITAL DESIGN METHOD IN ARCHITECUTRE

SUMMARIZED ESSAY TITLES:

1. DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING ARCHITECTURE IN THE DIGITAL AGE
2. DIGITAL DESIGN THINKING IN THE NEW DESIGN IS THE NEW PEDAGOGY
3. DIGITAL-MATERIAL FEEDBACK IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
4. EXPERIMENT APPROACH IN AN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO
5. PERFORMATIVE DESIGN IN ARCHITECTURE
6. SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE DESIGN PATTREN CATALOGE FOR DEVELOPING DIGITAL
TWINS
7. TECTONIC? A CASE STUDAY FOR DIGITAL FREE-FORM IN ARCHITECTURE
8. WHATIS THE STATE OF DIGITAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN?
[Pick the Date]
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING ARCHITECTURE IN THE DIGITAL

AGE

INTRODUCTION:

The paper describes and examines the implications of the recent developments in the
architectural application of the latest digital design and fabrication technologies,
which offer alternatives to the established understandings of architectural design and
production processes and their material and economic constraints. It offers a
possibility of a revised understanding of the historic relationship between architecture
and its means of production

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

(Beckman, J. (ed.) 1998, The Virtual Dimension, Princeton Architectural Press, New
York.
Burry, M.: 1999, Paramorph, in S. Perrella (ed.), AD Profile 139: Hypersurface
Architecture II, Academy Editions, London, pp. 78-83

PROBLEM:

Digital design, digital fabrication, CAD/CAM

[Pick the Date]

AIM:

Evolutionary architectures propose the evolutionary model of nature as the

generating process for architectural form. In this approach to design, according to
John Frazer (1995), “architectural concepts are expressed as generative rules so
that their evolution and development can be accelerated and tested by the use of
computer models

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

It was only within the last few years that the advances in computer-aided design (CAD)
and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies have started to have an impact
on building design and construction practices. They opened up new opportunities by
allowing production and construction of very complex forms that were until recently very
difficult and expensive to design, produce, and assemble using traditional construction
technologies. The consequences will be profound, as the historic relationship between
architecture and its means of production is increasingly being challenged by new
digitally driven processes of design, fabrication and construction.

CONCLUSITON:

Digital architectures are profoundly changing the processes of design and construction.
By integrating design, analysis, manufacture and assembly of buildings around digital
technologies, architects, engineers, and builders have the opportunity to reinvent the role
of a “master-builder” and reintegrate the currently separate disciplines of architecture,
engineering and construction into a relatively seamless digital collaborative enterprise,
thus bridging “the gap between designing and producing that opened up when designers
began to make drawings
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

DIGITAL DESIGN THINKING IN THE NEW DESIGN IS THE NEW

PEDAGOGY

INTRODUCTION:

Theories and methods of digital design can no longer be conceptualized as the merging
of computational tools with conventional formulations of design. A new orientation to
understanding the impact of digital media on “digital design thinking” and pedagogy
is presented discussed and demonstrated.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

(Schön, 1988), (Lawson, 1997), Kvan et. al., 2004), (Oxman, 2006; Liu, 2005;
Kolarevic, 2003)

PROBLEM:

the nature of designing in relation to digital design media. digital design thinking.

AIM:

In digital design the centrality of traditional concepts of

[Pick the Date]

paper-based representation are no longer valid conceptions for

explicating the thinking and processes associated with digital design.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The methodological sequence of procedures that supports the preference for time-related
transformational states in place of the representation of static design representations.

This characterization of the digital design model is completely contradictory to models of

design such as Schön's "reflective practitioner" in which the visual representation of the
design is manipulated by visual reasoning through a succession of stages generally in the
medium of sketching. This interpretation of sketching as design thinking through iterative
stages of visual discovery is the antithesis of the digital model. Digital design brings new
design ontology beyond the visual interpretation of form.

CONCLUSITON:

Our research has demonstrated that a new world view develops conceptual structures for
design that may contradict the prevailing logic of design thinking.

