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Java Basic

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Programming

Java Basic

09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 1

Java programming
• Java was developed by a team led by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems.

• Originally called Oak, it was designed in 1991 for use in embedded chips in
consumer electronic appliances.

• In 1995, renamed Java, it was redesigned for developing Internet applications

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Java programming
• Java is:

• simple, object oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure,

architecture neutral, portable, high performance, multithreaded, and
dynamic.

• It is employed for

• Web programming,

• Standalone applications across platforms on servers, desktops, and

mobile devices.

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The Java Language Specification,
API, JDK, IDE
• Computer languages have strict rules of usage. You need to follow the rules
when writing a program, then the computer can understand it.

• The Java language specification and Java API define the Java standard.

• The Java language specification is a technical definition of the

language that includes the syntax and semantics of the Java
programming language.

• The application program interface (API) contains predefined classes

and interfaces for developing Java programs.

• The Java language specification is stable, but the API is still expanding.

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The Java Language Specification, API,
JDK, IDE

• Java is a full-fledged and powerful language that can be used in many ways.

• Java Standard Edition (Java SE): to develop client-side standalone

applications or applets.

• Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE): to develop server-side applications,

such as Java servlets and Java Server Pages.

• Java Micro Edition (Java ME): to develop applications for mobile

devices, such as cell phones.

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The Java Language Specification, API,
JDK, IDE

• Use Java SE to introduce Java programming in this subject.

• There are many versions of Java SE. Sun releases each version with a Java
Development Toolkit (JDK).

• For Java SE 6, the Java Development Toolkit is called JDK 1.6 (also known as
Java 6 or JDK 6).

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The Java Language Specification, API,
JDK, IDE

• Use a Java development tool (e.g., NetBeans, Eclipse) - software that provides
an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapidly developing Java
programs.

• Editing, compiling, building, debugging, and online help are integrated in

one graphical user interface.

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A simple Java program

public class Welcome {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Display message Welcome to Java! to
the console
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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A simple Java program

• Line 1 defines a class.

• Every Java program must have at least one class, and class has a
name.
• Line 2 defines the main method.
• To run a class, the class must contain a method named main. The
program is executed from the main method.
• A method is a construct that contains statements.
• System.out.println: prints a message "Welcome to Java!" to the console
(line 4).
• Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

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Creating, Compiling, and Executing

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Creating, Compiling, and Executing

• If there are no syntax errors, the compiler generates a bytecode file with
a .class extension.

• The Java language is a high-level language while Java bytecode is a low-level

language.

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Creating, Compiling, and Executing

• The bytecode is similar to machine instructions and can

run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine
(JVM).

• The virtual machine is a program that interprets Java

bytecode.

• Java bytecode can run on a variety of hardware

platforms and operating systems.

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Writing Simple Programs
• Writing a program involves designing algorithms and translating
algorithms into code.

• An algorithm describes how a problem is solved in terms of the actions to

be executed and the order of their execution.

• Algorithms can help the programmer plan a program before writing it in a

programming language.

• Algorithms can be described in natural languages or in pseudocode (i.e.,

natural language mixed with programming code).

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Writing Simple Programs
1. Read in the radius.

2. Compute the area using the following formula:

area = radius * radius * π

3. Display the area.

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Writing Simple Programs

• When you code, you translate an algorithm into a program.

public class ComputeArea {

public static void main(String[] args) {
// Step 1: Read in radius
// Step 2: Compute area
// Step 3: Display the area
}
}

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Writing Simple Programs
• The program needs to read the radius entered from the keyboard.

• Reading the radius.

• Storing the radius.

• To store the radius, the program needs to declare a symbol called a variable.

• A variable designates a location in memory for storing data and

computational results in the program.

• A variable has a name that can be used to access the memory location.

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Writing Simple Programs
• Using x and y as variable names?

• Choose descriptive names: radius for radius, and area for area.

• To let the compiler know what radius and area are, specify their data types.

• Variables such as radius and area correspond to memory locations.

• Every variable has a name, a type, a size, and a value.

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Writing Simple Programs
public class ComputeArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Step 1: Read in radius
double radius; // 1.1. Declare radius
double area; // 1.2. Declare area
// 1.3. Assign a radius
radius = 20; // New value is radius
// Step 2: Compute area
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// Step 3: Display results
System.out.println("The area for the circle of
radius " + radius + " is " + area);
}
}

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Reading Input from the Console
• Java uses System.out to refer to the standard output device and System.in to
the standard input device.

• The output device is the display monitor,

• The input device is the keyboard.

