Unit 10

Light and Sound

Table of Contents

Table of Contents 1

Introduction 3

Essential Questions 4

Review 4

Lesson 10.1: Behavior of Light 5

Objectives 5
Warm-Up 5
Learn about It 7
Key Points 12
Web Links 13
Check Your Understanding 13
Challenge Yourself 15

Lesson 10.2: Dispersion of Light 15

Objectives 16
Warm-Up 16
Learn about It 17
Key Points 20
Web Links 21
Check Your Understanding 21
Challenge Yourself 22

Lesson 10.3: Behavior of Sound 22

Objectives 23
Warm-Up 23
Learn about It 24
Key Points 29
Web Links 29
Check Your Understanding 29
Challenge Yourself 30

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Lesson 10.4: Effects of Light and Sound to People 31
Objectives 31
Warm-Up 31
Learn about It 32
Key Points 37
Web Links 38
Check Your Understanding 38
Challenge Yourself 39

Laboratory Activity 40

Performance Task 41

Self Check 43

Key Words 43

Wrap Up 45

Photo Credits 45

References 46

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GRADE 5 | SCIENCE

Unit 10
Light and Sound

In a music hall, light and sound compliment the mood of the audience. The dancing
lights go together with the beat of the music, allowing the people to feel the hype
and be merry during the concert. Imagine attending a concert with no lights or
sounds, it would have been a dull event.

Light and sound are basic sources of information about the world around you. The
behavior of light and sound as they interact with objects allows people to use them
not only for observing their surroundings but for many other things that enhance
living and lifestyle. People use the properties of light and sound in basic and
advanced technologies that move the society forward.

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 Essential Questions

At the end of this unit, you should be able to answer the following questions.

● How does light interact with different materials?

● What are some materials that block, absorb, or transmit light to its use?
● How does light dispersion occur?
● How can sound be absorbed, refracted, or reflected?
● How is an echo produced?
● What are some of the uses of light and sound in technology?

Review

● Light travels in straight lines called rays.

○ An image can form when light reflects from mirrors or passes through
lenses.
○ Light changes direction as it changes speed.
○ Light travels fastest in a vacuum and slower at denser materials. Solids
are denser than liquids. Liquids are denser than gases.
● Sound is produced through the vibration of particles.
○ Sound travels in waves. It travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases.
○ Sound requires particles to vibrate in order for it to travel, thus, sound
cannot travel in a vacuum since it does not have particles in it.
○ The pitch of sound is directly related to the frequency of the sound
wave.

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 Lesson 10.1: Behavior of Light

Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● relate the ability of the material to block, absorb, or transmit
light to its use; and
● classify materials as transparent, translucent, and opaque.

Brightness, darkness, contrast, and colors are all made possible because of light.
Your eyes are designed to sense the effects of light as it interacts with the things
around you. Light interacts with objects in its path. Whether you see a shadow, or a
reflection depends on the behavior of light as it hits an object. How does light
behave when it encounters an object in its path?

Warm-Up

See the Light

Materials:
● shoebox
● black art paper
● adhesive tape
● scissors
● flashlight
● different materials to test such as
cardboard, clear jar, a block of wood,
rubber ball, cotton cloth, silk,
cellophane, and plastic cover

Procedure:
1. Cover the inside of the shoebox with black art paper.
2. Put the shoebox on the table with one of its sides in an upright position.

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 3. Place one material inside the box. Turn on the flashlight then let the light
strike on it.

4. See how the light from the flashlight interacts with the different materials
you prepared.

Guide Questions:
1. Which materials absorb the light, allow the light to pass through completely,
or allow some light to pass through it? Put a check (✓) in the appropriate box
to show your answer.
Light completely Some light Absorbed the
Materials
passed through it passed through it light

cardboard

clear jar

block of wood

rubber ball

cotton cloth

silk

cellophane

plastic cover

2. What happens to the light as it hits different materials?

3. How does light behave as it interacts with different materials?

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 Learn about It

Light travels in a straight line so it cannot go around an object that blocks its way. If
there is an object in its way, light behaves in various ways, depending on the
material that blocks its way. Light can be reflected, refracted, absorbed and
transmitted as it interacts with different kinds of objects.

Reflection
Reflection is the bouncing of light. When the reflected light reaches your eyes, it
passes through the lens of your eyes. The lens of your eyes creates an image of the
object at the part of your eye called the retina. The optic nerve behind the retina
sends a message to the brain about the image. The brain interprets the image as
the object that you see. Although seeing involves several processes, you can easily
identify an image instantly because sending messages to and from the brain
happens very fast.

Fig. 1. You can see and identify an image when reflected light enters the eye and
the brain interprets the image.

