Algebraic Identities – 4.

1.
Sol:
(i) We have,
2 2
 1
( 2 x ) +   − 2 ⋅ 2 x ⋅
1 2 1
 2x − =

 x x x
2
 1 1  1
 ( a − b ) = a + b − 2ab where a = 2 x and b = x 
2 2
 2x −  = 4x + 2 − 4
2 2

 x x
2
 1 1
∴  2 x −  = 4 x 2 + 2 − 4.
 x x
(ii) We have
( 2 x + y )( 2 x − y )
= ( 2x) − ( y )  ( a + b )( a − b ) = a − b  where a = 2 x and b = y
2 2 2 2

= 4 x2 − y 2
( 2 x + y )( 2 x − y ) = 4 x2 − y 2
(iii) We have
( a b − ab )
2
2 2

= ( a b ) + ( ab )
 (
 a − b ) = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab 
2 2 2
2 2
− 2 × a 2b × ab 2

= a 4 b 2 + b 4 a 2 − 2 a 3b 3 where = a 2b and b = ab 2

( )
2
∴ a 2b − b 2 a = a 4 b 2 + b 4 a 2 − 2 a 3b 3
(iv) We have
( a − 0 ⋅1)( a + 0 ⋅1) = a 2 − ( 0 ⋅1)  ( a − b )( a + b ) = a − b 
2 2 2

= a 2 − 0 ⋅ 01 [ a = a; b = 0 ⋅1]
( a − 0 ⋅1)( a + 0 ⋅1) = a 2 − 0 ⋅ 01
(v) We have

1 ⋅ 5 x − 0 ⋅ 3 y  1 ⋅ 5 x + 0 ⋅ 3 y 
2 2 2 2

 ( a + b )( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2 
2 2
= 1 ⋅ 5 x 2  − 0 ⋅ 3 y 2 
= 2 ⋅ 25 x 4 − 0 ⋅ 09 y 4  a =1 ⋅ 5 x 2 and b = 0 ⋅ 3 y 2 

1 ⋅ 5 x 2 − 0 ⋅ 3 y 2  1 ⋅ 5 x 2 + 0 ⋅ 3 y 2  = 2 ⋅ 25 x 4 − 0 ⋅ 09 y 4 .

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2.
Sol:
(i) We have
( 399 ) ( 400 − 1)
2 2
=

= ( 400 ) + (1) − 2 ( 400 )(1)

 (
2 2
 a − b ) = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab 
2


= 1, 60, 000 + 1 − 8, 000 [ a 400=
= & b 1]
= 159201
( 399 )
2
= 159201
(ii) We have
( 0 ⋅ 98) = [1 − 0 ⋅ 02]
2 2

(1) + ( 0 ⋅ 02 )
2 2
= − 2 ×1× 0 ⋅ 02
= 1 + 0 ⋅ 0004 − 0 ⋅ 04 [ a = 1; b = 0 ⋅ 02]
=1 ⋅ 0004 − 0 ⋅ 04
= 0 ⋅ 9604
∴ ( 0 ⋅ 98 ) =0 ⋅ 9604.
2

(iii) We have
991×1009
=(1000 − 9 )(1000 + 9 )
= (1000 ) − ( 9 )  ( a − b )( a + b ) = a − b 
2 2 2 2

=
1000000 − 81 [ a =
1000; b = 9]
= 999919
991×1009 =
999919
(iv) We have
117 × 83
(100 + 17 )(100 − 17 )
=
= (100 ) − (17 )  ( a + b )( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2 
2 2

=
10000 − 289 [ a = 100; b = 17 ]
= 9711
117 × 83 =
9711

3.
Sol:
(i) We have

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 (175) + 2 (175 )( 25 ) + ( 25 )
2 2
175 ×175 + 2 ×175 × 25 + 25 ×=
25
= (175 + 25 )  a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = ( a + b )2 
2

 
(=
200 ) [ here b 25]
2
= 40000 = a =
175 and
∴175 × 175 + 2 × 175 × 25 + 25 × 25 =40000

