Industrial electronics DEPARTMENT

HARDWARE MAINTENANCE AND

TROUBLESHOOTING
(H.M.T)

PRACTICAL NO.1
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AIM: DEMONSTRATION OF SYSTEM CONFIGURATION USING CMOS SETUP

THEORY:

 System Configuration
For the BIOS to be able to start the computer, you've seen that it must find
an operating system on a hard disk or floppy disk drive. But how does the
BIOS know where the drives are located or what types they are?
Floppy disk drives and hard disk drives are two of the most important
items that must be configured in the BIOS. If the drive types are not
correctly identified in the BIOS, the BIOS will not be able to start the
system. Whenever you build a system or change major components, you
need to run the BIOS setup program to check or change settings.
 Starting the Setup Program
On most systems built since the late 1980s, the BIOS configuration
program is stored in the BIOS chip itself. On a few current systems, as with
the original IBM AT, the setup program must be run from a floppy disk
drive or the hard drive. The original IBM PC and PC/XT had only a few
settings, and these were made by manipulating a series of small rocker or
slide switches called DIP switches.
ROM-based setup programs are normally started by pressing one or more
keys in combination within the first few seconds after turning on the
computer. Although these keystrokes vary from system to system, the
most popular keys on current systems include the escape (Esc) key, the
Delete key, the F1 key, and various combinations of Ctrl+Alt+ another
specified key. Most computers display the correct key(s) to press during
the initial startup screen. Check with your system vendor for the
appropriate keystrokes or to see if you need to run a program from MS-
DOS or Windows to configure your system.
Because the settings you make in the BIOS setup program are stored in the
nonvolatile RAM of the CMOS chip, the settings are often called CMOS
settings.
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In the following section, we will review the typical setup process, looking at
each screen of a typical Pentium-class system.
 Step-by-Step CMOS/BIOS Configuration
The A+ Certification exam will test your knowledge of basic CMOS/BIOS
configuration. To help you prepare for the exam, this section covers the
most important portions of the CMOS/BIOS setup process.
To start the CMOS setup process, press the correct key(s) during the
bootstrap process or run the setup program from hard disk or floppy disk
after the computer has started. On virtually all systems built since the early
1990s, you'll start with a menu screen, as shown in Figure. This menu, as
well as the contents of the screens listed, will vary according to your BIOS
brand, version, and motherboard type.

Figure 3.6

Select the menu item from this CMOS Setup menu to examine or change
settings.
Select Standard CMOS Setup to begin.
Other systems will immediately display the Standard CMOS Setup screen,
which is typically used to configure drive, date, and time settings.
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Standard CMOS Configuration
The standard CMOS configuration screen (see Figure 3.7) includes settings
for items such as
 Date
 Time
 Floppy disk drive types for drives A: (first floppy disk drive) and B:
(second floppy disk drive)
 Hard drives connected to the IDE interface

Figure 3.7

A typical standard setup screen. On this system, hard drives can be

detected during the boot process ("Auto" setting), but they can also be
user-defined, as shown here.To make selections here, you normally press
keys to cycle through the different options, including date and time.
The time must be entered in the 24-hour format (1:00PM = 13:00, and so
on). Enable daylight savings unless your state or area (Arizona, Hawaii, and
parts of Indiana) doesn't switch to DST in the spring and summer.
Change the default floppy drive types to match your current configuration
if necessary. See "Floppy Disk Drives," page 191, for details on selecting the
correct floppy disk drive type.
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To select the correct hard drive type, you can use one of three methods:
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 Manually enter the correct settings.
 Use an auto-detection feature located here or from the main menu.
 Allow the system to detect the hard drives during every system boot.
Some systems also display the amount of memory onboard on this screen,
but only extremely old systems based on 386 or older processors require
that you manually enter the amount of RAM in the system. On virtually all
systems using a 286 processor or better, the standard CMOS configuration
screens are extremely similar, varying mainly in the number and types of
drives that can be used.
The standard setup screen is the single most important screen in the entire
BIOS/CMOS setup process. If the drives are not defined correctly, the
system cannot boot.
Automatic Configuration of BIOS/CMOS Settings
Many versions of the AMI and Award BIOS allow you to automatically
configure all screens except the Standard setup screen with a choice of
these options from the main menu:
 BIOS Defaults (also referred to as Original/Fail-Safe on some systems)
 Setup Defaults (also referred to as Optimal on some systems)
 Turbo
Use BIOS defaults to troubleshoot the system because these settings are
very conservative in memory timings and other options. Normally, the
Setup defaults provide better performance. Turbo, if present, speeds up
the memory refresh rate used by the system. As you view the setup
screens in this chapter, you'll note these options are listed. If you use
either automatic setup after you make manual changes, all your manual
changes will be overridden!
Appropriately, the graphical AMI WinBIOS uses a tortoise, a hare, and an
eagle for these three options.
With many recent systems, you can select Optimal or Setup Defaults, save
your changes, and exit, and the system will work acceptably. However, you
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might want more control over your system. In that case, look at the
following screens and make the changes necessary.
Advanced CMOS Configuration
The advanced CMOS configuration screen, shown in Figure 3.8, allows you
to adjust optional details about the computer. In this screen, you can
adjust the NumLock setting, type of video, keyboard repeats speed,
settings for cache memory, and other special features. Most systems built
since the early 1990s include this screen.

Figure 3.8

A typical Advanced CMOS Configuration screen, also known as the BIOS

Features screen—use this screen to enable or disable anti-virus hardware
features, adjust boot sequence, and adjust memory options such as cache
and parity checking.
Depending on the system, you might be able to boot from CD-ROM, ZIP, or
LS-120 drives in addition to the floppy disk drives and hard drives
traditionally available as boot devices, as shown in Figure 3.9.
Depending on the BIOS version, you might need to press the ESC key, as
in Figure 3.9, to return to the main menu, or use cursor keys to move
directly to another menu screen.
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 Figure 3.9

This recent Pentium-class system offers a variety of boot options. To view

the settings for any CMOS configuration option, either use the help key
(F1) as shown here, or press the correct key to step through the options for
the setting.
Advanced Chipset/Chipset Features Configuration
The Advanced Chipset/Chipset Features Configuration screen, like the one
shown in Figure 3.10, offers many advanced options that vary by the
system. The following are some typical features of this menu:
 Memory types, speed and timing—Adjust the values here to match the
memory installed in the system (such as parity, non-parity, SDRAM,
EDO, and so on).
 Cache adjustments—Some Cyrix CPUs require the user to disable
pipelining for proper operation.
 Configuration of USB ports—If you upgrade a system to Windows 98 or
Windows 2000, you might need to enable the USB ports; systems with
older versions of Windows (which didn't support USB) might not have
the USB ports enabled. The USB Keyboard Support feature must be
enabled if a USB keyboard is installed to allow the keyboard to operate
outside of Windows.
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 Configuration of the AGP slot—Depending on the specific AGP video
card installed (if any), you might need to set the size of the memory
aperture used to transfer data between the system and the AGP port
and select the AGP mode (1x, 2x, and 4x).