Light can reflect from different kinds of surfaces. Light reflects and produces an
image on smooth, polished surfaces like mirrors. Light may also be reflected from
still, undisturbed clear water like ponds or rivers. For other objects that reflect light,
an image forms in the eyes but not on the object’s surface. Through reflection, you
are able to see an image that is an actual representation of the object in front of
you. For instance, when you face a mirror, you see an image of yourself that is
laterally inverted or an image that is inverted from left to right.

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 Fig. 2. A mirror is an object that reflects light and produces a laterally inverted
image as it bounces back the light that hits on its surface.

Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light. This happens when the speed of light changes as
it travels from one medium to another. An example would be light traveling from
air to water. Since water is denser than air, the light changes its direction and
becomes slower as it travels through the water. When you are on the poolside what
have you noticed about the things that are submerged in the swimming pool?
Refraction can result in images that may be different in size and shape than the
actual object.

Fig. 3. Refraction of light makes it seem like the body of the child is shorter than it
actually is.

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Lens is a transparent material that refracts light and produces an image. A lens can
be convex or concave. The image produced by a lens can be bigger or smaller than
the actual object, depending on its shape.

Fig. 4. Magnifying glass uses lenses in order to magnify objects.

Absorption
Light can also be absorbed by a material. When light is absorbed by a material, then
it will not be reflected rather it will be converted into heat. White objects reflect all
the colors of light while black objects absorb all light that hit it. Thus, black objects
heat up faster than any other colored objects.

Fig. 5. Black objects absorb all light that reaches it. The absorbed light is then
converted to heat.

Transmission
Light is transmitted when it is allowed to pass through an object. Transmission of
light depends on the material that it interacts with. These materials can be
classified based on how they transmit light. Transparent materials can transmit all
the light. You can see through a transparent object because it is clear, so all the

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light can easily pass through it. Glass window and water are examples of
transparent objects.

Fig. 6. Transparent water in transparent glass allows you to see the blue ink in it.

Translucent materials can transmit only some light. You can see through a
translucent material but not as clear compared to a transparent material. Tea drink,
stained glass, and sunglasses are examples of translucent objects.

Fig. 7. Translucent sunglasses lessen the light that reaches the eyes.

Opaque materials do not transmit light, rather they block the passage of light. A
rock is an example of opaque material. When light rays hit the rock, some parts of it
are reflected and this allows us to see the rock. On the other hand, some parts of
the light are absorbed which heats up the rock when exposed to the sun.

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 Fig. 8. Opaque gift boxes allow one to hide the surprise inside.

Realizing how different objects transmit light allows one to know which type of
material will be used for a certain purpose. For instance, choosing a type of
material in making windows will depend on how much light you would like to be
transmitted inside your house.

Transparent windows Translucent windows When closed, no light will

transmit all the light, transmit only some light. be transmitted through
allowing you to see things Images from the inside are the wood window cover.
clearly from the inside. blurred.
Fig. 9. Different types of windows affect the transmission of light.

Shadows form when the light is blocked. They are formed in areas where light is not
transmitted. Opaque and translucent objects form shadows when they are in the
path of light. Opaque objects have darker shadows compared to translucent
objects, because not all light is blocked by translucent objects.

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 Fig. 10. A shadow is formed when the dog blocked the light.

Key Points

● Light can be reflected, refracted, absorbed, and transmitted as it interacts

with different kinds of objects.
○ Reflection is the bouncing of light as it strikes a surface.
○ Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through materials.
○ Absorption involves absorbing light and converting it to heat.
○ Transmission happens when light is allowed to pass through an
object. Materials can be classified by how they transmit light as
transparent, translucent and opaque.
■ Transparent materials can transmit all the light.
■ Translucent materials can transmit only some light.
■ Opaque materials do not transmit light.

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 Web Links

For further information on behaviors of light, you can check the following web links:
● Watch this video to learn more about how light can be
reflected, transmitted, or absorbed.
Bozeman Science. 2015. ‘Light Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission.’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOsro2kGjGc

● Do this experiment that makes you appear flying using the

concepts of mirror and reflection.
Steve Spangler Science. 2018. ‘Flying with a Mirror: Science Experiment.’
https://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/flying-with-mirrors/

Check Your Understanding

A. Read the description and study the diagram below. Label the different
behavior of light as shown in the diagram. Use the following terms in
labelling: absorption, transmission, refraction and reflection.

Light enters Earth’s atmosphere from space. Some light is absorbed and
some is reflected from the objects on the ground. Light changes speed
as it enters the water from the air.