• Use the println method to display a primitive value or a string to the console.

• Use the Scanner class to create an object to read input from System.in:

Scanner input = new Scanner (System.in);

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Reading Input from the Console

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Reading Input from the Console
import java.util.Scanner; //Scanner is in the java.util
package
public class ComputeAreaWithConsoleInput {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 1. Create a Scanner object
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// 2. Prompt the user to enter a radius
System.out.print("Enter a number for radius: ");
double radius = input.nextDouble();
// 3. Compute area
double area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
// 4. Display result
System.out.println("The area for the circle of
radius " + radius + " is "
+ area);
}
} 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 21
Finger Exercise
• Reading 3 numbers from the keyboard, and displays their average.

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Finger Exercise
import java.util.Scanner; // Scanner is in the java.util package
public class ComputeAverage {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);//Create a Scanner
object
// Prompt the user to enter three numbers
System.out.print("Enter three numbers: ");
double number1 = input.nextDouble();
double number2 = input.nextDouble();
double number3 = input.nextDouble();
// Compute average
double average = (number1 + number2 + number3) / 3;
// Display result
System.out.println("The average of " + number1 + " " +
number2 + " "+ number3 + " is " + average);
}
}

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Identifiers
• ComputeAverage, main, input, number1, number2, number3,… are called
identifiers.

• All identifiers must obey the following rules:

• An identifier is a sequence of characters that consists of letters, digits,

underscores (_), and dollar signs ($).

• An identifier must start with a letter, an underscore (_), or a dollar sign

($). It cannot start with a digit.

• An identifier cannot be a reserved word.

• An identifier cannot be true, false, or null.

• An identifier can be of any length.

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Identifiers
• Java is case sensitive, area, Area, and AREA are all different identifiers.

• Identifiers are for naming variables, constants, methods, classes, and

packages.

• Descriptive identifiers make programs easy to read.

• Do not name identifiers with the $ character.

• The $ character should be used only in mechanically generated

source code.

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Reserved Words
• Literals
• null true false
• Keywords
• abstract assert boolean break byte case catch char class
continue default do double else extends final finally float
for if implements import instanceof int interface long native
new package private protected public return short static
strictfp super switch synchronized this throw throws
transient try void volatile while
• Reserved for future use
• byvalue cast const future generic goto inner operator outer
rest var volatile

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Variables
• Variables are used to store values to be used later in a program.

• They are called variables because their values can be changed.

• Example: You can assign any numerical value to radius and area, and
the values of radius and area can be reassigned.

• Variables are for representing data of a certain type.

• To use a variable, you declare it by telling the compiler its name as well as
what type of data it can store.

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Variables
• The variable declaration tells the compiler to allocate appropriate memory
space for the variable based on its data type.

• Syntax:

datatype variableName;

• Examples :

int count;

double radius;

double interestRate;

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Declaring Variables
• The data types int, double, char, byte, short, long, float, and boolean.

• If variables are of the same type, they can be declared together, they are
separated by commas:

datatype variable1, variable2, ..., variableN;

• For example:

int i, j, k;

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Naming Variables
• By convention, variable names are in lowercase.

• If a name consists of several words, concatenate all of them and capitalize the
first letter of each word except the first.

• Examples: radius and interestRate.

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Initializing variables
• Variables often have initial values.
• Declare a variable and initialize it in one step: int count = 1;
• The next two statements are same: int count; count = 1;
• You can also use a shorthand form to declare and initialize variables of the
same type together.
int i = 1, j = 2;
• TIP:
• A variable declared in a method must be assigned a value before it can
be used.
• You should declare a variable and assign its initial value in one step ➔
make the program easy to read and avoid programming errors.

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Assignment Statements

• You can assign a value to a variable by using an assignment statement.

variable = expression;

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Assignment Expressions
• An expression represents a computation involving values, variables, and
operators that, taking them together, evaluates to a value.
int x = 1;
double radius = 1.0;
x = 5 * (3 / 2) + 3 * 2;
x = y + 1;
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
• To assign a value to a variable, the variable name must be on the left of the
assignment operator:
1=x➔ Right or wrong?

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Assignment Expressions

• An assignment statement is also known as an assignment expression.

• Example:

1. System.out.println(x = 1);

which is equivalent to: x = 1; System.out.println(x);

2. i = j = k = 1;

which is equivalent to: k = 1; j = k; i = j;

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Named Constants
• The value of a variable may change during the execution of a program, but a
named constant or simply constant represents permanent data that never
changes.

