1.

Modals of Obligation - 'mustn't' or 'don't / doesn't have to'

1) We have a lot of work tomorrow. You __be late.

2) You ___ tell anyone what I just told you. It's a secret.
3) The museum is free. You ___ pay to get in.
4) Children ___ tell lies. It's very naughty.
5) John's a millionaire. He ___ go to work.
6) I ___ do my washing because my mother does it for me.
7) We ___ rush. We've got plenty of time.
8) You ___ smoke inside the school.
9) You can borrow my new dress, but you ___ get it dirty.
10) We ___ miss the train, because it's the last one tonight.
11) She ___ do this work today, because she can do it tomorrow
12) I ___ clean the floor today because I cleaned it yesterday.
13) We ___ forget to lock all the doors before we leave.
14) We ___ stay in a hotel in London; we can stay with my brother.
15) I ___ spend too much money today, as I've only got a little left
16) They ___ get up early today, because it's Sunday.
17) I ___ eat too much cake or I'll get fat!
18) We ___ be late for the exam.
19) You ___ tidy up now. I'll do it later
20) He ___ cook tonight because he's going to a restaurant.

2. Modals of Probability - 'must + infinitive' or 'must + have + past participle':

1) Keiko always does really well on exams. She ___ (study) a lot.
2) That woman drives a very expensive car. She ___ (have) a lot of money.
3) You ___ (practise) a lot before you gave your speech. It was really good.
4) When Lizzie got home yesterday there were flowers on the table. Her husband ___ (buy) them.
5) Where is my purse? I saw it earlier, so it __ (be) in this room.
6) Sarah couldn't find her glasses. She thought she ___ (leave) them at her office.
7) It ___ (be) cold outside. That man in the street is wearing a coat.
8) All my plants ___ (be) dead! I forgot to water them before I went on holiday.
9) Susie is so late! She ___ (miss) the train!
10) There's rubbish all over my garden! A fox ___ (be) in the bin.
11) Anna has a huge library in her house. She ___ (love) books.
12) Oh no, I don't have my keys! I ___ (leave) them in the taxi.
13) When Lucy got home, she found the ice cream had melted. It ___ (be) too hot in the car.
14) If you haven't eaten all day, you ___ (be) hungry.
15) Jimmy and Louisa ___ (be) very tired. They have a new baby
16) It ___ (rain) a lot in the night. There are puddles everywhere.
17) David __ (be) happy. His girlfriend just agreed to marry him.
18) What an amazing kitchen you've got! You ___ (like) cooking.
19) John ___ (eat) all the biscuits! There are none left.
20) When I got up this morning, the kitchen was spotless. Lily ___ (tidy) it before she went to
bed last night.
3. Modals of Deduction - 'must' or 'can't'

1) Why is that man looking around like that? He ___ be lost.

2) That woman ___ be a doctor! She looks far too young.
3) John always fails the tests, even though he's clever. He ___ study enough.
4) The food is really good at that restaurant. They ___ have a great chef.
5) Who's that at the door? It ___ be Susie - she'll still be at work now.
6) This ___ be John's house. This house has a red door and i's number 24, just like he said.
7) Julie ___ have much money or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
8) He ___ be at work now, can he? It's nearly midnight.
9) What a lot of lovely flowers you have! You ___ really like gardening.
10) David ___ drink a lot of coffee. He's finished two packets already this week.
11) This ___ be Jamie's coat. He's tall and this is tiny.
12) Her life ___ be easy. She has four children and very little money.
13) Where's Lucy? She ___ be at the library, as she often goes there at this time.
14) This bill ___ be right! £50 for two cups of coffee!
15) Emma's amazingly good at the piano. She ___ practise a lot.
16) The car in front is driving so slowly that I think they ___ be looking for something.
17) You've already eaten enough for three people! You ___ still be hungry!
18) This book___ belong to the library. It's certainly not mine.
19) It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That ___ be correct!
20) There ___ be something wrong with the fridge! It's making a very unusual noise.

4. Modals of Ability - 'can', 'can't', 'could' or 'couldn't', 'be able to' in the correct tense.

1. ___ you swim when you were 10?