(ii) We have
322 × 322 − 2 × 322 × 22 + 22 × 22
=( 322 − 22 )
 (
2
 a − b )2 =a 2 − 2ab + b 2 

= ( 300 )
2

= 90000
∴ 322 × 322 − 2 × 322 × 22 + 22 × 22 = 90000
(iii) We have
0 ⋅ 76 × 0 ⋅ 76 + 2 × 0 ⋅ 76 × 0 ⋅ 24 + 0 ⋅ 24 × 0 ⋅ 24
= [ 0 ⋅ 76 + 0 ⋅ 24]  a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = ( a + b )2 
2

 
= [1⋅ 00]
2

=1
∴ 0 ⋅ 76 × 0 ⋅ 76 + 2 × 0 ⋅ 76 × 0 ⋅ 24 + 0 ⋅ 24 × 0 ⋅ 24 = 1
(iv) We have
7 ⋅ 83 + 7 ⋅ 83 − 1⋅17 × 1⋅17
6 ⋅ 66

=
( 7 ⋅ 83 + 1⋅17 )( 7 ⋅ 83 − 1⋅17 )  ( a 2 − b 2 ) =( a + b )( a − b ) 
6 ⋅ 66  

=
( 9 ⋅ 00 )( 6 ⋅ 66 )
( 6 ⋅ 66 )
=9
7 ⋅ 83 × 7 ⋅ 83 − 1 ⋅17 ×1 ⋅17
∴ =
9
6 ⋅ 66

4.
Sol:
1
We have x + =
11
x
2 2
 1 1 1
Now,  x +  = x 2 +   + 2 × x ×
 x x x

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 2
 1 1
⇒  x +  = x2 + 2 + 2
 x x
1  1 
⇒ (11) = x 2 + 2 + 2
2

x  x + x = 11
1
⇒ 121 = x 2 + +2
x2
1
⇒ x2 + =
119.
x2

5.
Sol:
We have
2 2
 1 1 1
 x −  = x +   − 2× 4×
2

 x x x
2
 1 1
⇒  x −  = x2 + 2 − 2
 x x
1  1 
⇒ ( −1) =x 2 + 2 − 2
2

x  x − x =−1
1
⇒ 2 + 1 = x2 + 2
x
1
∴ x2 + 2 = 3.
x

6.
Sol:
We have
2
 1 1 1
 x +  = x + 2 + 2× x×
2

 x x x
2
 1 1
⇒  x +  = x2 + 2 + 2
 x x

( ) 1  1 
2
⇒ 5 = x2 + 2 + 2  x + x = 5
x 
1
⇒ 5 = x2 + 2 + 2
x
1
⇒ x2 + 2 = 3 ........ (1)
x

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 2
 1  1 1
Now,  x 2 + 2  = x 4 + 4 + 2 × x 2 × 2
 x  x x
2
 1  1
⇒  x2 + 2  = x4 + 4 + 2
 x  x
1  2 1 
⇒ 9 = x4 + 4 + 2  x + 2 = 3
x  x 
1
⇒ x4 + 4 = 7
x
1 1
Hence, x 2 + 2 = 3; x 4 + 4 = 7.
x x

7.
Sol:
We have
2
 1 1 1
 x −  = x + 2 − 2× x×
2

 x x x
2
 1 1
x−  =x + 2 −2
2

 x x
2
 1  2 1 
⇒  x −  = 66 − 2  x + x 2 = 66 
 x 
2
 1
⇒x−  =
64
 x
2
 1
( 8)
2
⇒  x −  =±
 x
1
⇒ x − =±8
x

8.
Sol:
We have
2
 1 1 1
 x +  = x + 2 + 2× x × 2
2 2

 x x x
2
 1 1
⇒  x +  = x2 + 2 + 2
 x x
2
 1
⇒x+  =
7972
 x

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 2
 1
⇒x+  =
81
 x
2
 1
( 9)
2
⇒  x +  =±
 x
1
⇒ x + =±9.
x

