Chapter Tow

Literature review

1.1 Introduction
The system currently used to manage fuel stations in Sudan is a traditional system where the process of
measuring the amount of fuel is done manually and there is no way to detect the quality of fuel and direct the
quantities of fuel inside the stations tank, which makes the service provided to customers slow and unreliable
and requires a large additional time and a number of workers and is also expensive for the company that
owns the stations. From here, we proposed an automated system to measure and verify the real quantities in
the fuel tank and ensure its quality and a number of other features to follow up the quantities remotely and
in a smart way and reduce the risks of operation, problems and malfunctions that affect the station and cars
due to the quality of fuel and reduce the number of workers, faster performance, accuracy, time saving and
providing real-time information related to the status of the fuel level to enable timely decision-making. In
this chapter we describe the basic concepts of the components used in this research and general
classifications. We provide an overview of the ongoing events and investigative trends in the field of gas
stations. Relevant studies will present the technologies and methods used to improve and increase the
efficiency of work at gas stations.
This chapter reviews the existing literature on fuel metering systems and its quality. It shows what other
researchers have done before. The challenges that the industry was going through, the developments that were
made in the industry. And also, the challenges that were faced even after the result. There will also be a review
of technologies that have been introduced into advanced systems.

1-2 Related studies

1- suggested Marion, K. O [2] in his research paper a system that wirelessly includes Communication
Electronics for communication with a remote communication module, a distributor and a customer
interface for conducting a transaction, accepting payment and a control system. The control system is
 adapted to determine the value associated with the payment made by the customer, the effect of storing
the value in conjunction with the remote communication module, communicating with the remote control
7 communication module after the value storage procedure and deducting the value of the transaction
amount associated with the communication module to the payment effect.

2- Nedjeljko Lekic, Zoran mijanovic and others [3] presented in their paper A identification system for the
automation of Company gas stations. The system is based on NFC technology with MIFARE 1K
contactless cards as identifiers. The system facilitates control and optimizes the fuel consumption of the
company's vehicles. It is designed to facilitate registration, control the process, as well as allow filling
without the presence of the operator. The system is realized and installed at the gas station of the Ministry
of internal affairs.

3- Suggested by Edward, O. And others [4] in their paper the design of fuel monitoring and electronic control
of a dispenser for a gas station. It consists of two sections; equipment execution control section and
software execution section. Some gas stations that use flow rate sensors can not get satisfaction both
customers and dealers. The reason is that the volume of fuel can increase or decrease due to temperature
changes depending on places and times. The system can solve its disadvantages. The system controls the
compensation in volume flow rate with a controller. To solve this problem, the PIC16F877A is used as a
controller to control the time taken for each data representation clients requests from the keyboard and the
LCD (liquid crystal display) is also used as a display unit in this system. Then the computer is also used
as a control station using VB.Net. the status of fuel levels is also monitored from the computer. MikroC
is used to execute system software in order to control the time taken.

4- Discuss both Yee and N.K S. And K. T. A monitoring system that enables effective monitoring of fuel
pump outputs and volume sales from gas stations distributed under the domain of one company /
organization. The traditional way of working by these organizations in Nigeria is not automated and the
accounting for the product being dispensed is usually rough and manual since there is little or no
technology implemented at all currently provides information regarding the situation at the station both
employees who are on the ground and supervisory personnel who are not physically present at the station.
This results in unaccountable product and revenue losses as well as slow decision-making. Remote
monitoring technology as a broad research field with many application areas that include various data
collection technologies and sensor networks can be applied to reliably provide information regarding the
status of the fuel pump at distributed gas stations. The proposed system is therefore based on a
microcontroller, a keyboard and a pump to illustrate a conventional fuel dispenser. A computer connected
to the internet with an accompanying graphical user interface is designed using virtual basics connected
to the microcontroller via the serial port and is the provision of a web implementation. J.A Goundar ،A.
A. Chand ،N. Tabua ،R. Prasad, Chand ،U. Metha ،K. A .

3-1 The problems that have been mentioned:

1-Use dipping sticks to measure quantities:
The system used at the moment is a measurement of fuel in underground tanks using underground tanks.
Then the measurements are recorded manually by those present. The measured amount of fuel is low and
then it is ordered from the supplier. This system also has its challenges.

From the Nile station, Khartoum, Sudan 2022 photo from the internet

2-low fuel level without users ' knowledge

This challenge comes because the user does not know when the fuel level is low. And then the gas station
may take a long time before refilling, which will lead to a decrease in income for the company.
3-waste of time and huge financial expenses
The fuel level is measured twice a day, which leads to a waste of time. This also needs more staff for that
to happen. The owner has to hire more staff which leads to too many expenses. (SIR-based oil tank leak
detection method ,2011)
4-inaccuracy in measuring the fuel level
This happens since the fuel level is measured using a dipstick and then the fuel level is not accurate. This
challenge causes the counting results to fail. When calculating the distributed fuel is done and compared
with the remaining fuel in the underground storage tank is usually asynchronous. (Institute of engineering
and technology, 2006 .
5 - not knowing the quality of fuel in the fuel tank
This happens due to the lack of a tool or a system for checking the quality of fuel, which may have been
mixed with other substances such as water or some oils, as the water will remain in the tank and the
gasoline floats on top of it, which leads to damage and rust in the fuel tank and passing it on the fuel filter
causes problems and malfunctions of the filter and the remaining food of the mechanical fuel supply
machine such as ( Flow Meter ) as the arrival of bad fuel to cars leads to serious damage, which loses the
station credibility in the sale of fuel .