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B. Read and analyze the following statements given. Tell if the statement is true
or false.
1. Opaque objects transmit light.
2. Light reflects from objects that you see.
3. Heat becomes light every time a black object hits light.
4. You can see because objects reflect from your eyes.
5. When light passes through a transparent window, it refracts.
6. A shadow is formed in areas where light is blocked.
C. Identify if the object is transparent, translucent, or opaque.
1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

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 Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is the difference between the reflection and dispersion of light?
2. What are some possible behaviors of light when it hits an opaque object?
3. Why does light behave differently in various materials?
4. What happens to light when it is absorbed by the material?
5. How does understanding the behavior of light can help you in designing your
house in the future?

Lesson 10.2: Dispersion of Light

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 Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● explain how light dispersion occurs; and
● describe the effects of light dispersion.

The things around you come in different colors, like the blue sky, green grass, and
red fruit. The light that comes from the sun does not seem to be colorful, but it
allows you to see a colorful world. Why do you see different colors?

Warm-Up

Amazing Prism
Materials:
● clear gelatin powder ● gelatin mold
● water ● glass prism
● casserole ● flashlight
● ladle ● white styrofoam plate

Safety Alert!
This activity requires adult supervision, especially when preparing the gelatin
mixture. Make sure to ask for help from an adult when boiling the water.

Procedure:
1. Prepare the gelatin according to the instructions written on its packaging.
However, lessen the amount of water to be used in boiling it. For example, if
one pack requires 2 cups of water, use only 1 cup for this activity.
2. Transfer the gelatin mixture in a mold. Let it cool and harden for a few
minutes.
3. Once the gelatin has hardened, cut it into different prism shapes.
4. Place a piece of gelatin prism on a white styrofoam plate. Shine a flashlight
on it and see what happens to the light.
5. Replace the gelatin prism with the glass one. Shine a flashlight on it and see
what happens to the light.
6. Place the gelatin prism and glass prism side by side on the plate. Shine a

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 flashlight on each prism. Compare how the light appears on each prism.

Guide Questions:
1. Why do you have to lessen the amount of water to use in preparing the
gelatin prisms?
2. What happens to the light as it strikes the gelatin prism? Glass prism?
3. Why did the light appear to be bent and scattered as it hits the gelatin or
glass prism?
4. In which prism did the light appear more bent? Why do you think so?

Learn about It

The electromagnetic spectrum is comprised of various electromagnetic waves

such as x-rays, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation. The visible portion of
the electromagnetic spectrum is called the visible light. It refers to the light that is
visible to the human eye. When all the colors of visible light are combined, white
light is produced. Sunlight is an example of a white light as it is made up of
different colors of visible light. These colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo, and violet which you can see when a rainbow appears. Other examples of
light source that produce white light are the fluorescent lamps and LED bulbs.

Fig. 11. LED bulbs are examples of a light source that emit white light.
Since white light is a combination of different colors of light, it is possible for its
components to be separated as it passes through another object. Dispersion of
light refers to the separation of white light into its component colors. A prism is a
transparent object that disperses white light into different colors. Water droplets in
the atmosphere can function as prisms to sunlight resulting in the occurrence of a
rainbow.

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Fig. 12. A rainbow is a natural occurrence in which the colors of visible light can be
seen.

Dispersion happens when white light enters a prism at an angle. Different colors of
visible light slow down from different speeds as they travel through the prism. The
different speeds of each color cause them to bend differently, and to separate from
each other as they exit through the prism. Red is the fastest and the least bent
color. On the other hand, violet is the slowest and the most bent color. The colors
of visible light are arranged from fastest to slowest: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo, and violet (ROYGBIV).

Fig. 14. The order of colors in a rainbow is due to the different speeds of each color
that makes each bend in a different angle or direction.
Reflection and Absorption of Colors
When white light hits an opaque object, some colors are reflected and some are
absorbed. The parts of the white light that are absorbed will be converted to heat.
The parts that are reflected and reached your eyes are the colors that you see.
Study the figure below.

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 Fig. 15. Red is the only color that is not absorbed. It is reflected to your eyes,
allowing you to see the object as the color red.

Sunlight appears white, but it is made up of different colors of visible light. Look at
the illustration below. When white light reached the red flowers, all the colors of the
visible light are absorbed except for red. Red is reflected and reached your eyes, so
you see the flowers as color red. In the same way, the leaves appear green because
green is reflected, while the other colors of the visible light are absorbed by the
leaves. The colors that you see are the ones that are reflected from the object.

Fig. 16. Red and green colors are reflected by the flowers and leaves, while other
colors are absorbed.
What happens if an object absorbs all white light? All light will be converted to heat.
The object will not be able to reflect any color and you will see the object as color
black. Take note that black is not part of the visible light. In other words, black is
not a color but the absence of color.