9.
Sol:
We have,
( 3x + 5 y=
) ( 3x ) + ( 5 y ) + 2 × 3x × 5 y
2 2 2

⇒ ( 3 x + 5 y ) = 9 x 2 + 25 y 2 + 30 xy
2

181 + 30 ( −6 )
=  9 x 2 + 25 y 2 =
181 and −6 
xy =
= 181 − 180
=1
⇒ ( 3x + 5 y ) =
2
1
⇒ ( 3x + 5 y ) =
( 1)
2 2

⇒ 3x + 5 y =
±1

10.
Sol:
We have
( 2 x + 3 y ) = ( 2 x ) + ( 3 y ) + 2 ( 2 x )( 3 y )
2 2 2

⇒ ( 2 x + 3 y ) = 4 x 2 − 9 y 2 + 12 xy
2

⇒ ( 8 ) = 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 24 [ 2 x + 3 y = 8, xy = 24]
2

⇒ 64 − 24 = 4 x 2 + 9 y 2
⇒ 4x2 + 9 y 2 =
40.

11.
Sol:
We have,
( 3x − 7 y=
) ( 3x ) + ( −7 y ) − 2 ( 3 x )( 7 y )
2 2 2

=9 x 2 + 49 y 2 − 42 xy

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 ⇒ [10] = 9 x 2 + 49 y 2 − 42 xy [ 3x − 7 y = 10]
2

9 x 2 + 49 y 2 − 42 [ −1]
⇒ 100 = [ xy = −1]
⇒ 100 = 9 x 2 + 49 y 2 + 42
⇒ 100 − 42 = 9 x 2 + 49 y 2
⇒ 9 x 2 + 49 y 2 =
58.

12.
Sol:
1  1  1 2 2
(i)  a − 3b   a + 3b   a + 9b 
2  2  2 
 1  2 2  1 
⇒  a  − ( 3b )   a 2 + 9b 2   ( a + b )( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2 
 2    4 
 1 2  2  1 2 2  ( ab )2 =
= 4 a  − 9b   4 a + 9b  a 2b 2 
     
2
1 
 ( a − b )( a + b ) = a 2 − b 2 
2
=  a 2  − 9b 2 
 4 
1 4
= a − 81b 4
16
1  1  1  1 4
∴  a − 3b   a + 3b   a 2 + 9b 2  = a − 81b 4
2  2  4  16
(ii) We have
3
 n  n
m+  m− 
 7  7
 n  n  n  n
=  m +  m +  m +  m − 
 7  7  7  7
 n
2
 n 
2

 ( m ) −     ( a + b )( a + b ) =( a + b ) and ( a + b )( a − b ) =
2 2
=m+  a 2 − b2
 7 7  

 2 n2 
2
 n
=
m+  m − 
 7  49 
 2 n2 
3 2
 n  n  n
∴ m +   m −  =  m +  m − 
 7  7  7  49 
(iii) We have
 x 2  2 x  2
 −   −  − x + 2x
 2 5  5 2 

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  2 x  2 x 
⇒ −  −   −  − x2 + 2 x
 5 2  5 2 
2
2 x  ( a − b )( a − b )= (a − b) 
2
⇒ −  −  − x2 + 2 x
 5 2   
 2  2  x  2  2   x 
⇒ −   +   − 2      − x 2 + 2 x
 5   2   5   2  
 4 x2 2x 
⇒ −  + −  − x2 + 2x
 25 4 5
x2 2x 4 x2 2x 4
⇒− + − x2 + 2x − ⇒ − − x2 + + 2x −
4 5 25 4 5 25
2
5x 2x 4
⇒− + + 2x −
4 5 25
5x 2
2 x + 10 x 4
⇒− + −
4 5 25
−5 x 12 x 4
2
⇒ + −
4 5 25
 x 2  2 x 
∴ −   −  − x2 + 2 x
 2 5  5 2 
−5 x 2 12 x 4
= + −
4 5 25
(iv) We have,
(x 2
)(
+ x − 2 x2 − x + 2 )
( x ) 2 + ( x − 2 )   x 2 − ( x − 2 ) 
  