Figure 3.10

This recent system's USB (Universal Serial Bus) and AGP (Advanced
Graphics Port) options are located on the Chipset Features configuration
screen, along with the usual system and memory-timing options.
Power Management Configuration
Virtually all systems built since the mid-1990s are designed to allow power
management; watch for the EPA "Energy Star" logo when you start the
computer.
Power management works like this: After a user-defined period of
inactivity, devices such as the monitor, the hard drive, or even the CPU will
go into different low-power modes:
 Standby mode—Shuts off the hard drive and blanks monitor screens
that use Display Power Management Signaling. Move the mouse or
press a key to "wake up" the system.
 Suspend mode—Turns off the CPU clock to save even more power.
Systems that fully support suspend mode allow you to choose a special
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shutdown option that "remembers" what programs and files were

 open, and can bring the system back to that state when the power is
restored.
Early power-management systems require that you, the user, keep working
with the mouse or keyboard to prevent the system from going into power-
saving modes, which can cause modem or network transfers to be
interrupted, losing data.On most newer systems, such as the one featured
in Figure 3.11, you can prevent the system from going into power-saving
modes, or to wake up when activity takes place, by setting these options by
either the device name (modem, hard drive, floppy disk drive, parallel port,
serial port) or by the device's IRQ (see "IRQs, DMAs, I/O Port Addresses,
and Memory Addresses," page 17.
I have always regarded power management as being a great idea that does
not always work well in practice.

Figure 3.11

This recent system has support for both ACPI power management (used by
Windows 98) and APM (used by earlier versions of Windows).
To make power management work, you need to make sure that
 Devices such as hard drives and monitors can be powered down and
powered back up without loss of information.
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 Power management is set to monitor network and Internet devices,
such as modems and network cards, for activity to prevent the
connection from being dropped.
 All devices installed in a system are monitored for activity to prevent
data loss. For example, Figure 3.11 does not list IRQ 15 (used by the
secondary IDE host adapter in most systems) as a PM (power
management) event. Activity on IRQ 15 will not wake up the system,
although the computer could be reading data from devices on IRQ 15
or saving data to devices on IRQ 15.
 Users understand how power management works.
Normal signs of power management in use include
 Monitors with blinking power lights, or power lights a different color
than normal, while the screen remains blank
 Keyboards that seem "dead" for a few seconds after you start typing
(because the hard drive must spin up)
Users who are unfamiliar with power management might panic and reboot
the computers (losing their data!) or demand that you "fix" their systems.
Sometimes, the best fix is to disable power management completely or to
use Windows to configure power management settings through its Power
icon in Control Panel. For systems that have ACPI- compatible BIOS chips
that also run Windows 98 or Windows 2000, Windows should be used to
manage power.
Adjust the system to the user's requirements, and continue.
PnP (Plug-and-Play) Configuration Screen
Plug-and-Play (PnP) configuration allows either the operating system or the
system BIOS to select hardware settings for PnP-compatible cards when
first installed and to change those settings when new cards are installed.
PnP BIOS support has been part of virtually all systems shipped with
Windows 95 or newer versions of Windows, and virtually all add-on cards
and other devices (such as printers, monitors, modems, and so on) also
support PnP configuration.
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Early versions of the Plug-and-Play Configuration screen (see Figure 3.12)
were introduced with the first Pentium-based systems with PCI slots,
because PCI cards could configure themselves. PnP can be used with PnP-
compatible ISA cards as well as with PCI and AGP cards. If you are using
Windows 95, 98, or 2000, set Plug and Play Operating System to Yes.
Unless you have problems with installing cards, that is normally all you
need to set. If you are having problems adding cards, you can set IRQs to
be available to PnP devices (add-on cards that are set by Windows) or to
ISA/Legacy devices (ports built into the motherboard or ISA cards you must
set manually).
Some systems, as in this example, also allow you to enable or disable IRQ
use for USB, VGA video, and ACPI power management. You can disable IRQ
usage for any or all of these devices, but some devices might not work if no
IRQ is assigned.
Built-In Ports/Peripherals Setup
You can enable or disable most ports built into recent systems with the
Built-in Ports/Peripherals Setup screen, shown in Figure 3.13. (Some
systems with PS/2 mouse ports require that you adjust a jumper block on
the motherboard.) On some systems, this screen also lets you adjust
advanced hard disk options, such as PIO mode and block mode.

Figure 3.12
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A typical Plug-and-Play configuration screen. By changing PnP options for

IRQs and DMA channels to Legacy, you can reserve selected IRQs and
DMAs for non-PnP cards.

Figure 3.13

This system's COM 2 port (UART 2) is disabled to allow an internal modem

to be installed as COM 2.
Generally, you disable a built-in port if you add a card containing a port
that will conflict with it. For example, you can disable COM 2 (serial port 2)
to allow you to install an internal modem. You can also adjust the IRQ and
I/O port addresses used by the built-in parallel and serial ports. On some
systems, the LBA mode setting for hard disks and USB configuration
options are also found on this screen. After observing or changing the
settings, return to the main menu and continue.
See "IDE Performance Optimization," page 212, for information about hard
disk options PIO mode and block mode.
Saving and Recording BIOS/CMOS Settings
Most BIOSes allow you to save your changes, or discard changes you might
have made accidentally, when you exit the main menu and restart the
system.
A few old BIOSes automatically save any changes, even bad ones. In either
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case, be sure to review the standard CMOS setup screen and any others
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you viewed to make sure the settings are acceptable before you save and
exit. You should record critical BIOS settings, such as drive type information
and any other changes from a system's default settings. Many technicians
find it useful to add a sticker with drive type and other information to the
rear of a system or to the inside of the system cover.
CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied The System Configuration using
CMOS Setup Successfully.