A photo showing the filter of a fuel supply machine and the presence of dirt in the fuel, which led to the closure of
the filter (Sidoon oil station, Sudan, Khartoum 2022).

In general, the problem at fuel service stations is the inaccuracy that is done by measuring fuel
manually using dip sticks and therefore there is no exact amount of fuel and the fuel level is not
predicted as a result of inaccuracy because it also affects sales. The problem has been solved in a
few countries, such as China and Japan.The problem has existed since the establishment of gas
stations. There is also no system to check the quality of fuel and whether it is mixed with another
substance or water, the presence of a percentage of water in the fuel has disastrous effects for
equipment and machines that use fuel for operation, and this may include a complete shutdown
of components that rely on fuel for their operation, we will mention and explain some of the
problems that have occurred due to fuel pollution in some uses, including cars in general and fuel
tanks fuel supply service stations in particular, this may include hydraulic seals, reduced
component hardness, accelerated rate of corrosion corrosion, shorter life for the part or system,
higher operation and maintenance Expenses, or an unattractive appearance. Failures may occur
during development, manufacturing, assembly and transportation as well as service. The failure
may include cracks, errors in the component or system, or unexpected behavior that causes
customer dissatisfaction, as the system relies heavily to show the fuel level and temperature, as
well as demonstrates the fuel quality, which will form a complete verification of the absence of
damage in three basic foods, namely:

1-fuel tank in stations or warehouses

2-fuel supply machines at the station
3. cars and trucks

Understanding the exact cause of the failure is crucial for making informed decisionsabout repair
procedures and preventing future breakdowns. A practical failure analysis may reveal one of the
defects of the design, assembly and manufacture of the component or system. Concerns such as
improper material handling or material defects, as well as service abnormalities or maintenance
problems, may be detected. Unintended or accidental effects may also be the limiting. In general,
the advantages of studying fuel pollution and monitoring measurements in an advanced way will
continue for a long time in the future, since the lessons learned often lead to development in fuel
production and knowledge of problems before their development and the absence of major
consequences such as rust and cracking of the fuel tank malfunctions in car engines damage
components of a fuel supplying machine at stations, as the water contained in the fuel leads to
damage to the filter and then infects the food after it in the future.

For many decades, the oil and gas sector has established an exceptional safety record, however
accidents can happen. The most common causes of such failures are listed below:
Corrosion failure: due to the nature of the oil and gas industry service environment, corrosion is
a typical cause of failure. Failure of coated and brittle metals: ductile metals undergo noticeable
plastic deformation, while brittle metals undergo little or no plastic deformation before quickly
failing by breakage and damage due to exposure to rust. Bending is a continuous deformation of
the circular cross-section of a compact component, more often caused by mechanical damage or
external interference, which may contribute to the collapse structures. Focusing on the safety of
equipment and structural integrity, it is of great importance to assess the suitability for servicing
such defects. In general, such an approach to assessing the industry for service can monitor the
 fuel produced by refined systems that detect the mixing of fuel with water or other contaminants
such systems are not available in Sudan, and from this came the current research to provide a
solution to detect fuel contamination with water, not only this, but also provide solutions for fuel
distribution service stations to monitor the fuel level, temperature and fuel health using the smart
fuel monitoring system, so fuel quality tests remain very important, which is a set of procedures
and measurements to assess whether the product is good or suitable for continuous service or
current time with prior knowledge of the results.

4-1 background:
proposed system in this research, we are working to design a system with a set of sensors
connected to a smart control panel that monitors the fuel level, tank temperature, fuel quality and
pressure. this is done by adding sensors that work with high accuracy. they are connected to the
fuel tank with an interface that shows the stored quantities, the ratio of pressure, temperature and
the presence of water in the tank. the monitor or system is generally connected to a smart interface
through which the fuel can be monitored from a distance, whether from a mobile phone or from
computers. we will develop a general picture of the proposed system and clarify some points in
the design.
In this section, we will provide basic information about the Raspberry Pi controller and the set of
sensors that will be used in the system .

1- Raspberry Pi Microcontroller:

Raspberry Pi (/paɪ/) is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United Kingdom by
the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom.[14] The Raspberry Pi project originally leaned
towards the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools and in developing countries.[15][16][17] The
original model became more popular than anticipated,[18] selling outside its target market for uses such
as robotics. It is widely used in many areas, such as for weather monitoring,[19] because of its low cost,
modularity, and open design. It is typically used by computer and electronic hobbyists, due to its adoption of
the HDMI and USB standards.
After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set up a new entity, named
Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as CEO, with the responsibility of developing
technology.[20] The Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for promoting the teaching of basic
computer science in schools and developing countries. Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed,
Wales,[21] while others are made in China and Japan.[22][23]

There are three series of Raspberry Pi, and several generations of each have been released. Raspberry Pi SBCs
feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU)
and on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU), while Raspberry Pi Pico has a RP2040 system on chip with an
integrated ARM-compatible central processing unit (CPU).