• In ComputeArea program, π is a constant. If you use it frequently, you

don’t want to keep typing 3.14159 ➔ declare a constant for π

• Syntax:

final datatype CONSTANT_NAME = VALUE;

• By convention, constants are named in uppercase: PI, not pi or Pi.

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Named Constants
• There are three benefits of using constants:

• (1) you don’t have to repeatedly type the same value;

• (2) if you have to change the constant value (e.g., from 3.14 to 3.14159
for PI), you need to change it only in a single location in the source code;

• (3) a descriptive name for a constant makes the program easy to read.

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Numeric Data Types and Operations

• Every data type has a range of values.

• The compiler allocates memory space for each variable or constant according
to its data type.

• Java provides eight primitive data types for numeric values, characters, and
Boolean values.

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Primitives: Integers
• Signed whole numbers

• Initialized to zero

Categories: 1. byte
Size: 1 byte
a. integer Range: -27  27 - 1
2. short
b. floating Size: 2 bytes
Range: -215  215 - 1
c. character 3. int
Size: 4 bytes
d. boolean Range: -231  231 - 1
4. long
Size: 8 bytes
Range: -263  263 - 1

09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 38

Primitives: Floating Points
• "General" numbers

• Can have fractional parts

• Initialized to zero

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating Size: 4 bytes
1. float Range: ±1.4 x 10-45  ±3.4 x 1038
c. character
d. boolean 2. double Size: 8 bytes
Range: ±4.9 x 10-324  ±1.8 x 10308

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Primitives: Characters
• Char is any unsigned Unicode character

• Initialized to zero (\u0000)

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating
c. character char Size: 2 bytes
Range: \u0000  \uFFFF
d. boolean

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Primitives: Booleans
• boolean values are distinct in Java

• Can only have a true or false value

• An int value can NOT be used in place of a boolean

• Initialized to false

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating
c. character
d. boolean Size: 1 byte
boolean Range: true | false

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Numeric Operators

• The operators for numeric data types include the standard arithmetic
operators: addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication (*), division (/), and
remainder (%).

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Numeric Literals
• A literal is a constant value that appears directly in a program.

int numberOfYears = 34;

double weight = 0.305;

• Integer Literals:

• An integer literal is assumed to be of the int type, whose value is

between – 2147483648 và 2147483647

• To denote an integer literal of the long type, append the letter L or l to it

(e.g., 2147483648L).

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Floating-Point Literals
• Floating-point literals are written with a decimal point.

• By default, a floating-point literal is treated as a double type value: 5.0 is

considered a double value.

• 100.2f or 100.2F

• 100.2d or 100.2D.

• Scientific Notation

• Floating-point literals can also be specified in scientific notation

• 1.23456e+2, the same as 1.23456e2,

• 1.23456e-2 =1.23456 * 10-2= 0.0123456.

• E (or e) represents an exponent

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Finger Exercise
• Converts a Fahrenheit degree to Celsius using the formula

celsius = (5/9)* (fahrenheit – 32).

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Fahrenheit To Celsius

public class FahrenheitToCelsius {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a degree in
Fahrenheit: ");
double fahrenheit = input.nextDouble();
// Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
double celsius = (5.0 / 9) * (fahrenheit -
32);
System.out.println("Fahrenheit " +
fahrenheit + " is " + celsius + " in
Celsius");
}
} 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - ©FPT SOFTWARE – Fresher Academy - Internal Use 46
Shorthand Operators

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Shorthand Operators

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Shorthand Operators
• Example 1:
int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * i++;
• Example 2:
int i = 10;
int newNum = 10 * (++i);
• Example 3:
double x = 1.0;
double y = 5.0;
double z = x–– + (++y);

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Numeric Type Conversions

• Casting is an operation that converts a value of one data type into a value of
another data type.

• Casting a variable of a type with a small range to a variable of a type with

a larger range ➔ widening a type.

• Casting a variable of a type with a large range to a variable of a type with

a smaller range ➔ narrowing a type.

• Widening a type can be performed automatically without explicit casting.

Narrowing a type must be performed explicitly.

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Numeric Type Conversions
• Example:

System.out.println((int)1.7);

System.out.println((double)1 / 2);

System.out.println(1 / 2);

• Be careful when using casting. Loss of information might lead to inaccurate

results.

• Casting does not change the variable being cast.

double d = 4.5;

int i = (int)d;

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public class SalesTax {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter purchase amount: ");
double purchaseAmount = input.nextDouble();

double tax = purchaseAmount * 0.06;

System.out.println("Sales tax is " + (int)
(tax * 100) / 100.0);
}
}

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Problem: Computing Loan Payments

• The problem is to write a program that computes loan payments. The program
lets the user enter the interest rate, number of years, and loan amount, and
displays the monthly and total payments.