Design thinking precedes design learning. The evolution of design thinking in the last
decade now appears to have generated a new paradigm for design. As this paradigm
crystallizes we first encounter it as a field of conceptual conflicts between the prevailing
and the new values of two design ontologies. However, it can do so only by directly
articulating and working with conceptual structures as pedagogical material. It is in this
endeavor that we have established our studio for experimental didactics.
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

DIGITAL-MATERIAL FEEDBACK IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

INTRODUCTION:

The adoption of digital tools in design and fabrication has deeply changed the way
architects and artist work. One of the most recent areas of research is robotic
fabrication, focused on the application of robotic manipulators, previously limited to
the manufacturing industry. In architectural academic research, the use of robots
changed from mass-production applications to the development of highly custom and
one-off products. The recent improvements in the interfaces to control robotic arms
have opened the control of these machines to designer and artists. Many research
groups are investigating opportunities for fabrication processes as main triggers of the
design concept. Robotic controlled hotwiring of Styrofoam elements, weaving of frame
structures or the assembly of brick walls, are just a few well known examples of the
current explorations. They combine the accuracy and controllability of digital design
with the versatility of industrial robots to enable new design and fabrication concepts.
LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

Johns, Foley 2014, (Schwartz, Bard, et al.2014), Raspall, Amtsberg 2014

PROBLEM:

Material feedback; robotic fabrication; computer vision; digital workflow; robotic

[Pick the Date]

workshop

AIM:

This paper studies the architectural potential of the implementation of material

feedback using computer vision before and during an automated fabrication
process. The combination of an industrial robot and a 3D camera is used expand
the typical one-way design and fabrication process (from a digital design to a physical
output), to a feedback loop, where specific material information becomes the main
trigger of design decisions and fabrication processes. Several projects developed by the
authors and tested during a robotic workshop aim to unveil different aspects of material
feedback in architectural design, opening a discussion for the benefit and challenges of
this new approach to design and fabrication

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

The described results have successfully proven the feasibility and reliability of the
material feedback in architecture. There are several applications that can take advantage
of feedback processes. For example, it enables the use of discarded materials, where the
form, quantity and quality of the available construction materials are impossible to
anticipate before construction. In addition, it expands the scope of digital fabrication
beyond highly predictable and standard processes such as milling, embracing hard-to-
predict fabrication methods. The possibilities of material feedback in architecture are yet
to be seen, but the initial explorations presented in this paper are promising.

CONCLUSITON:

The presented projects demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of digital-material

feedback in design and fabrication. The integration of a computer vision system within an
automated fabrication process opens new avenues for architects. The use of irregular
material sources and imprecise fabrication methods becomes possible, at the expense of
embracing imperfection and uncertainty. Finally, enabling “Human machine
collaboration” goes away from automation and links the fabrication process back to
crafting, where the robot becomes an extension tool of the human. Intuitive, immediate
reactions of the creator can be communicated to the system.
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

Experimental Approach in an Architectural Design Studio

INTRODUCTION:

The objective of this article is to communicate the results of an experimental

pedagogical strategy aiming at both, introducing and taking advantage of new
technologies in an architectural design studio.
Revolutionizing architectural design could be felt only if the computer is seen as an
indispensable medium for the conceptual work from the very beginning of a design
process Some old and also recent studies have shown that sketching is not necessarily
the only “natural” way of conceiving an architectural object). One of the reasons for
the notorious unfriendliness of computer aided design (CAD) software to the design
process comes from the attempt to imitate traditional pen and paper design on the
computer.
LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

Knight, Dokonal, et al., 2005, (Kalay, 2004) Achten H.: 2003

PROBLEM:

Architecture; digital design studio; teaching the process; parametric models; visual
programming
[Pick the Date]

AIM:

This article communicates results of an experimental pedagogical strategy aiming at

both, introducing and taking advantage of new technologies in an architectural
design studio. One of the reasons for the notorious unfriendliness of CAD software
to the design process comes from the attempt to imitate traditional pen and paper
design on the computer. While the whole process could be completely different when
performed in a digital environment offering powerful form generation and knowledge
modelling possibilities. the proposed teaching method is based on the following
principles: (1) emphasis on new methods of designing made possible by the use of
computer; (2) communicating the design process, and not only the final result; (3)
exploring parametric design for generation of different formal expressions of a design
concept; (4) using visual programming to create inter-object relations, etc. A comparison
of this experimental approach to other approaches used in design studios (digital or
traditional), proves that the architectural results obtained are largely related to the chosen
medium and the tools of work. In our opinion, this teaching approach proves to be
promising for introducing considerable qualitative changes in the architectural profession,
and this way in our built environment as well.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

In order to revive work on architectural knowledge, rather than only on a process result,
we have conceived an experimental educational project in a students’ digital design
studio. The need for putting forward architectural knowledge, especially when designing
on a computer.
The pedagogical approach used in this master’s level architectural design studio, was
inspired by a constructivist teaching methodology

CONCLUSITON:

A brief overview of these results can show that one of the outcomes of this experimental
teaching method was the augmented understanding that students achieved about
designing on the computer, as well as an improved awareness of their own design
process. The future architects were able to feel the new possibilities given by the
computer and try exploiting them from the very beginning of the design process.
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

Performative Design in Architecture

INTRODUCTION:

In a survey of current approaches to virtual prototyping in the fields of architecture,

engineering and construction in the built environment, it is clear that there is
significant potential for the employment of virtual prototyping in Virtual prototyping in
the literature has various definitions In this work, virtual prototyping is considered as
the exploitation of simulation processes for the test, evaluation and modification of
prototypes in virtual design environments. Virtual prototyping originated in
manufacturing industries where industrial products such as cars and airplanes were
tested before manufacturing. Virtual prototyping exploits simulation processes and is
carried out on a CAD model, by performing the same tests in computational
environments for virtual prototyping as those formerly undertaken on physical
prototypes. The role of simulations here is to obtain quick design feedback and to help
make expedient and well-founded judgments in order to support efficient design
modification processes.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

[Pick the Date]

(Shea,K., Aish, R. , Gourtovaia, M., 2003; Kolarevic and Malkawi, 2005) (Oxman
N, 2005)

PROBLEM:

Digital design; performance-based design; design generation.

AIM:

In view of current developments in the theory and technology of digital design, certain
potential for novel direction in virtual prototyping is beginning to emerge. In this paper
an approach for the employment of virtual prototyping as a generative environment for
performance-based design is proposed. The term combines both the concepts of
performance and digital generation. In creating digital design environments for design
the generative capabilities are incorporated within performance-based simulations. The
potential of performance-based simulation as a digital design methodology in
architectural
design is explored. Experiments in digital architectural design illustrate this approach.
Works in a framework of an ‘experimental digital design’ are presented and illustrated

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Developments in virtual prototyping will be based upon such integration possibilities of

generation and evaluation in performative-based generation. One of the outcomes of
these studies is the need to research the formulation and design of such integrated
performative-based generation systems Future directions for development are digital
techniques that couple principles of performance with principles of generation.

CONCLUSITON:

Performative-based generative design potentially introduces directions in architectural

digital design that have important implications for future developments through the
concept of virtual prototyping for architecture. In this paper we discussed and
demonstrated how performative-based considerations can be formulated as simulations
and become an integral part of design models. An experimental project illustrated the
conceptual content of this approach.
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

Systems Architecture Design Pattern Catalog for Developing Digital

Twins
INTRODUCTION:

A digital twin refers to a digital replica of potential or actual entities It provides rich
representations of the corresponding physical entity and enables sophisticated control
for various purposes. A key characteristic of a digital twin is that it is connected to a
physical entity which is typically established by the use of real-time data using sensors.
Digital twins are made possible through the integration of various technologies such
as Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data science, which
enable living digital simulation models to be created that reflect the changes of the
physical counterparts. Hereby, a digital twin continuously learns and updates itself
using data from sensors or external entities.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