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Fig. 17. An object appears black because all the colors of visible light are absorbed.

What happens if an object reflects all the colors of visible light? The combination of
all the colors of visible light makes an object appear to be white. An object that is
white does not absorb any color but rather, reflects all the colors of visible light. If
no color is absorbed, then there is no light that will be converted to heat. Take note
that white is not a color, but the combination of all the colors of visible light.

Fig. 18. An object appears white because all the colors of visible light are reflected
together.

Key Points

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 ● Visible light refers to the light that is visible to the human eye. White light is
a combination of all the visible colors of light.
● Dispersion of light refers to the separation of white light into its component
colors.
● The colors that we see are the one which are reflected from the object.

Web Links

For further information about the dispersion of light, you can check the following
web links:
● Watch this video to learn more about light waves - the visible
and invisible ones.
TED-Ed. 2013. ‘Light waves, visible and invisible - Lucianne Walcowicz.’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0PawPSdk28

● Do an experiment which demonstrates how to make a rainbow.

Rookie Parenting Science. 2017. ‘How To Make a Rainbow - Simple Science
Experiments.’
https://www.rookieparenting.com/make-your-own-rainbow-science-experiment/

Check Your Understanding

A. Draw a smiley face ( ) if the statement is true and a sad face ( ) if false.
1. An incandescent bulb is a source of white light.
2. A red shirt absorbs red light and reflects all the other colors.
3. A black shirt absorbs black light and reflects all the other colors.
4. Different colors of visible light slow down when it enters the prism.
5. A water droplet can be like a prism and disperses white light.
6. White light changes speed as it travels through a prism.
7. Red light and violet light have different speeds.
8. The red light is the slowest and most bent color.
9. The violet light is the fastest and least bent color.
10. When light is absorbed, it is converted to heat.

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 B. Identify what is being described in each statement. Choose from the given
words inside the box.

black rainbow

dispersion refraction

prism white

1. It can appear when white light travels through drops of water.

2. It is how the object appears when all light is absorbed by the object.
3. It is an object that can split white light into different colors of visible
light.
4. It is the separation of white light into the colors of visible light because
of refraction.
5. It is the combination of all the colors of the rainbow.

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What is the difference between white light and visible light?
2. Why are white and black not part of the colors of the visible light?
3. How is the color of an object perceived by the eyes?
4. Why do different colors appear on a puddle of water when it is hit by white
light?
5. Why are pastel colors known to be the summer colors?

Lesson 10.3: Behavior of Sound

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 Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● explain that sound can be absorbed, refracted, and be reflected;
and
● infer that sound can be reflected as an echo.

Is there a difference in the sound of a basketball thrown on a wall and on a bed?

The sounds you hear may vary depending on what the sound wave hits as it
travels. How does sound behave when it encounters an object in its path?

Warm-Up

The Domino Effect

Materials:
● domino tiles
● meter stick

Procedure:
1. Do this activity with your friends.
2. Line up the dominoes on a hard, flat surface. Make sure that each tile is at
least half an inch apart from one another.
3. Move at least three meters away from the table where dominoes are lined
up.
4. Clap your hands once, as loud as you can, and see what happens to the
dominoes.
5. If the dominoes did not fall, move closer to the table then clap your hands
again. Repeat this step until you were able to let all the dominoes fall without
touching any of the tiles.

Guide Questions:
1. At what distance did the domino tiles fall after clapping your hands?
2. What made the dominoes fall even without touching the tiles?
3. How did the sound reach the domino tiles?
4. What happened to the sound after it reached the dominoes?

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 Learn about It

Sound travels in waves. When sound waves hit an object, it can be reflected,
absorbed, or transmitted by the material. Sound can also be refracted as it travels
between two kinds of materials. In most materials, sound waves are partly
reflected, absorbed, and transmitted.

Reflection
When a sound wave hits a hard surface and it cannot pass through, the sound
bounces back. The bouncing back of the sound is called the sound reflection.
When a reflected sound bounces back towards the source, an echo can occur. Echo
is a repeated sound reflected from a hard surface.

Fig. 19. An echo occurs when a sound wave is reflected from a hard surface and a
repeat of the original sound can be heard.

When sound is reflected from the hard surface of a smaller space, the sound may
bounce off walls several times, producing multiple echoes. This kind of reflected
sound is called reverberation. You will not hear it as an echo, instead, you may
notice that the sound becomes longer. You may have experienced this kind of

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sound when you are inside an auditorium, a church or a tunnel.

Fig. 20. Sound reflected multiple times is called reverberation.