2- Probe Fuel Level Sensor:

Liquid level sensors are used to monitor and regulate levels of a specific, free-flowing substance within a
contained space. These materials are usually liquid, such as fuel and gasoline. These sensors measure the
fuel level at the real- time and send data to the system associated with it on a regular basis. It is also
characterized by strength and durability.

3- Temp sensor
The DS18B20 is one type of temperature sensor and it supplies 9-bit to 12-bit readings of temperature.
These values show the temperature of a particular device. The communication of this sensor can be done
through a one-wire bus protocol which uses one data line to communicate with an inner microprocessor.

4-PH and water Level Sensor:

A pH sensor is a scientific device used to accurately measure acidity and alkalinity in water and other liquid
substances and get the water level.
5- Pressure Sensor: Air Barometric Pressure Sensor Digital 3.3-5V Liquid Water Level Controller

This is a gas pressure transmitter module with DIP package, the pressure sensor as the sensing element,
which integrates digital conditioning chip. It has signal processing circuit chip, and make the digital
compensation to sensor drift, sensitivity, temperature drift and non-linear. It is small in size, easy to install,
widely used in medical electronics, automotive electronics, sports and fitness equipment and so on.
Standard atmospheric pressure (atmosphere), which is a fixed value that is approximately equal to the air
pressure on the ground and at sea level, and its value is equal to: = 101325 Pa. Or 101.325 KPa or 1013.25
hPa This unit has been replaced by the bar unit for purely practical reasons, where 1bar = 100000Pa, and
as noted, the difference between the two units does not exceed 1% and there are no noticeable changes
due to this difference between the two units.
mathematically:

p: pressure.

F: vertical force.

A: The area.
6- Flow rate sensor:

A flow Rate meter (or flowmeter) is an instrument used to measure linear, nonlinear,
volumetric or mass flow rate of a liquid or a gas.

7-Gas Sensor (flammable Detection):

The MQ-2 LPG Butane Hydrogen Gas Sensor Detection Module is useful for gas leak detection (home and
industry). It is suitable for detecting H2, LPG, CH4, CO, alcohol, smoke or propane. Due to its high sensitivity
and fast response time, the measurement can be performed as soon as possible. The sensitivity of the
sensor can be set by the potentiometer.
MQ-2 gas sensor using gas sensitive material should be clean air in low conductivity tin oxide (SnO2). When
the sensor is present When flammable gases are present in the environment The conductivity of the sensor
increases with the increase in the concentration of the flammable gas in the air , and its very necessary to
detect the fuel vapor and flame .

1-6 Summary:
No Name Studies
1 Marion In his research paper a system that wirelessly incorporates
Communication Electronics to communicate with the communication
module
Remote, reseller and client interface for transaction processing,
.payment acceptance and control system
2 Nedjeljko Lekic, Zoran In their paper is a fixing system for the automation of the company's gas
mijanovic and stations. The system is based on NFC technology with Mifare cards
others K contactless identifiers. The system facilitates control and optimizes 1
the fuel consumption of the company's vehicles

3 Edward In their paper the design of fuel monitoring and electronic control of the
dispenser for the gas station. It consists of two sections‫؛‬
Equipment execution control section and software execution section. Some ga
stations that use flow rate sensors
She cannot get satisfaction both customers and traders. The reason is, the volu
of fuel can increase or decrease due to temperature changes depending on pla
and times

4 Mamon and others In their discussed paper liquid levels are measured in a variety of
industrial applications, most often Measured manually, which can be
measured labor-intensive and time-consuming.
Rapid developments in electronics Technologies have made a variety of
inexpensive sensing, monitoring and control capabilities available
 5 Yee ‫ و‬N.K S. ‫ و‬K. T A monitoring system that enables effective monitoring of fuel pump outputs an
volume sales from gas stations Distributed under the domain of one company /
organization. The traditional way of working by these organizations in Nigeria is
Automated accounting for the product being cashed is usually approximate and
manual due to the fact that there is little Technology or not implemented at all
currently provides information regarding the situation at the station both
Employees who are on the ground and supervisory personnel who are not
physically present at a station.

1-7 Application

The figure shows the system in a simplified way so that the sensors connect to the fuel tank to collect data and send it to
the data display device and upload it to the cloud to view and monitor the quantities from anywhere else. Each sensor
clarifies the results that some safety readings entail in terms of triggering an alarm in the event of any warning results, such
as an increase in temperature, an increase in pressure, the presence of flammable gas, an increase in the amount of fuel
more, which leads to its flow, or the entry of some water into the tank. The system also shows the real fuel level in the
tank, which facilitates the operation of the station and the accurate processing of quantities, as well as some sensors
indicate the quality of fuel in terms of the presence of some water in it.