• The pow(a, b) method in the Math class can be used to compute ab.

The steps in developing the program

1. Prompt the user to enter the annual interest rate, number of years, and
loan amount.

2. Obtain the monthly interest rate from the annual interest rate.

3. Compute the monthly payment using the preceding formula.

4. Compute the total payment, which is the monthly payment multiplied by 12

and multiplied by the number of years.

5. Display the monthly payment and total payment.

public class ComputeLoan {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Scanner
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Enter yearly interest rate
System.out.print("Enter yearly interest rate, for
example 8.25: ");
double annualInterestRate = input.nextDouble();
// Obtain monthly interest rate
double monthlyInterestRate = annualInterestRate /
1200;

// Enter number of years
System.out.print("Enter number of years as an
integer, for example 5: ");
int numberOfYears = input.nextInt();
// Enter loan amount
System.out.print("Enter loan amount, for
example 120000.95: ");
double loanAmount = input.nextDouble();
// Calculate payment
double monthlyPayment = loanAmount *
monthlyInterestRate / (1 - 1 /
Math.pow(1 + monthlyInterestRate,
numberOfYears * 12));
double totalPayment = monthlyPayment *
numberOfYears * 12;
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// Display results
System.out.println("The monthly payment is " +
(int) (monthlyPayment * 100) / 100.0);
System.out.println("The total payment is " +
(int) (totalPayment * 100)/ 100.0);
}
}

Character Data Type and Operations

• The character data type, char, is used to represent a single character.

• A character literal is enclosed in single quotation marks.

char letter = 'A';

char numChar = '4';

Escape Sequences for Special
Characters

Casting between char and
Numeric Types
• When an integer is cast into a char, only its lower 16 bits of data are used; the other part is ignored.

char ch = (char)0XAB0041;
// the lower 16 bits hex code 0041 is assigned to ch
System.out.println(ch); // ch is character A
• When a floating-point value is cast into a char, the floating-point value is first cast into an int, which is then
cast into a char.

char ch = (char)65.25; // decimal 65 is assigned to ch

System.out.println(ch); // ch is character A
• When a char is cast into a numeric type, the character’s Unicode is cast into the specified numeric type.

int i = (int)'A';//the Unicode of character A is assigned to i

System.out.println(i); // i is 65

Casting between char and
Numeric Types
• Implicit casting can be used if the result of a casting fits into the target variable.
Otherwise, explicit casting must be used.

• The Unicode of 'a' is 97, which is within the range of a byte, these implicit
castings are fine: byte b = 'a';

• But the following casting is incorrect, because the Unicode \uFFF4 cannot fit
into a byte: byte b = '\uFFF4';

• To force assignment, use explicit casting, as follows: byte b =

(byte)'\uFFF4';

Problem: Counting Monetary Units

• Suppose you want to develop a program that classifies a given amount of money
into smaller monetary units. The program lets the user enter an amount as a
double value representing a total in dollars and cents, and outputs a report
listing the monetary equivalent in dollars, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies.

The steps
1. Prompt the user to enter the amount as a decimal number, such as 11.56.
2. Convert the amount (e.g., 11.56) into cents (1156).
3. Divide the cents by 100 to find the number of dollars. Obtain the remaining cents using
the cents remainder 100.
4. Divide the remaining cents by 25 to find the number of quarters. Obtain the remaining
cents using the remaining cents remainder 25.
5. Divide the remaining cents by 10 to find the number of dimes. Obtain the remaining
cents using the remaining cents remainder 10.
6. Divide the remaining cents by 5 to find the number of nickels. Obtain the remaining
cents using the remaining cents remainder 5.
7. The remaining cents are the pennies.
8. Display the result.

public class ComputeChange {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a Scanner
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
// Receive the amount
System.out.print("Enter an amount in double,
for example 11.56: ");
double amount = input.nextDouble();
int remainingAmount = (int) (amount * 100);

// Find the number of one dollars

int numberOfOneDollars = remainingAmount /
100;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 100;

// Find the number of quarters in the remaining amoun
int numberOfQuarters = remainingAmount / 25;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 25;

//Find the number of dimes in the remaining amount

remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 10;
int numberOfDimes = remainingAmount / 10;
//Find the number of nickels in the remaining amount
int numberOfNickels = remainingAmount / 5;
remainingAmount = remainingAmount % 5;
// Find the number of pennies in the remaining amount
int numberOfPennies = remainingAmount;

// Display results
System.out.println("Your amount " + amount + "
consists of \n" +
"\t" + numberOfOneDollars + " dollars\n" +
"\t" + numberOfQuarters + " quarters\n" +
"\t" + numberOfDimes + " dimes\n" +
"\t" + numberOfNickels + " nickels\n" +
"\t" + numberOfPennies + " pennies");
}
}

The String Type
• To represent a string of characters, use the data type called String.