PRACTICAL NO.2

AIM: INSTALLATION AND UPGRADATION OF RAM CHIP

THEORY:

 How to Upgrade a Computer's RAM

One of the most important parts of the computer is the RAM( Random
Access Memory). Your information is needs to be stored in RAM before
being accessed by any other part of the computer. You can get a computer
to work without a DVD drive but without RAM, it won't function properly.
Over time you will need to upgrade the amount of RAM you have
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depending on the task you are trying to accomplish. Some certain steps are
needed to get the job done correctly.

STEPS:
1. On the side panel of your computer there are going to be a couple of
screws.Remove these with a screwdriver.

2. After removing the screws, slide the cover panel off. This differs
depends of the type of case you have but in most cases you will slide it in a
direction.

3. Take a look in your computer. There should be a lot of cables, various

drives and a motherboard. The motherboard is easily identified as it has
the most things attached to it.

4. Put on the protective wrist strap.

5. Look for something called a DIMM slot. Generally there are going to be
2 of them. They have jagged teeth at the end of them that holds the RAM
in place. You will see your current RAM attached to it.

6. Pull apart the two teeth to release the RAM. There should be a decent
bit of force applied before the teeth come apart.

7. Slide the RAM out of the DIMM slot

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8. Before insert your new RAM make sure you have the correct Type. All
modern computers use DDR(dual data rate) RAM. Find out whether your
computer supports DDR1, DDR2 or DDR3. If you put the wrong type of
RAM in, it won't work.

9. Insert the new RAM in the DIMM slot with the teeth aligned correctly.

10. Close the teeth off so the RAM is secured in place

11. Close the computer panel and screw the screws in place.

STEP 1 STEP 2

STEP 4 STEP 5
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STEP 6 STEP 7

STEP 9 STEP 11

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied How To Install and Upgrade PC RAM

Successfully.
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 PRACTICAL NO.3

AIM: DEMONSTRATION OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF MOTHERBOARD

THEORY:

 Motherboard

A computer has many components, each with their own roles and
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functions. The role of the motherboard is to allow all these components

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to communicate with each other. Considering the fact that all the other
components are installed on the motherboard or connected to it, it is safe
to say that the motherboard is the central piece of a PC, the component
that brings it all together.

 Processor Socket

The processor socket is the central piece of a motherboard, usually being

located near the center of the motherboard. It’s also the central piece
because it holds the processor – the brain of your computer.
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  Power Connectors

No computer component can operate without power, and a motherboard

is no exception. The power connector, commonly a 20 or 24-pin
connector, can be situated either near the right edge of the motherboard,
or somewhere close to the processor socket on older motherboards. This
is where the power supply’s main connector gets attached, providing
power to the motherboard and all the other components.

Newer motherboards have an additional 4-pin or 8-pin connector near

the processor, used to supply additional power directly to the processor.

 Memory Slots

Located in the upper-right part of the motherboard, the memory slots are
used to house the computer’s memory modules. The number of slots can
vary, depending on motherboard, from 2, in low-end motherboards, all
the way up to 8 memory slots, on high-end and gaming motherboards.

It is important to pay close attention to the type of memory a

motherboard supports, in order to buy the appropriate memory modules.
Newer motherboards support DDR3 memory, the current industry
standard memory architecture, but motherboards with DDR2 memory
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slots and even DDR1 memory slots are still present on the market. An
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interesting aspect is that there are some older motherboard models that
supported different types of memory, and usually come with two DDR1
memory slots and 2 DDR2 memory slots, or two DDR2 slots and two DDR3
slots. These motherboards were great options for people that wanted to
upgrade a motherboard without having to upgrade all the other
components as well.

The number of memory slots should be an important criterion to take into

account when choosing a motherboard, as it will determine the maximum
amount of memory you can install. You may plan to take an online course
to learn video editing or learn – do you really want to be limited by your
motherboard in the process?

 Video Card Slot

This is the type of slot that doesn’t need an explanation, as its name
doesn’t leave much room for interpretation as to what its role is. Coming
in the form of a PCI-Express slot on newer motherboards or AGP on older
ones, the video card slot is situated right below the processor.

It is not uncommon for older motherboards, especially those that target

the office segment, to lack this slot, meaning that you won’t be able to
install a discrete video card, thus having to rely on the integrated one. At
the opposite pole, high-end gaming motherboards come with multiple
video card slots, allowing the installation of multiple video cards in a SLI
or Crossfire configuration

 Expansion Slots

Expansions have the role of letting you install additional components to

enhance or expand the functionality of your PC. You can install a TV tuner,
a video capture card, a better soundcard, etc. – you get the idea. These
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ports are located under the video card slot, and come in the form of PCI
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slots (on older motherboards) or a scaled-down version of PCI-Express
slots (on newer motherboards). Some motherboards come with both
types of expansion slots. The number of slots is usually dependent on the
format of the motherboard – larger motherboards (full ATX) have more,
while smaller formats (micro-ATX) have fewer, if any.

 IDE and SATA Ports

IDE and SATA ports are used to provide connectivity for the storage
devices and optical drives. The IDE interface is somewhat outdated, so
you shouldn’t be surprised if you see a lot of new motherboards coming
without this type of port. It was replaced by the smaller and much faster
SATA interface, which currently reached its 3 rd revision, being able to
achieve maximum speeds of up to 600 MB/s, as opposed to the IDE
interface, which can reach a maximum of 133 MB/s.

It is not uncommon for manufacturers to include SATA ports of different

revisions, such as two SATA2 ports and two SATA3 ports. Considering the
fact that most optical drives on the market come with a SATA connector,
and these devices are not bandwidth-hungry, using a SATA2 port for an
optical drive is perfectly acceptable. In fact, most mechanical hard drives
cannot achieve SATA3 speeds due to mechanical limitations, so unless you
plan to use multiple high-performance solid state drives in your PC, which
can benefit of the higher speeds of SATA3, a combination of SATA2 and
SATA3 shouldn’t make much of a difference. If you’re not familiar with the
differences between classical hard drives and solid state drives, check out
this computer essentials online course – you might find out some more
interesting information about computers along the way.
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  BIOS Chip and Battery

The BIOS chip contains the basic code needed to take your computer
through the boot process, up to the point where the operating system
takes over. Since the BIOS code is stored on a memory chip that needs
constant power to function, a battery is also present to keep the chip
powered when the computer is unplugged.