⇒  x 2  − ( x − 2 ) ( a − b )( a + b ) = a 2 − b 2 
2 2

(
⇒ x4 − x2 + 4 − 4x )  ( a − b )2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab 
 
⇒ x4 − x2 − 4 + 4x
⇒ x4 − x2 + 4 x − 4
( )(
∴ x2 + x − 2 x2 − x + 2 = x4 − x2 + 4 x − 4 )
(v) We have,
(x 3
)(
− 3x 2 − x x 2 − 3x + 1 )
( )(
⇒ x x 2 − 3x − 1 x 2 − 3x + 1 )
⇒ x   x 2 − 3 x  − [1]   ( a − b )( a + b ) = a 2 − b 2 
2 2

 

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 ⇒ x  x2 ( ) + ( −3x ) − 2 ( +3 x ) x 2  − 1
2 2
  
⇒ x  x 4 + 9 x 2 − 6 x3 − 1
⇒ x5 − 6 x 4 + 9 x3 − x
( )( )
∴ x 3 − 3 x 2 − 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 = x 5 − 6 x 4 + 9 x 3 − x.
(vi) We have
 2 x 4 − 4 x 2 + 1  2 x 4 − 4 x 2 − 1

( )
⇒  2 x 4 − 4 x 2 − (1)   ( a + b )( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2 
2 2
 

( ) ( )
⇒  2 x 4 + 4 x 2 − 2 2 x 4 4 x 2 − 1( )( )
2 2

 
⇒ 4 x8 + 164 − 16 x 6 − 1  ( a − b )2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab 
 
⇒ 4 x8 − 16 x 6 + 16 x 4 − 1
∴  2 x 4 − 4 x 2 + 1  2 x 4 − 4 x 2 − 1 = 4 x8 − 16 x 6 + 16 x 4 − 1.

13.
Sol:
We have
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca
2 2 2 2
=  a + b + c − ab − bc − ca  [Multiply and divide by ‘2’]
2
1
=  2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 − 2ab − 2bc − 2ca 
2
1 2
=  a + a 2 + b 2 + b 2 + c 2 + c 2 − 2ab − 2bc − 2ca 
2
=
1 2
2  ( a + b 2 − 2ab ) + ( a 2 + c 2 − 2ac ) + ( b 2 + c 2 − 2bc ) 

1
= ( a − b ) + ( b − c ) + ( c − a )   ( a − b )2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab 
2 2 2

2   
( a − b ) + (b − c ) + ( c − a )
2 2 2

≥0
2
∴ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca ≥ 0
Hence, a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ca is always non negative for all values of a, b and c.

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 Algebraic Identities – 4.2

1.

Sol:
We have, ( a + 2b + c )
2
(i)

=a 2 + ( 2b ) + ( c ) + 2 ( a )( 2b ) + 2ac + ( 2b ) 2c
2 2

 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 

 
∴ ( a + 2b + c ) = a 2 + 4b 2 + c 2 + 4ab + 2ac + 4bc.
2

(ii) We have
( 2a − 3b − =
c ) ( 2a ) + ( −3b ) + ( −c ) 
2 2

( 2a ) + ( −3b ) + ( −c ) + 2 ( 2a )( −3b ) + 2 ( −3b )( −c ) + 2 ( 2a )( −c )

2 2 2
=
 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 
 
= 4a 2 + 9b 2 + c 2 − 12ab + 6bc − 4ac
∴ ( 2a − 3b − c ) = 4a 2 + 9b 2 + c 2 − 12ab + 6bc − 4ca.
2

( −3x + y + z ) = ( −3 x ) + y + z 
2 2

(iii)
( 3x ) + y 2 + z 2 + 2 ( −3x ) y + 2 yz + 2 ( −3x ) z
2
=−
 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 
 
= 9 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 xy + 2 yz − 6 xz
∴ ( −3 x + y + z )= 9 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 xy + 2 xy − 6 xz
2

(iv) We have,
( m + 2n − 5 p ) = m 2 + ( 2n ) + ( −5 p ) + 2 ( m )( 2n ) + 2 ( 2n )( −5 p ) + 2 ( m )( −5 p )
2 2 2

 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 

 
=m + 4n + 25 p + 4mn − 20np − 10 pm
2 2 2

∴ ( m + n − 5 p ) = m 2 + 4n 2 + 25 p 2 + 4mn − 20np − 10 pm.