Echolocation is the use of reflected sound to locate an object. Some animals such
as bats, dolphins, whales, and some birds use echolocation. Echolocation helps
them find their way and search for food. Bats make ultrasonic sounds using their
mouth, nose or both. When the sound is reflected back to them, bats can know
exactly where the object is. This allows them to fly without bumping into objects,
while they hunt for food.

Fig. 21. Echolocation allows bats to know the exact location of possible food when
they hunt in the dark.
Refraction
Since sound travels in waves, it is also possible for waves to bend when they hit
mediums with different temperatures. Sound waves change speed as they travel
through the air at different temperatures. This is the reason why sounds can be

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heard louder and clearer during a cold night, compared during a hot day.

Fig. 22. Chimes may not be heard if the sound waves bend higher than the receiver
of the sound.

As shown in Figure 22 above, during the daytime, the air near the ground is warmer
and the particles of air are less dense. In that condition, sound waves are refracted
away from the warm air, and bent upward towards the cooler air high above the
ground. In the figure below, when a bell chimes from a clock tower, the sound may
not be heard by the person from a distance.

Fig. 23. During nighttime, chimes may sound louder and clearer for the receiver
who is at the ground level.
When the air near the ground is cooler than the warm air above, sound waves bend
downward. In the figure below, the chimes become loud because the direction of
the wave shifted towards the cooler ground. Sound waves that bend towards the

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cooler night air allows people who are at ground level, to clearly hear the sounds.

Absorption and Transmission

When a sound wave encounters an object as it travels, it can be reflected, absorbed
or transmitted, depending on the material. Materials that are soft absorb sound
better than hard materials. Also, uneven and porous surfaces absorb sound better
than smooth materials.

When sound hits a soft material like a pillow, most of the sound is absorbed. The
absorbed sound is converted to heat energy, similar to what happens when light is
absorbed by an object. You may still hear some sounds through the pillow, but
those sounds are softer or less clear because not all sound waves are transmitted
by the pillow. Only the sound waves that are not absorbed are transmitted through
the material.

Fig. 24. Soft materials like carpet, stuffed dolls and pillows absorb sound.

Sound is transmitted by objects that allow sound waves to pass through the
material. Do you hear sounds outside your room even if the doors and windows are
closed? If yes, then the materials that make up your door and walls transmit sound
that is not reflected or absorbed from the outside of your room. Transmission of
sound also depends on the thickness of the material. Sound can travel faster
through thinner materials.

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 Fig. 25. When sound waves hit a surface, some sound can be reflected, some can
be absorbed, while others can be transmitted.

The walls and ceilings of movie theaters are usually covered with curtains and other
decorative fabric. The seats are also made of soft cushions covered in fabric. Those
materials help absorb the sound that travels through it, while reducing reflection
and transmission of sound. Those conditions help to produce clear, high-quality
sounds inside the theater.

Fig. 26. The curtains and chairs in this auditorium will increase the clarity of sound
because there will be fewer chances for echoes to occur.

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 Key Points

● The behavior of sound depends on the kind of materials that it encounters as

it travels.
● An echo occurs when a sound wave is reflected from a hard surface and a
repeat of the original sound can be heard.
● Reverberation is multiple echoes or reflected sounds in an enclosed space.
● Sound waves change speed as they travel through air with different
temperatures.

Web Links

For further information on behaviors of sound, you can check the following web
links:
● Watch this video to find out how animals like bats use
echolocation to survive.
Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural HIstory. 2016. ‘Skin & Bone - Big Idea:
Echolocation.’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6IF7a24AFk

● Do an experiment similar to bat echolocation.

Kinder Nature. ‘Bat Echolocation Experiment.’
https://kindernature.org/activity/bat-echolocation-experiment/

Check Your Understanding

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 A. Read and analyze the following statements given. Tell whether the given
statement is true or false.
1. Sound reflects on soft surfaces only.
2. Sound that passes through a surface is transmitted sound.
3. The kind of material determines whether sound will be absorbed or not.
4. Sound that is not absorbed and transmitted becomes heat.
5. Bats can use the reflection of sound for them to know where to go to dark
places.
6. Reverberation is higher in a bigger space than in an enclosed space.
7. Sound is transmitted faster through thicker materials.
8. The temperature of a medium affects the speed of the sound.
9. Refraction happens when the sound waves bend as they travel.
10. Hard objects absorb sound better than soft objects.

B. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence correctly. Choose from the
words below.

absorb echo material refracts reflected transmit

1. The walls of their classroom can _______________ sound because students

from the classroom beside them can still hear them even when their door
is closed.
2. The chirping of birds became louder at the camp because sound
_______________ better during cold night.
3. The soft walls and carpet in her room _______________ sound so when you
sleepover for fun movie-watching, you won’t be disturbing her parents
with our noise.
4. The hall was so big and empty that you can hear the _______________ of
your footsteps when you passed by.
5. There must have been another mountain other than the one he was on
top of. That’s why his shout was _______________ back to him.

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions briefly.

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 1. How does an echo occur?
2. What are the possible behaviors of sound when it hits a surface?
3. Why do floors of most auditorium and theaters are lined with soft carpet?
4. How does air temperature affect the sound as it travels?
5. How is echolocation beneficial for animals like bats and whales?

Lesson 10.4: Effects of Light and Sound to

People

Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● enumerate some of the effects of light and sound to people; and
● discuss the uses of light and sound in technology.

If you enjoy watching movies and listening to music, you are aware that people are
able to use light and sound not only for observation and awareness. Light and
sound are being used in different ways for the advancement in the society. How
do light and sound improve the lives of people?

Warm-Up

Tap Tap Game

Material:
● mobile device (tablet or cellphone) with an internet connection

Procedure:
1. Connect your mobile device to the internet and go to Google Play or App
Store to download the game Tap Tap Reborn 2.

● Download and install the “Tap Tap Reborn 2” (Google Play

Store) app.
AMANOTES. 2018. ‘Tap Tap Reborn 2’.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.amanotes.reborn&hl=en

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 ● Download and install the “Tap Tap Reborn 2” (Apple Store)
app.
AMANOTES. 2018. ‘Tap Tap Reborn 2’.
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/tap-tap-reborn-2-rhythm-game/id120630678
2?mt=8

2. Once you have downloaded the game, choose a song that you want to play.
3. Tap the tiles according to the beat of the song. You may also play in the
Multiplayer mode to compete with others.

Guide Questions:
1. How will you describe the rhythm of the game?
2. How does the sound of the game contribute to the excitement you are
feeling while playing?
3. How does the blinking lights after tapping the tiles affect your focus on
playing the game?
4. How are the concepts of light and sound applied to this kind of technology?

Learn about It

Light in Homes and Common Areas

Natural sources of light include the sun and other stars. These natural sources of
light may limit man’s actions depending on the place, time, season and weather.
The invention of artificial lights allows people to see things in dark places and
increase their safety from dangerous areas.

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 Fig. 27. Light is used for your safety even outside your homes, at any given time.
Artificial lights enable people to extend their working and socializing hours.
Furthermore, light is also used not only for basic lighting needs but also for
communications and entertainment.

Fig. 28. Light is being used for communications and research such as computers
and phones. It is also used in many forms of entertainment such as lanterns and
digital shows.

Aside from using artificial lights to see objects and the surroundings, people
learned to use light to produce different kinds of images. Lenses, mirrors, and other
materials use different colors of visible light to project images in devices such as

33
television screens, projector screens, and cameras.

Examples of Light Technology Used in Different Industries

Telescopes and microscopes both use lenses that allow exploration and
investigation of objects that are very far from Earth or objects that are too small for
the naked eyes.

Fig. 24. The dome-shaped buildings Fig. 25. The transmission electron
house large telescopes that are able to microscope used lenses to produce
refract light to produce images from images of specimens that are much
space. smaller than cells.

The LASER or Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation is a narrow

and focused beam of light that can be used for different purposes. It can be used as
a tool for cutting very hard objects including metals and rocks. It can also be used in
performing medical procedures like surgery.

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 Fig. 29. LASER is used to eliminate abnormal eye cells easily without damaging
other parts of the eye.
Optic fiber is a glass that is made into a transparent wire-like material. Optic fiber
is used to guide light that carries information faster, over long distances. Light
carries information such as voice, video, and other data. Since light travels very fast,
optic fiber technology allows the fastest and most convenient communication.

Fig. 30. Optic fibers are like super highways and light is the fastest vehicle that can
carry information through these glass cables.

Sound Technologies
Sound can be classified as pleasant or unpleasant. Unpleasant sound is also
described as noise. Noise can be harmful physically and emotionally. It can damage
ears, create a feeling of stress, and sometimes even fear. On the other hand,
pleasant sounds make people feel calm or happy.

35
The behavior and properties of sound made it possible to develop technologies that
improve the quality of life. People created ways to reduce or remove unpleasant
sounds. There are also creations that produce pleasant sounds such as music.

Fig. 31. Recording studios have special soft and bumpy walls that absorb sound.
Sound absorbing materials line the walls of music studios. The special materials
prevent transmission of unwanted sound into the room while music is being
recorded. The sound that is being recorded should be clear and without any
echoes.