 Northbridge and Southbridge

If you have a look at your motherboard, chances are you’ll see a square
metal component somewhere in the lower-right part of the board. This
metal component is actually a heat sink, and its role is to provide thermal
protection for the Northbridge – one of the most important components
of a motherboard. The Northbridge is responsible for coordinating the
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data flow between the memory, the video card and the processor. A
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secondary chip, known as Southbridge, has a similar function,

coordinating the data flow between the processor and peripherals such as
sound cards or network cards.

 Front Panel Connectors, USB Headers and Audio Header

The front panel connector is where all the elements present on the front
of your case are connected. Power button, reset button, power led, audio
connectors and USB connectors – they are all connected to the front
panel or the corresponding headers.

 Rear Connectors

These connectors are the bridge between the outside of your computer
and the inside. The name is a bit misleading, as the connectors are
actually located on the left edge of the motherboard; however, since
these connectors are accessible from the outside, the name simply
implies where they are accessible from – the rear of the PC case. External
peripherals such as keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers and so on are all
connected via these connectors.

So there you have it, the parts of the motherboard and their functions,
explained. Now that you know how to choose your motherboard and
build your dream PC, you might want to check out this interesting blog
post on choosing the right operating system for it. The article provides a
detailed outline of two of the most popular operating systems, Linux and
Windows, allowing you to determine which will suite your needs better.
However, if you want to learn more about these operating systems before
making a choice, check out this online course for an in-depth introduction
to Linux or this online course if you want to master Windows 8.
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CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied Different Parts of Motherboard
Successfully.

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 PRACTICAL NO.4

AIM: STUDY OF DIFFERENT PORTS SUCH AS SERIAL, PARALLE, PS/2, USB

PORTS
THEORY:

 Port:
Port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be
connected to the computer. Port can also be programmatic docking
point through which information flows from a program to computer or
over the internet. External devices are connected to a computer using
cables and ports. Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable
of external device is plugged in. Examples of external devices attached
via ports are mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers etc.

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TYPES OF PORTS :

1. Serial Port

 Used for external modems and older computer mouse

 Two versions : 9 pin, 25 pin model
 Data travels at 115 kilobits per second

2. Parallel Port

 Used for scanners and printers

 Also called printer port
 25 pin model
 Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port

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3. PS/2 Port
 Used for old computer keyboard and mouse

 Also called mouse port

 Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for mouse
and keyboard
 Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port

4. Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

 It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard
disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc.
 It was introduced in 1997.
 Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum.
 Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds
 USB compliant devices
can get power from a
USB port
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CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied Different Types Ports such as Serial
Port, Parallel Port, PS/2 Port and USB Port Successfully.

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PRACTICAL NO.5
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AIM: INSTALLTION OF SCANNER ON PC

THEORY:

 How to Install a Scanner

Before you can scan documents into your computer with a scanner, you
need to install the scanner driver so that your scanner and computer can
communicate. Start by connecting the scanner to your computer’s USB
port (see your scanner manual for information about how it connects to
your computer).
Some scanners use Plug and Play, a technology that Windows uses to
recognize equipment and automatically install and set it up. If your scanner
is Plug and Play-enabled, Windows 7 shows a Found New Hardware
message in the Taskbar notification area (in the lower-right corner). Most
Plug and Play devices will then automatically install, the message will
change to verify the installation is complete, and that’s all you have to do.

1. Turn the scanner on.

If you’re not using a Plug and Play device or Windows doesn’t have the
driver for that device, you see the Found New Hardware message.

2. Click the Found New Hardware message, click Yes, This Time Only,
and then click Next again.
You only need to do this step if you don’t permit Windows 7 to
automatically connect to Windows Update. Otherwise, you don’t see
the Found New Hardware Wizard.
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3. If you have a CD for the scanner, insert it in your CD drive and click
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Next.
 Windows 7 searches for your scanner driver software and installs it.

4. Choose Start→Control Panel and type scanners in the Search box.

Windows returns a set of links.

5. Click the View Scanners and Cameras link.

The Scanners and Cameras window appears.

6. Click the Add Device button and then click Next.

The Scanner and Camera Installation Wizard window appears. When
you click Next, the next screen of the wizard appears.

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7. Click a Manufacturer in the list on the left and then click a

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model in the list on the right.

 Now it’s just a matter of following the wizard directions based on the
model of scanner you choose and whether you have a manufacturer’s
disc (a CD- or DVD-ROM). If you don’t have a disc, Windows can help
you download software from the Internet.

8. When you reach the end of the wizard, click Finish.

The installation is complete.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied Installation of Scanner Successfully.

PRACTICAL NO.6
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AIM: INSTALLTION OF MODEM ON PC

THEORY:

 How to Install a Modem

Installing a modem, whether internal or external, is fairly easy to do. If the
modem is external, there is no need to disassemble the computer and
install the modem. This procedure is applicable for both PC and Mac
computers. It is best to know what kind of modem will be installed, and
also to check if it is compatible with the computer’s system. Those using
Windows 95 and 98 may opt to get an internal modem instead.

Materials Needed:

- Modem (check whether it is internal or external)

- the modem's accessories
- phone
- and a computer

Step 1

After opening the package, take out the modem and all its accessories. All
the equipment and materials include the modem, a cable, a phone cord,
the power adaptor, an installation diskette or CD, and the instruction
manual.

Step 2

Make sure that the computer is turned off. Remove all attached external
devices such as the keyboard and mouse.

Step 3
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One end of the modem cable should be attached to the serial port (a wide,
25-pin connector) on the computer. The other end of the cable is then
attached to the modem. The serial port on a Mac computer is the tiny,
round port marked with an icon of a telephone.

Step 4

With the phone cord, connect one end to the modem. Search for the port
marked 'wall' or 'line.' The other end should be attached to the wall jack of
the user’s phone line. If the modem will share the phone line, connect the
telephone cord instead to the modem port with the word 'phone.'

Step 5

After, you may now start the computer and the modem. Check if the
modem is switched on, and also check if it lights up.

Step 6

When the computer has started up, insert the software installation CD or
diskette into the drive. Choose the drive, then the installation program
(you may also need to double click to launch) in order to run it. If there are
software installation instructions prompted by your computer system,
follow these instead.