Grieves, M.; Vickers, J. Kahlen, F.-J.,Flumerfelt, S., Alves, A., Eds Atzori, L.; Iera, A.;
Morabito, G. 2010
PROBLEM:
[Pick the Date]

digital twins; system engineering; system architecture design; smart agriculture;

internet of things; farm management systems; remote sensing and control;
virtualization

AIM:
A digital twin is a digital replica of a physical entity to which it is remotely connected. A
digital twin can provide a rich representation of the corresponding physical entity and
enables sophisticated control for various purposes. Although the concept of the digital
twin is largely known, designing digital twins based systems has not yet been fully
explored. In practice, digital twins can be applied in different ways leading to different
architectural designs. To guide the architecture design process, we provide a pattern-
oriented approach for architecting digital twin-based systems. To this end, we propose a
catalog of digital twin architecture design patterns that can be reused in the broad
context of systems engineering. The patterns support the various phases in the systems
engineering life cycle process, and are described using a well-defined pattern
documentation template. For illustrating the application of digital twin patterns, we
adopt a multi-case study approach in the agriculture and food domain.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

We adopted a systematic research methodology to derive the architecture design patterns

for digital twins. In the first step we provide a thorough analysis of the digital twin
literature to derive the key concepts, and the common and variant properties and
scenarios. The concept of digital twins is relatively new and as such designing systems
based on digital twins is not yet mature. Because digital twins build on the notion of
control systems, the domain analysis process also focused on the control systems domain
as it is observed, for example, in production control systems. The result of the domain
analysis process is a domain model that defines the relationships among the key.

CONCLUSITON:

The notion of digital twins can be considered as a new phase in IoT-based systems that
will have an increasing and lasting impact on many application domains. It enables
remote control of operations based on (near) real-time digital information instead of
having to rely on direct observation and manual tasks on-site. Despite its pervasiveness
and increased popularity, there appears to be a lack of understanding and consensus on
both the basic concepts and, in particular, the design and modeling abstractions.
Developing digital twin-based systems requires a systems engineering approach due to
its multidisciplinary nature.
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

TECTONIC? A CASE STUDAY FOR DIGITAL FREE-FORM IN

ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION:

The most direct manner that architecture presents itself is by means of spatial form.
When the process of architectural production undergoes change, then changes in the
form of architecture follow. A combination of structure and materials moves the power
of architecture to become a real, existing building.
According to tectonic related thinking, spatial form production is the interrelationship
and conformity of material, joints, detail and structure. In this way, architecture can
reflect specific features of modern technique and technology. This is a prime
characteristic of architectural modernity. On the other hand, architecture has become
an art form. In this way, attention is focused, not only on the building as a means of
protecting, but on knowledge representation of construction. In the field of tectonics,
the use of modern technology means considering how to use new techniques, new
materials and new building methods to produce structural harmony, thus allowing
architecture to produce a new spatial form, being established on an inseparable
relationship between architecture and site context, producing an interaction between
people, nature and culture. In the end, architecture can take its place.

LITERATURE REVIEW:
[Pick the Date]

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

(Giedion, 1967), (Heidegger, 1953; Giedion, 1967), (Semper, 1951; Gregotti, 1983;
Frascari, 1984; Frampton, 1990)

PROBLEM:

Define the phenomena and aspects of digital tectonics.

AIM:

During this information age, spatial form in the field of architecture has advanced to a
new level. Digital free-form space is commonly seen as the use of computer media has
increased. Computers are used in various stages of this process with regard to form,
structure, supplies and planning. Many designs seen now are computer generated and
have come about as a result of the development and implementation of new computer
software and hardware. Tectonic knowledge representation of construction, which
emphasizes structural joints and attention to detail in creativity, displays architectural
form by means of poetry of construction. This study uses the FEIDAD Award as a basis
for analysis, and attempts to define the phenomena and aspects of digital tectonics. This
study reflects the technique and mechanism of the process of digital design production,
which, through the use of computers, becomes digital tectonics. Digital free-form
architecture can only be understood through digital tectonics

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

In order to understand the phenomena and special features of digital architecture, this
research will first focus on a case study of digital free-form architecture. The case study
has chosen the FEIDAD Award (The Far Eastern International Digital Design Award)
for this purpose.
FEIDAD Award is a digital architecture design competition based on the virtual platform
of the Internet. Contestants were from all over the globe, including professional
architects, designers and students. The jury is composed of specialist from all over the
world who communicated on the matter of judging via web pages and email, thus
choosing the winning digital architecture product. Every year the number of contestants
exceeds one hundred.