2. We ___ get to the meeting on time yesterday, because the train was delayed by one hour.
3. He ___ arrive at the party on time, even after missing the train, so he was very pleased.
4. He's amazing, he ___ speak five languages, including Chinese.
5. I ___ drive a car until I was 34. Then I moved to the countryside, so I had to learn.
6. I looked everywhere for my glasses but I ___ find them anywhere.
7. I searched for your house for ages. Luckily, I___ find it in the end.
8. She's seven years old, but she ___ read yet. Her parents are getting her extra lessons.
9. I read the book three times, but I ___ understand it.
10.James ___ speak Japanese when he lived in Japan, but he's forgotten most of it now.
11. I ___ understand the chapter we had to read for homework. It was so difficult.
12. I ___ lift this box - it's too heavy! Would you help me?
13. Lucy ___ make it to our meeting after all. She's stuck in traffic.
14.John ___ play tennis really well. He's champion of his club.
15. Unfortunately, I really ___ sing at all. No-one in my family is musical either.
16.When the car broke down, I was really pleased because I ___ solve the problem.
17. Julian _ play excellent golf when he was only ten.
18.My grandmother __ use a computer until last month. Since then she's been taking lessons at
the library.
19. I ___ open this window! I think it's stuck.
20. Gill ___ play the piano. She has never studied it.
5. Could have / would have / should have + past participle
past possibility past willingness past advice / regret

1. I ___ (buy) bread but I didn't know we needed it.

2. We ___ (invite) so many people to our party! I'm worried that we won't have enough room for
everyone.
3. I ___ (start) saving money years ago! We ___ (join) you at the restaurant, but we couldn't get
a babysitter.
4. The weather ___ (be) any worse!
5. I ___ (arrive) on time, even if I'd left earlier. There were dreadful traffic jams all the way.
6. They ___ (win) the football match, but John hurt his ankle.
7. Lucy ___ (leave) earlier. She missed her flight.
8. We ___ finish) the game, even if we'd wanted to. It was raining very hard and we had to stop.
9. I ___ (eat) so much chocolate! I feel sick!
10.Luke ___ (pass) the exam if he'd studied a bit more.
11.John ___ (call) Amy, but he didn't have her number.
12.You ___ (be) rude to him. He's going to be really angry now.
13.She ___ (come) to the restaurant if she'd left work earlier.
14.You ___ (take) this job. I can see you're not enjoying it.
15.The race was really difficult. She ___ (win) because she's not fit enough.
16.Our neighbours ___ (cut) down the tree in their garden. It was a really beautiful tree.
17.The children ___ (do) their homework last night. Then they wouldn't be panicking on the way
to school.
18.I'm really cold! I ___ (bring) my coat.
19.I ___ (come) to see you! I didn't know you were ill.
20.Andrew ___ (go) to Cambridge University, but he decided to travel instead.
21.They ___ (be) kinder to me. They were absolutely lovely.
22.You ___ (buy) some milk at the shops. We don't have any milk.
23.They ___ (come) to have breakfast with us, but they went to bed too late the night before.
Modals – test 1 10.could 9. can’t
Test 2 10.can’t
1. Mustn’t 1. Must study Test 3
2. Mustn’t 2. Must have 1. must
3. Don’t have to 3. must have practiced 2. can't Test 5
4. Mustn’t 4. must have bought 3. can't
5. Doesn’t have to 5. must be 4. must 1. could have bought
6. Don’t have to 6. must have left 5. can't 2. shouldn't have invited
7. Don’t have to 7. must be 6. must 3. should have started
8. Mustn’t 8. must be 7. can't would have joined
9. Mustn’t 9. must have missed 8. can't 4. couldn't have been
10.Mustn’t 10.must have been 9. must 5. couldn't have arrived
11.Doesn’t have to 11.must love 10.must 6. could have won
12.Don’t have to 12.must have left 11.can't 7. should have left
13.Mustn’t 13.must have been 12.can't 8. couldn't have finished
14.Don’t have to 14.must be 13.must 9. should not have eaten
15.Mustn’t 15.must be 14.can't 10.could have passed
16.Don’t have to 16.must have rained 15.must 11.would have called
17.Mustn’t 17.must be 16.must 12.shouldn’t have been
18.Mustn’t 18.must like 17.can't 13.could have come
19.Don’t have to 19.must have eaten 18.must 14.shouldn't have taken
20.Doesn’t have to 20.must have tidied 19.can't 15.couldn't have won
20.must 16.shouldn't have cut
17.should have done
Test 4 18.should have brought
1. could 19.would have come
2. couldn’t 1. couldn’t 20.could have gone
3. was able to 2. can’t 21.couldn't have been
4. can 3. can’t 22.should have bought
5. couldn’t 4. can 23.would have come
6. couldn’t 5. can’t
7. was able to 6. was able to
8. can’t 7. could
9. couldn’t 8. couldn’t