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  How to connect to Internet by using Windows 7 built-in
PPPoE Wizard with a modem at bridge mode :

Step1: Please Click the Start button, go to Control Panel. And then go
to Network and Internet->View network status and tasks page.

Step 2: Click on Set up a new connection or network.

Step 3: Select Connect to the Internet and click Next button.

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Step 4: Click on Broadband (PPPoE).

Step 5: Type in the information from you ISP. Please make sure all these
information is correct. And then, click Connect button.

If all your information is correct, you may get the window below and you
can surfing the Internet now.

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Step 6: At this time, you have created the PPPoE dial up connection
successfully. At the right side corner of your screen, click the same icon
which looks like a computer, you can a Broadband Connection. You can
disconnect or connect through the broadband connection.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied Installation of Modem Successfully.

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 PRACTICAL NO.7

AIM: STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PRINTERS AVAILABLE IN PRINTERS

THEORY:

What is a Printer?
A printer is an electromechanical device which converts the text and
graphical documents from electronic form to the physical form. Generally
they are the external peripheral devices which are connected with the
computers or laptops through a cable or wirelessly to receive input data
and print them on the papers. A wide range of printers are available with a
variety of features ranging from printing black and white text documents
to high quality colored graphic images.

Quality of printers is identified by its features like color quality, speed of

printing, resolution etc. Modern printers come with multipurpose functions
i.e. they are combination of printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc. To
serve different needs there are variety of printers available that works on
different types of technologies.
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  Types of Printers
Since the invention of the printing technology, a variety of technologies
have been employed in computer printers. Broadly printers are categorized
as impact and non impact printers. Impact printers are the type of printers
in which a key strikes the paper to make a letter. The examples of Impact
printers are Daisy wheel and Dot matrix printers. While non-impact
printers do not operate by striking a head against a ribbon. Inkjet printers
and laser printers are the non-impact printers. The most popular printers
are described.

1. Daisy Wheel Printers

Daisy wheel printers print only characters and symbols and cannot print
graphics. They are generally slow with a printing speed of about 10 to 75
characters per second. By 1980 daisy wheel printers were the dominant
printers for quality printing but since the prices of laser and inkjet printers
have declined and quality of dot matrix printers has been improved, the
daisy wheel printers are now obsolete.

Working of daisy wheel printers is very similar to typewriters. A circular

printing element (known as daisy wheel, shown in the below image) is the
heart of these printers that contains all text, numeric characters and
symbols mould on each petal on the circumference of the circle. The
printing element rotates rapidly with the help of a servo motor and pauses
to allow the printing hammer to strike the character against the paper.
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2. Dot Matrix Printers
It is a popular computer printer that prints text and graphics on the paper
by using tiny dots to form the desired shapes. It uses an array of metal pins
known as printhead to strike an inked printer ribbon and produce dots on
the paper. These combinations of dots form the desired shape on the
paper. Generally they print with a speed of 50 to 500 characters per
second as per the quality of the printing is desired. The quality of print is
determined by the number of pins used (varying from 9 to 24).

The key component in the dot matrix printer is the ‘printhead’ which is
about one inch long and contains a number of tiny pins aligned in a column
varying from 9 to 24. The printhead is driven by several hammers which
force each pin to make contact with the paper at the certain time. These
hammers are pulled by small electromagnet (also called solenoids) which is
energized at a specific time depending on the character to be

The printer receives the data from the computer and translates it to
identify which character is to be printed and the print head runs back and
forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page and prints the dots on the
paper.
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3. Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are most popular printers for home and small scale offices

As they have a reasonable cost and a good quality of printing as well. A

typical inkjet printer can print with a resolution of more than 300 dpi and
some good quality inkjet printers are able to produce full colored hard
copies at 600 dpi.
An inkjet printer is made of the following parts:
· Printhead – It is the heart of the printer which holds a series a nozzles
which sprays the ink drops over the paper.
· Ink cartridge – It is the part that contains the ink for printing.
Generally monochrome (black & white) printers contain a black colored ink
cartridges and a color printer contains two cartridges – one with black ink
and other with primary colors (cyan, magenta and yellow).

1. Stepper motor – It is housed in the printer to move the printerhead and

ink cartridges back and forth across the paper.
. Stabilizer bar – A stabilizer bar is used in printer to ensure the
movement of printhead is précised and controlled over the paper.
. Belt – A belt is used to attach the printhead with the stepper motor.
. Paper Tray – It is the place where papers are placed to be printed.
. Rollers – Printers have a set of rollers that helps to pull paper from the
tray for printing purpose.
40

. Paper tray stepper motor- another stepper motor is used to rotate the
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rollers in order to pull the paper in the printer.

2. Control Circuitry – The control circuit takes the input from the computer
and by decoding the input controls all mechanical operation of the printer.
Similar to other printers, inkjet printers have a ‘printhead’ as a key
element. The printhead has many tiny nozzles also called as jets. When the
printer receives the command to print something, the printhead starts
spraying ink over the paper to form the characters and images. There are
mainly two technologies that are used to spray the ink by nozzles. These
are:

3. Thermal Bubble – This technology is also known as bubble jet is used by

various manufacturers like Canon and Hewlett Packard. When printer
receives commands to print something, the current flows through a set of
tiny resistors and they produce heat. This heat in turn vaporizes the ink to
create a bubble. As the bubble expands, some of the ink moves out of the
nozzle and gets deposited over the paper. Then the bubble collapses and
due to the vacuum it pulls more ink from ink cartridge. There are generally
300 to 600 nozzles in a thermal printer head which can spray the ink
simultaneously.

4. Piezoelectric – In the piezoelectric technology, a piezo crystal is situated

at the end of the ink reservoir of a nozzle. When printer receives the
command to print, an electric charge is applied to the crystal which in turn
starts vibrating and a small amount of ink is pushed out of the nozzle.
When the vibration stops the nozzle pulls some more ink from the
cartridge to replace the ink sprayed out. This technology is patented by
Seiko Epson Corporation.