Headphones with noise-cancelling technology bump off sound waves outside the

ear pieces to prevent sounds from getting into your ears other than your music.

Fig. 32. Noise-cancelling technology allows you to listen purely to the sounds
transmitted through the headphones.

Musical instruments are designed using materials that can change the frequency of
sound waves. Changing the frequency of sound allows people to create music using
different notes.

36
 Fig. 33. Each piano key corresponds to a Fig. 34. A device that emits ultrasound is
string or set of strings that vibrate at a placed on the abdomen of the patient.
certain frequency. The medical practitioner can view the
image created by reflected ultrasound
using a computer monitor.
Sound frequency is also being used in areas other than music. Ultrasonic frequency
is also known as ultrasound. Ultrasound which is too high for humans to detect can
be produced using man-made devices. In medicine, the reflection of ultrasound is
being used to produce images of internal body parts.

Key Points

● The invention of artificial lights allows one to see things in naturally dark
places and increase their safety from predators and dangerous areas.
● The behavior of sound and the many materials to choose from made it
possible to make technologies related to sound.
● Some examples of applications of light and sound in technology are:
○ Telescopes and microscopes are used to magnify images that are far
from Earth or tiny for the eyes to see.
○ LASER or Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
which is a narrow and focused beam of light that can be used for
different purposes such as cutting metals and eye surgery.
○ Noise-cancelling capabilities of some headphones or earphones
which allow you to listen to music clearly without increasing its
volume.

37
 Web Links

For further information on the effects of light and sound to people, you can check
the following web links:
● Watch this video to find out and understand how LASIK or laser
eye surgery works.
BrainStuff - HowStuffWorks. 2014. ‘How Does LASIK Work?.’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ_qMuP5itw

● Read this article to know what sonar is and how it works.

National Ocean Service. 2018. ‘What is Sonar.’
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sonar.html

Check Your Understanding

A. On the blank, write the best word that will complete each statement. Choose
from the words inside the box.

LASER lens noise-cancelling

optic fiber safety ultrasound

1. Light can carry information and travel through _______________.

2. Telescope, microscope and camera all have _______________.
3. The use of artificial light helps increase people’s _______________ especially
at night.
4. Reflection of __________ is used to produce a picture of an internal organ.
5. The focused beam of _______________ can cut through hard objects such as
rocks and metal.

B. Read and analyze the following statements given. Tell whether the statement
is true or false.
1. Sound will reflect better on the soft and bumpy walls in a music studio.

38
 2. Light can travel through optic fibers to reach different parts of the world.
3. Different colors of visible light are used to project images on TV screens.
4. The high volume of ultrasound produces images inside the body.
5. Noise-cancelling device absorbs sound from the headphones to prevent
noise.

C. Read and analyze the following statements given. Tell whether the statement
shows a useful or harmful effect of light and sound.
1. LASER is used to eliminate abnormal eye cells without damaging other
parts of the eye.
2. Optic fiber speeds up communication and internet connectivity.
3. Excessive exposure to loud sound through headphones can cause
temporary ear damage.
4. Sound waves are used to locate things underwater through sonar.
5. Blue light from mobile devices can cause eye strain.

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. What example of light or sound technology has improved your life?
2. What behaviors of sound are being considered in designing a music studio?
3. When does light or sound technology become a disadvantage when used?
4. How is sound frequency used in the field of medicine?
5. How does an optic fiber work?

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 Laboratory Activity

Activity 10.1
Adding Colors of Light

Objectives
At the end of this laboratory activity, the students should be able to:
● describe white light; and
● explain what happens when two or more colors of light are combined.

Materials and Equipment

● 3 flashlights
● red cellophane
● green cellophane
● blue cellophane
● scissors
● adhesive tape

Procedure
1. Do this activity with a partner.

40
 2. Cut each cellophane into a round shape. Make sure that the size of the
circles is big enough to cover the lens of the flashlight.
3. Put one cellophane on each lens of the flashlight. Secure it with an adhesive
tape.
4. Test each flashlight by turning it on and aiming it on a white wall. Observe
the color of the light that you see.
5. Try adding the colors of the light. Aim the red flashlight on the wall then aim
the blue flashlight too on its side but do not overlap them.
6. Slowly overlap the red and blue lights and see what happens.
7. Aim the green flashlight on the wall and let it overlap with blue light only.
Observe the resulting color of the two lights combined.
8. This time, turn on the red flashlight again and aim at the blue and green
lights.
9. Observe the color of the light produced after combining the three colors.

