IOT notes

BY YASH MANI TRIPATHI

IOT
IoT means the network of physical devices that are
embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to
enable them to connect and exchange data over the
internet.
Advantages:
 It can assist in the smarter control of homes and cities via mobile phones. It
enhances security and offers personal protection.
 By automating activities, it saves us a lot of time.
 It is useful for safety because it senses any potential danger and warns
users. For example, GM OnStar, is a integrated device that system which
identifies a car crash or accident on road.
 Patient care can be performed more effectively in real time without the need
for a doctor’s visit
DISADVANTAGES :
 Hackers may gain access to the system and steal personal information.
Since we add so many devices to the internet, there is a risk that our
information as it can be misused.
 Deploying IoT devices is very costly and time-consuming.
 Overuse of the Internet and technology makes people unintelligent
because they rely on smart devices instead of doing physical work,
causing them to become lazy.


Important notes

IOB (internet of behaviour)

Internet of behaviors is an Idea that focuses on using data and analytics
to understand and influence people’s behavior.
Communication Models in IoT
Request & Response Model –
This model follows a client-server architecture.
 The client, when required, requests the information from the server. This
request is usually in the encoded format.
 This model is stateless since the data between the requests is not retained
and each request is independently handled.
 The server Categories the request, and fetches the data from the database
and its resource representation. This data is converted to response and is
transferred in an encoded format to the client. The client, in turn, receives
the response.
 On the other hand — In Request-Response communication model client
sends a request to the server and the server responds to the request. When
the server receives the request it decides how to respond, fetches the data
retrieves resources, and prepares the response, and sends it to the client.

2. Publisher-Subscriber Model –
This model comprises three entities: Publishers, Brokers, and Consumers.
 Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which are
managed by the broker. They are not aware of consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
 Hence, Brokers responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it
to the appropriate consumers. The broker only has the information regarding
 the consumer to which a particular topic belongs to which the publisher is
unaware of.

3. Push-Pull Model –
The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers, and data
queues.
 Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.
 Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The
consumers, present on the other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus,
the queue acts as the buffer for the message when the difference occurs in
the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.
 Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and
consumer. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations where there
is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push the data and
consumers pull the data.
4. Exclusive Pair –
 Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex
communication among client and server. The connection is constant and
remains open till the client sends a request to close the connection.
 The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.
 This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open
connections.
 WebSocket based communication API is fully based on this model.

Introduction
IoT architecture elements vary based on applications of use. Based on this fact,
various levels are defined for IoT system. Let us understand these IoT levels with
their elements and examples of their usage. Let us take example of air
conditioner whose temperature has to be monitored to understand IoT levels.
 IoT Levels – Deployment Templates
1. Device: These may be sensors or actuators capable of identifying, remote
sensing, or monitoring.
2. Resources: These are software components on IoT devices for accessing and
processing. storing software components or controlling actuators connected to
the device
3. Controller Service: It is a service that runs on the device and interacts with web
services.it send data from device to web and receive command from application
4. Database: Stores data generated from the device
5. Web Service: It provides a link between IoT devices, applications,
databases, and analysis components.
6. Analysis Component: It performs an analysis of the data generated by
the lol device and generates results in a form which are easy for the user
to understand.
7. Application: It provides a system for the user to view the system status
and view product data. It also allows users to control and monitor various
aspects of the IoT system.

IoT level 1
IoT systems have a single device that performs sensing or actuation, stores a.
analyses it, and hosts the application, IoT system-level-l is the best example for
modeling low complexity and low-cost solution where the analysis requirement is
not comprehensive and the data involved is not big.

example

lets iot system used for light controlling in the house and the data stored on
the database no comprehensive data analytics and the light can be controlled
from remote location

IoT level 2
A node performs sensing/actuation and local analysis. Data is stored in the
cloud. this level is facilitated where the data involved is big and the primary
analysis is not comprehensive.

Example: Cloud-based application is used for monitoring and controlling the

IoT system A single node monitors the soil moisture in the field Which is sent
 to the database on the cloud using REST APIS. The controller service
continuously monitors moisture levels.

IoT level 3
At this level, the application is cloud-based. A single node monitors the
environment and stores data in the cloud. This is suitable where data is
comprehensive and analysis 1 computationally intensive.

Example: A node is monitoring a package using devices like an

accelerometer and gyroscope. These devices track vibration levels. controller
service sends sensor data to the cloud in the rear time using WebSocket APL.
Data is stored in the cloud and visualized using a cloud-based application.
The analysis component triggers an alert if vibration levels cross a threshold.

IoT level 4
At this level, Multiple nodes collect information and store it in the cloud. Local and
rent server nodes are used to grant and receive information collected in the cloud
from various devices. Observer nodes can process information and use it for
applications but not perform control functions, This level is the best solution
where data involvement is big, requirement analysis is comprehensive and
multiple nodes are required,

Example: Analysis is done on the cloud and the entire IoT system has monitored
the cloud using an application. Noise monitoring of an area requires various
nodes to function independently of each other. Each has its own controller
service. Data is stored in a cloud database.

IoT level 5
In this level Nodes present locally are of two types end odes and coordinator
nodes End nodes collect data and perform sensing or actuation or both.
Coordinator nodes collect data from end nodes and send it to the cloud. Data is
stored and analyzed in the cloud. This level is best for WSN, where the data
involved is big and the requirement analysis is comprehensive.

Example: A monitoring system has various components: end nodes collect

various data from the environment and send it to the coordinator node. The
coordinator node acts as a gateway and allows the data to be transferred to
cloud storage using REST API. The controller service on the coordinator node
sends data to the cloud.

IoT Level 6
At this level, the application is also cloud-based and data is stored in the cloud-
like of levels. Multiple independent end nodes perform sensing and actuation and
send d to the cloud. The analytics components analyze the data and store the
results in the cloud database. The results are visualized with a cloud-based
application. The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes
and sends control commands to the nodes.

Example: Weather monitoring consists of sensors that monitor different aspects

of the system. The end nodes send data to cloud storage. Analysis of
components, applications, and storage areas in the cloud. The centralized
controller controls all nodes and provides inputs.