An inkjet printer can print 100 to several hundred papers depending on the
nature of the hard copy before the ink cartridge need to be replaced.
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4. Laser Printers

Laser printers are the most popular printers that are mainly used for large
scale qualitative printing. They are among the most popularly used fastest
printers available in the market. A laser printer uses a slight different
approach for printing. It does not use ink like inkjet printers, instead it uses
a very fine powder known as ‘Toner’. Componetns of a laser printer is
shown in the following image:

42

The control circuitry is the part of the printer that talks with the computer
and receives the printing data. A Raster Image Processor (RIP) converts the
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text and images in to a virtual matrix of dots. The photoconducting drum
which is the key component of the laser printer has a special coating which
receives the positive and negative charge from a charging roller. A rapidly
switching laser beam scans the charged drum line by line. When the beam
flashes on, it reverses the charge of tiny spots on the drum, respecting to
the dots that are to be printed black. As soon the laser scans a line, a
stepper motor moves the drum in order to scan the next line by the laser.

A developer roller plays the vital role to paste the tonner on the paper. It is
coated with charged tonner particles. As the drum touches the developer
roller, the charged tonner particles cling to the discharged areas of the
drum, reproducing your images and text reversely. Meanwhile a paper is
drawn from the paper tray with help of a belt. As the paper passes through
a charging wire it applies a charge on it opposite to the toner’s charge.
When the paper meets the drum, due to the opposite charge between the
paper and toner particles, the toner particles are transferred to the paper.
A cleaning blade then cleans the drum and the whole process runs
smoothly continuously. Finally paper passes through the fuser which is a
heat and presser roller, melts the toner and fixes on the paper perfectly.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the Different types of Printers

available in lab successfully.

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 PRACTICAL NO.8

AIM: DEMONSTRATION OF HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD)

THEORY:

 Hard drive
A hard disk drive (sometimes abbreviated as Hard drive, HD, or HDD) is
a non-volatile memory hardware device that permanently stores and
retrieves information. There are many variations, but their sizes are
generally 3.5" and 2.5" for desktop and laptop computers respectively. A
hard drive consists of one or more platters to which data is written using a
magnetic head, all inside of an air-sealed casing. Internal hard disks reside
in a drive bay, connect to the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI,
or SATA cable, and are powered by a connection to the PSU (power supply
unit).
A hard drive can be used to store just about any type of data, including
pictures, music, videos, and text documents. Computers have a hard drive
and use it to store files for the operating system and software that run on
the computer, as well as files created or downloaded to the computer by a
user.
 Hard drive components

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As can be seen in the picture, the desktop hard drive consists of the
following components: the head actuator, read/write actuator
arm, read/write head, spindle, and platter. On the back of a hard drive is a
circuit board called the disk controller.
 How is data read and stored on a hard drive?
Data sent to and read from the hard drive is interpreted by the disk
controller, which tells the hard drive what to do and how to move the
components within the drive. When the operating system needs to read or
write information, it examines the hard drive's File Allocation Table
(FAT) to determine file location and available write areas.
Once they have been determined, the disk controller instructs the actuator
to move the read/write arm and align the read/write head. Because files
are often scattered throughout the platter, the head needs to move to
different locations to access all information.

All information stored on a traditional hard drive, like the above example,
is done magnetically. After completing the above steps, if the computer
needs to read information from the hard drive, it would read the magnetic
45

polarities on the platter. One side of the magnetic polarity is 0, and the
other is 1. Reading this as binarydata, the computer can understand what
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the data is on the platter. For the computer to write information to the
platter, the read/write head aligns the magnetic polarities, writing 0's and
1's that can be read later.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the demonstration of HDD

Successfully.

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 PRACTICAL NO.9

AIM: DEMONSTRATION OF FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD)

THEORY:

 What does Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) mean?

A floppy disk drive (FDD), or floppy drive, is a hardware device that reads
data storage information. It was invented in 1967 by a team at IBM and
was one of the first types of hardware storage that could read/write a
portable device. FDDs are used for reading and writing on removable
floppy discs. Floppy disks are now outdated, and have been replaced by
other storage devices such as USB and network file transfer.

 Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)

A floppy disk commonly came in three sizes, 8 inches, 5.5 inches and 3.5
inches, becoming smaller as the technology advanced. The newer, 3.5-inch
version used more cutting-edge technology and held more data than
previous models, while the original 8-inch floppy drive was developed to
load hardware-level instructions and/or data structures called microcode
into the IBM System/370 mainframe. The 8-inch flexible diskette was read-
47

only, held 80 kilobytes of memory and was referred to as a memory disk.

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Eight-inch floppy drives did not connect to the motherboard, but rotated
on a turntable that was run by an idler wheel.
As the floppy disk advanced to smaller 5.5- and 3.5-inch designs, the FDD
changed as well. To accommodate a smaller floppy disk, an FDD had to
make aggressive changes by matching the size of the floppy disk drive
opening to the size of the floppy disk for compatibility. For many years, the
majority of PCs and notebooks had a floppy drive. Using a floppy disk to
exchange data between PCs was a standard method for many computer
technicians.
The floppy disk was one of the most common ways to store adequate
amounts of data outside of a computer's hard drive for personal use
because they were inexpensive and easy to carry.
As technology advanced, floppy disks were finally able to read and write.
By this point, FDDs had four basic components:

1. Magnetic read/write heads (one or two)

2. A spindle clamping device that held the disk in place as it was
spinning 300 to 360 rotations per minute
3. A frame with levers that opened and closed the device
4. A circuit board that contained all of the electronics.

The read/write heads could read both sides of a disk, and the same head
was used for reading and writing. A separate, wider head was used for
erasing data to ensure that all data was erased without having to interfere
with the data already on the adjacent track.

A floppy drive cable could house two drives. In a computer system, the
drive at the end of the cable was drive A. When another drive was added,
it was connected to the middle of the cable and was called drive B.
Floppy drives are mostly a hardware device of the past. Newer hardware
devices have been introduced, including ZIP drives, CDs and USB. Today,
floppy drives are usually not included on a PC, notebook or laptop.
CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the demonstration of FDD
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Successfully.
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 PRACTICAL NO.10

AIM: DEMONSTARTION OF INSTALLATION OF PRINTERS.

THEORY:

Printers have quickly become a must-have home office tool, and their
installation has been significantly streamlined over the years. While most
printers will install automatically, adding the printer to a network or
sharing the printer with other users can still be a bit tricky. Once you learn
how to do it, you can even enable your printer to allow you to print from
anywhere in the world!