String message = "Welcome to Java";

• String is actually a predefined class in the Java library just like the classes
System, and Scanner.

• The String type is not a primitive type. It is known as a reference type.

The String Type
• The plus sign (+) is the concatenation operator if one of the operands is a
string.
• If one of the operands is a nonstring (e.g., a number), it is converted into a
string and concatenated with the other string.

String message = "Welcome " + "to " +

"Java";
String s = "Chapter" + 2;
String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B';
System.out.println("i + j is " + i + j);
System.out.println("i + j is " + (i + j));

Read strings with next() method
public class ReadingStrings {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter three strings: ");
String s1 = input.next();
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println("s1 is " + s1);
System.out.println("s2 is " + s2);
System.out.println("s3 is " + s3);
}
}

Read strings with nextLine()

public class NextLineMethod {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a string: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("The string entered is " +
s);
}
}

Programming Style and
Documentation
• Programming style deals with what programs look like.

• A program can compile and run properly even if written on only one line,
but writing it all on one line would be bad programming style because it
would be hard to read.

• Documentation is the body of explanatory remarks and comments pertaining

to a program.

• Programming style and documentation are as important as coding. Good

programming style and appropriate documentation reduce the chance of
errors and make programs easy to read.

Appropriate Comments and Comment
Styles
• Line comment //

• Block comment /* and */

• Javadoc comments, it begins with /** and end with */.

• Use javadoc comments (/** ... */) for commenting on an entire class or an
entire method.

• Must precede the class or the method header in order to be extracted in a

javadoc HTML file.

Javadoc comments

Naming Conventions
• Use lowercase for variables and methods.

• If a name consists of several words, concatenate them into one, making the
first word lowercase and capitalizing the first letter of each subsequent word:

• Example: radius, area, showInputDialog.

• Capitalize the first letter of each word in a class name:

• Example: ComputeArea, Math.

• Capitalize every letter in a constant, and use underscores between words:

• Example: PI and MAX_VALUE.

Block Styles
• A block is a group of statements surrounded by braces. There are two popular
styles, next-line style and end-of-line style.

Remember: Input and Output
• Reading Input: import java.util.Scanner;
• To reading console input:
• Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);

• The nextLine method reads a line of input:

• System.out.print(“What is your name?”);
• String name = in.nextLine();

• To read an integer, us the nextInt method:

• int age = in.nextInt();

• The nextDouble method reads the next floating-point number.

Sample

Exercises
1. Ex1: Viết chương trình hiển thị ra thông báo: “Please input one integer and
one floating-point number”. Sau đó người dùng sẽ nhập vào từ bàn phím
một số nguyên x và một số thập phân y. Hiển thị ra màn hình: “Input
values are” + x + “and ” + y + “their product is ” + x*y

2. Ex2: Có phương trình như sau:

y = 4(x-3) + 20

Viết chương trình nhập x từ bàn phím và tính giá trị của y, với x và y là kiểu
số nguyên.

Exercises (cont)
3. Ex3: Một mile bằng 1.609km. Viết chương trình cho người dùng nhập 1
số, sau đó chuyển đổi số đó sang km (ví dụ, người dùng nhập 5, thì thông
báo ra màn hình: 5 miles = 8.045 km.

4. Ex4: Nhập vào bán kính hình tròn. Tính chu vi và diện tích hình tròn.

5. Ex5: Nhập vào tổng số giây. Hãy chuyển đổi sang giờ, phút, giây và in ra
theo dạng h:m:s.
Ví dụ: 19999 giây => 5:3:19

Exercises (cont)
6. Nhập vào độ cao h của một vật rơi tự do. Tính thời gian và vận tốc của
vật lúc chạm đất theo công thức sau: Thời gian t = sqrt(2*h/g) và vận
tốc v = gt.

7. Nhập vào các số thực xA, yA, xB, yB là hoành độ và tung độ của 2
điểm A, B. Tính khoảng cách d giữa 2 điểm theo công thức d =
sqrt((xA-xB)2 + (yA-yB)2)

Reference
• Introduction to Java Programming 8th , Y. Daniel Liang.