CONCLUSITON:

The process of manipulating design by computer can be viewed as digital tectonics. It’s a
display of digital design thinking. The demonstration of knowledge relative to the
technique and mechanism of the process of digital architecture production proves that
computer technique is not just a tool for design, but is also a medium for inspiring
thinking in the realm of design, a means of producing the logic behind even more
complex forms.
NAME: SAID AHMAD HASHIMI

Faculty : Construction
Department: Architecture
University ID: 23MBAR-02-005

What is the state of digital architectural design?

INTRODUCTION:

The ubiquity of the computer in architecture can be seen in the many computers based
presentations from famous architectural practices. BIM (Building Information
Modelling) is the key word and we can see implementations in very ambitious projects
all over the world. Glossy magazines show the results of this kind of architecture and
predict that this is the future of our profession. But when we go out into the “small
world” (in Europe) and talk with architects in small practices, there is a very different
reality – at least at the moment. Although they all agree that the computer is crucial
for their work, it is a love/hate relationship for many them. Most still use the computer
purely as a drafting device and AutoCAD is still the dominant tool. Although many of
them agree with the statement that you can use the computer for design, only a
minority really use the computer as a design tool in the early design stages.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The authors that reviewed this essay as will be listed below:

Dokonal, Wolfgang; Michael W. Knight (2005)

Dokonal, Wolfgang; Knight, Michael (2007)
Dokonal, Wolfgang and Knight,Michael (2006)
[Pick the Date]

PROBLEM:

Digital Design, Early Stage design, Pedagogy

AIM:
Architecture without computers is on the brink of extinction. At least in the developed
countries it could be said that nearly no architecture today is designed and realized
without the help of computers. The only exception from this rule is probably “informal”
vernacular architecture. But even small projects – as soon as they have to get building
permission - will very likely become part of the digital world. The degree of pervasion
will differ greatly dependent on the size of the projects. In very small projects the
computer might be only involved at the drafting stage to create the plans submitted to the
building authority. At the other end of the scale, we find large architectural projects
where the computer plays the main role from design to realization and even further on
for the operation of the building during its life cycle

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Our next step will be to extend the survey amongst the practitioners. Our experiences this
year indicate that this will be very problematic in England. There were again not enough
submissions from that region to be useful for our research. So we decided to widen the
survey on a more personal basis and already started to interview architectural firms
directly. As this is work in progress and still a little behind schedule it was not possible to
include the results this year. However, some initial comments are worth including.
It is evident in talking to architects of differing ages and background that the definition of
exactly what constitutes ‘design’ varies greatly. One interviewee considered that the use
of the bubble space planning diagram in Architectural Desktop to be the height of CAAD
design, whilst for another, only 3D mass modeling with shadows studies would do. It was
also becoming evident that the current economic.

CONCLUSITON:

So what can we conclude as to the implications for education and practice? Aside from
the ever present tension between the profession and education (training vs. education) it
is clear that the new graduates must inform the profession in new and innovative ways of
digital design. It could be argued that the pervasiveness of AutoCAD in practice is
perpetuated by the training that some schools of architecture provide, fueled by the
misconception that a good working knowledge of 2D CAAD druggeting is needed to ‘get
a job’. It is clear from our studies that the curricula of schools of architecture must
change to give a grounding in innovative and cutting-edge CAAD design techniques in
the widest sense. This would enable the profession at large to embrace advances in
technology rather than it remaining in academic realm or it being restricted to specialist
architectural practices.