Data and Results

Table 1. Combination of Colors of Light.
Light Combinations Resulting Color of the Light

Red and Blue

Blue and Green

Red, Blue, and Green

Guide Questions
1. How does adding cellophane on the lens of the flashlight change the color of
the light?
2. What happens to the color of the light when two or more colors of the light
were combined?
3. Based on the activity, how will you describe white light?
4. How is this activity similar to how lights are managed in a theater play?

Performance Task

Soundproof Mobile Pouch

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Goal
● Your goal is to apply what you have learned about the behavior of sound by
creating a soundproof mobile pouch.

Role
● Together with a classmate, research on some materials that are good in
absorbing sound. After doing research, gather the materials you think are
good at absorbing sound which you will use in creating a soundproof mobile
pouch.

Audience
● Your target audience is your class. You have to convince them through a
demonstration that what you have created is a soundproof mobile pouch.

Situation
● There are instances wherein people forget to put their cellphones in a silent
mode while watching in a movie house. When someone calls, the movie
goers will be disrupted by the ringing of the phone. In order to address this
concern, your task is to create a soundproof pouch which will prevent the
sound from coming out of it even if someone calls on the phone.

Product, Performance, and Purpose

● Aside from being soundproof, the pouch that you are going to create must
be able to carry a cellular phone. It should also be handy or easy to carry.

Standards and Criteria

Your performance will be graded by the following rubric.

Needs Successful Exemplary

Below Expectations,
Criteria 0% to 49%
Improvement Performance Performance
50% to 74% 75% to 99% 100%

Design. The design The design The design The design

showed a lack of achieved at least 1 achieved at least 2 achieved all the 3
The overall design of
research and most out of 3 criteria out of 3 criteria criteria given. All
the solar oven shows
of the materials given. Some of the given. Most of the the materials used
durability, reusability,
used are materials used are materials used are in the project are
and portability. The
inappropriate. inappropriate too. appropriate for appropriate and
materials used are
the project. served their
appropriate for the

42
project. purposes.

Functionality. The soundproof The soundproof The soundproof The soundproof

mobile pouch is mobile pouch is mobile pouch is mobile pouch is
The soundproof
not functional. A not fully functional. fully functional. No
mobile pouch is able
loud sound still functional. A However, a faint sound is heard
to prevent the sound
comes out of it semi-loud sound sound is heard even if the phone
from coming out even
whenever the comes out of it whenever the inside it rings.
if the phone inside it
phone inside it whenever the phone inside it
is ringing inside it. rings. phone inside it rings.
rings.

Self Check

After studying this unit, can you now do the following?

Check I can…

describe how light interacts with different materials.

identify materials that block, absorb, or transmit light to its use.

explain what happens to light when reflected, refracted, absorbed, or

transmitted.

explain how light dispersion occurs.

describe how sound is absorbed, refracted, or reflected.

explain how an echo is produced.

cite some uses of light and sound in technology.

Key Words

43
Dispersion It refers to the separation of white light into its
component colors.
Echo It is a repeated sound reflected from a hard surface.

Echolocation It is the use of reflected sound to locate an object.

Lens This is a transparent material that refracts light and

produces an image.
Opaque materials These are materials that do not transmit light, rather
they block the passage of light.
Reflection It is the bouncing of light as it strikes a surface.

Refraction It is the bending of light as it passes from one medium

to another.
Reverberation These are multiple echoes or reflected sounds in an
enclosed space.
Translucent materials These are materials that can transmit only some light.

Transparent These are materials that can transmit all the light.
materials
Visible light It refers to the light that is visible to the human eye.

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 Wrap Up

Light and Sound

Photo Credits

Fig. 10. Dispersive prism.png by Kelvinsong is licensed under CC BY-SA 1.0 via
Wikimedia Commons.

Fig. 29. Diabetic retinopathy laser surgery by National Institute of Health (National
Eye Institute) is licensed under CC BY-SA 0 via Wikimedia Commons.

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 References

Jones, Mary, Geoff Jones, and Phillip Marchington. Physics. 2nd ed. Coordinated
Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Dobey, Daniel C., Robert J. Beichner, and Sharon Lee Raimondi. Essentials of
elementary science. 2nd ed. Essentials of Classroom Teaching Series. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

Bauer, W., and Gary D. Westfall. University physics: standard version. New York:
McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2011.

Berg, Richard E. "Refraction." Encyclopædia Britannica. December 29, 2016.

Accessed September 18, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/science/sound-
physics/Refraction#ref527215.

"How do bats echolocate and how are they adapted to this activity?" Scientific
American. Accessed September 18, 2017.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-bats-echolocate-an/.

"What is a Laser?" NASA Space Place. Accessed September 18, 2017.

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/laser/en/.

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