 STEPS:

1
If you're not sure what flavor of Windows your PC is running,
 Click on the Start button, and right-click on the "Computer" menu. An
information window is displayed that should look a little like the picture
above. If you're running Windows 7, it will say so right in this box. (Even if
it isn't, try the steps below.)
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 Windows 7 --and all recent versions of Windows-- make it very easy to add a
printer. Again, click on the Start button usually at the bottom left of your screen.
(You can press the Windows button on your keyboard.)

2
On the pop-up menu (the Start Menu), click on Devices and Printers. This
brings up a dialog box, shown in the next step. If you have a newer
operating system than Windows 7, this procedure might still work, even if
the menus look a little different. (The illustrations shown here might not
look exactly the same in your computer, because mine is personalized to
look like older versions of Windows!
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3
You're going to get a dialog that looks like the picture at right. Click
on Add a Printer.

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 4
A menu pops up, asking whether you want to add a Local Printer, or to add
a Network Printer. I'm assuming you want to add a printer directly to your
computer. (If you want to add a network printer, you should look up the
instructions for that in another article.) So select "Add a Local Printer."

5
Next, a box opens to ask whether you want to use an existing port, or
create a new one. Most printers manufactured in the last few years use
either a USB port, or use a wireless connection. This article will focus on
using a USB port, which is an excellent all-purpose connection method for
most sorts of peripherals (printers, cameras, MP3 players, Tablet PCs, E-
readers, etc.)
 Let's assume you have a free USB connection slot available. Most PCs have
two or more. If you've already used up all the USB slots, it is easy to buy a
USB hub, which is like an adapter that lets you plug in a couple of gadgets
52

into the same USB slot.

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 Select Use an Existing Port, and select USB001 (Virtual printer for USB), or
something similar from the drop-down list. Click Next.

6
On the next screen, you select how you're going to install the printer
software, called the Printer Driver. This is where the instructions branch.
There are four possibilities.
 If you have a well-known type of printer that has been built into the
Windows 7 system, you can first select the manufacturer (such as Toshiba,
or Hewlet-Packard, or Pumpkin Printers). Once you do this, you get a list of
all the models from that company that Window 7 has heard about. This
will unfortunately be just about half the available printers. If you happen
to want to install one of them, just select it, and the rest is automatic. If
not, read on...
 If you have a driver disk that came with the printer, this is where you tell
the computer that you have a disk. Every printer disk installation is a little
different, but Windows basically talks you through the process.
 If you do not have a disk, all is not lost. You have to set the printer aside
53

for the moment, and search the web (via Google, for instance, or Yahoo)
for the exact printer driver you need. Suppose it is a little-known printer
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 from Panasonic, called a Panasonic Bluebird 6E (this is an entirely
imaginary printer; I would be surprised if there really was one called by this
name), you would look on the Panasonic website for drivers for the
Bluebird 6E. You have to download the driver onto your desktop,unzip it if
you have to, and once the setup file appears, simply double-click on it. The
installation (setup) file will talk you through the whole operation. At the
end of it, your printer should be fully functional.
 If you do not have the disk, and the drivers are not available on the Web,
you need advanced help, and only the store that sold you the printer can
help you at this point. There is a slight chance that a friend could set you
up with a driver for a well-known printer that is very similar to the one you
want to install; many drivers for one printer will drive a related printer
fairly well. The problem will be with graphics, which will not work
properly.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the demonstration of installation of

Printers Successfully.

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 PRACTICAL NO.11

AIM: DEMONSTRATION OF CD-ROM AND CD WRITER

THEORY:

CD-ROM

Short for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, a CD-ROM (shown right) is

an optical disc which contains audio or software data whose memory
is read only. A CD-ROM Drive or optical drive is the device used to read
them. CD-ROM drives have speeds ranging from 1x all the way up to 72x,
meaning it reads the CD roughly 72 times faster than the 1x version. As you
would imagine, these drives are capable playing audio CDs and reading
data CDs. Below is a picture of the front and back of a standard CD-ROM
drive.

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  Opening and Closing a CD-ROM drive

CD-ROM drive can be opened by pressing the tray eject button on the front
of the drive, as shown in the picture above and to the right. To close the
56

CD-ROM drive, press the tray or the eject button again.

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Tip: With some computer cases the eject button may be hidden behind the
case to make the case look more visually appealing. If you see no button
try pressing on the right side of the disc drive, which is typically toward the
top of the tower.
You can also manually open or eject the CD-ROM drive by using a paperclip
and inserting the end of the paperclip into the manual eject hole on the
front of the drive. Insert it gently until you feel resistance, then press in a
little further to activate the release mechanism. If done properly the tray
should open a little bit and you can use your fingers to gently pull the tray
out.

You can also manually open or eject the CD-ROM drive by using a paperclip
and inserting the end of the paperclip into the manual eject hole on the
front of the drive. Insert it gently until you feel resistance, then press in a
little further to activate the release mechanism. If done properly the tray
should open a little bit and you can use your fingers to gently pull the tray
out.

 CD-ROM transfer speeds

Below is the standard transfer rates and access times for CD-ROM drives.
The below figures are averages you can expect to find on each speed of
CD-ROM drive.

Drive speed Transfer rate (Mbit/s) Access time (ms)

Single speed (1x) 1.2288 400

Double speed (2x) 2.4576 300
Quad speed (4x) 4.9152 150
Six speed (6x) 7.0653 150
Eight speed (8x) 9.8304 100
Ten speed (10x) 12.288 100
Twelve speed (12x) 14.7456 100
57

Eighteen speed (18x) 21.8343 90

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Twenty speed (20x) up to 24.576 90
Thirty-two speed (32x) up to 39.3216 85
Thirty-six speed (36x) up to 44.2368 80
Fifty-two speed (52x) up to 63.8976 80
Seventy-two speed (72x) up to 88.4736 75
CAV drives (12x - 24x) 1,843,200 - 3,686,400 150-90

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied The Demonstration of CD-ROM And

CD WRITER Successfully.

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 PRACTICAL NO.12

AIM: DEMONSTRATION OF FLOPPY DISK DRIVE (FDD)

THEORY:

Serial ATA interface disk drives are designed for easy installation. It is not
necessary to set any jumpers, terminators, or other settings on this drive
for proper operation. The jumper block adjacent to the SATA interface
connector on SATA 150MB/s drives is for factory use only. The jumper
block adjacent to the SATA interface connector on SATA 300MB/s drives
can be used to force the drive into SATA 150MB/s mode for use with older
SATA controllers that only work with SATA 150MB/s drives.

With a Serial ATA interface, each disk drive has its own cable that connects
directly to a Serial ATA host adapter or a Serial ATA port on your
motherboard. Unlike Parallel ATA, there is no master-slave relationship
between drives that use a Serial ATA interface.
You can use a Serial ATA drive in the same system with Parallel ATA drives
as long as both interfaces are supported on the motherboard or with a
host adapter. This makes it easy to add Serial ATA compatibility to your
existing system without removing existing Parallel ATA disk drives.

Physical Installation:
Critical: Hard drives and Solid State drives (SSD) are highly
sensitive precision instruments that read, write, and store
information on spinning magnetic disks. Special handling is
59

required to protect hard drives from damage. Hard drives can be

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 damaged by Electrostatic Discharge (ESD). Before handling,
please use a grounding strap to protect your hard drive and other
electronic computer equipment from ESD damage.

1. Turn the system's power off

2. Mount the drive in the system

0. Desktop Drives: The drive can be mounted in a standard

3.5"device bay. The drive can be mounted sideways, on end, or even
upside down as long as the mounting screws are used properly. Use
either the four bottom screws or four of the side mounting screws to
support the drive. This will prevent vibration and provide additional
electrical grounding.
1. Mobile Drives: Mobile drive installation will vary based on the
manufacturing of the system it is being placed in. Please contact
your system manufacture for instructions on mounting your drive in
your system.

3. Set the jumpers

Depending on your drive, your jumper settings will vary. There is

generally no need to change the default jumper setting in order to use
the drive. Your drive's label will show the exact jumper settings your
drive supports. See the images below for examples of our most
60

common jumper settings.

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Serial ATA (SATA) I, II, and 6 Gb/s Hard Drive Jumper Settings for 3.5"
drives:

Advanced Format Special Jumper Setting: (for select 3.5" ADF drives
only)
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SATA Mobile Hard Drive Jumper Settings:

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 EIDE (PATA) Desktop Hard Drive Jumper Settings:

EIDE (PATA) Mobile Hard Drive Jumper Settings:

4. Attach the power supply cable

To supply power to the drive you may use either the SATA power
connector or the legacy ATA-4-pin (Molex) power connector on the
back of the drive (see image below).

Important: If your drive has both power connectors, do not

connect both the SATA and the legacy ATA power cable to the
drive at the same time. This may result in damage to the drive.
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5. Attach the EIDE (PATA) or SATA interface cable:

SATA Drives:

The drive can be configured in one of two ways:

1. Connected to a SATA host adapter card installed to the system.

2. Connected directly to a Serial ATA connector on the

motherboard

Unlike EIDE cables, either end of a standard SATA cable can be

connected to the drive. Once you have connected the cable to the
drive, connect the other end into the SATA host adapter card, or the
motherboard. SATA interface cables have keyed connectors to prevent
incorrect installation. Make sure the cable is no longer than 39 inches to
minimize line noise and to remain within the SATA specification.

(This illustration shows the drive being connected the motherboard.)

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EIDE (PATA) Drives:

 Connect the EIDE (PATA) Interface Cable to the hard drive(s):

a. If installing the hard drive as the only drive on the cable:

Connect the black connector of the EIDE (PATA) interface cable to
the drive.
b. If installing two drives on the same EIDE (PATA) interface cable:
Jumper the bootable drive as Master, and the other drive as
Slave; then connect the Master drive to the black connector of
the EIDE (PATA) interface cable, and the Slave drive to the gray
connector.

 Connect the IDE Interface Cable to the Motherboard:

Attach the blue end of the IDE interface cable to the 40-pin connector
on the motherboard. Match pin 1 on the IDE interface cable to the
connector on the motherboard.

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6. Power on Your Computer

1. Replace the system cover, reconnect the power cord, and power on the
system. At startup, the computer will display all the devices detected on
the system.

2. If the drive you installed is not detected, restart the computer.

3. At startup, run the CMOS Setup program and configure your BIOS so
your drive is detected. Your system or motherboard manual should provide
these instructions. If it does not you will need to contact your system or
motherboard manufacture for assistance.

4. Restart the system to make sure the drive is detected.

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the Jumper settings on Hard Disk

Successfully.

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 PRACTICAL NO.13

AIM: ASSIGNMENT ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARDS SUCH AS GRAPHIC

LAN CARD, MULTIMEDIA CARD

THEORY:

A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a computer in

order to expand its abilities. The term peripheral is used to describe those
devices that are optional in nature, as opposed to hardware that is either
demanded or always required in principle. There are all different kinds of
peripherals you can add your computer. The main distinction among
peripherals is the way they are connected to your computer. They can be
connected internally or externally.

 Types Of Cards
Video Card
A video card (also known as graphics card) is an expansion card whose
function is to generate and output images to a display. Some video cards
offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, ability to
connect multiple monitors, and others. Most video cards all share similar
components. They include a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is a
dedicated microprocessor optimized for 3D graphics rendering. It also
includes a video BIOS that contains the basic program that governs the
video card’s operations and provides the instructions that allow the
computer and software to interface with the card. If the video card is
integrated in the motherboard, it may use the computer RAM memory. If it
is not it will have its own video memory called Video RAM. This kind of
memory can range from 128MB to 2GB. A video card also has a RAMDAC
(Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter) which takes
responsibility for turning the digital signals produced by the computer
processor into an analog signal which can be understood by the computer
display. Lastly, they all have outputs such as an HD-15 connector (standard
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monitor cable), DVI connector, S-Video, composite video or component
video.

Graphics Card

Sound Card
A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and output of
audio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs.
Typical uses for sound cards include providing the audio component for
multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio,
presentation/education, and entertainment. Many computers have sound
capabilities built in,, while others require additional expansion cards to
provide for audio capability.

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SOUND CARD
Network Card
A network card is an expansion card that allows computers to communicate
over a computer network. It allows users to connect to each other either by
using cables or wirelessly. Although other network technologies exist,
Ethernet has achieved near-ubiquity for a while now. Every Ethernet
network card has a unique 48-bit serial number called a MAC address, which
is stored in ROM carried on the card. You can learn more about networking
in the introduction to networking lesson.

Network Card

CONCLUSION: Thus we have studied the Different types of Cards like

Graphic, LAN and Sound etc. Successfully.

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