2

(v) We have,
(2 + x − 2 y) =  2 + x + ( −2 y ) 
2 2

( 2) + x 2 + ( −2 y ) + 2 ( 2 )( x ) + 2 ( x )( −2 y ) + 2 ( 2 )( −2 y )
2 2
=
 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 
 

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 =4 + x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 x − 4 xy − 8 y
∴ ( 2 + x − 2 y ) = 4 + x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 x − 4 xy − 8 y
2

(vi) We have
(a ) ( a ) + (b ) + (c )
2 2 2 2
2
+ b2 + c2 = 2 2 2
+ 2a 2b 2 + 2b 2 c 2 + 2a 2 c 2

 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 

 
= a + b + c + 2a b + 2b c + 2a c
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2

( )
2
∴ a 2 + b2 + c2 = a 4 + b 4 + c 4 + 2a 2b 2 + 2b 2 c 2 + 2a 2 c 2
(vii) We have
( ab + bc + ca )= ( ab ) + ( bc ) + ( ca ) + 2 ( ab )( bc ) + 2 ( bc ) ca + 2 ( ab )( ca )
2 2 2 2

 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 

 
=a b + b c + c a + 2ab c + 2bc a + 2a bc
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

∴ ( ab + bc + ca ) =a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + 2ab 2 c + 2bc 2 a + 2a 2bc

2

(viii) We have
2 2
 x y z  x  y z
2 2
x y y z z x
We have  + + =   +   +   + 2⋅ ⋅ + 2 ⋅ + 2⋅ ⋅
 y z x  y  z  x y z z x x y
 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab + c 2 + 2bc + 2ca 
 
2
x y z x2 y 2 z 2 x y z
∴ + +  = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
 y z x y z x z x y
(ix) We have
2 2 2 2
 a b c   a   b   c   a  b   b  c   a  c 
 + + =   +   +   + 2     + 2     + 2    
 bc ca ab   bc   ca   ab   bc   ca   ca   ab   bc   ab 
 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 
 
2
 a b c  a2 b2 c2 2 2 2
∴ + +  = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
 bc ca ab  b c ca ab a b c
( x + 2 y + 4z ) = x 2 + ( 2 y ) + ( 4 z ) + 2 x ( 2 y ) + 2 ( 2 y )( 4 z ) + 2 x ( 4 z )
2 2 2
(x)
=x 2 + 4 y 2 + 16 z 2 + 4 xy + 16 yz + 4 xz.
( 2x − y + =
z ) ( 2 x ) + ( − y ) + z 
2 2
(xi)

( 2 x ) + ( − y ) + ( z ) + 2 ( 2 x )( − y ) + 2 ( − y )( z ) + 2 ( 2 x )( z )
2 2 2
=
= 4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 x ( − y ) − 2 yz + 4 xz

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 ∴ ( 2 x − y + z ) = 4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 xy − 2 yz + 4 xz
2

( −2 x + 3 y + 2 z ) =( ( −2 x ) + 3 y + 2 z )
2 2
(xii)

( 2 x ) + ( 3 y ) + ( 2 z ) + 2 ( −2 x )( 3 y ) + 2 ( 3 y )( 2 z ) + 2 ( 2 z )( −2 x )
2 2 2
=−
= 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 12 xy + 12 yz − 8 xz

2.
Sol:
(i) We have
(a + b + c) + (a − b + c)
2 2

= (a 2
) (
+ b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2ab − 2bc + 2ac )
 ( x + y + z )2 =x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx 
 
= 2a + 2b + 2c + 4ca
2 2 2

∴ ( a + b + c ) + ( a − b + c ) = 2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 + 4ca.
2 2

(ii) We have
(a + b + c) − (a − b + c)
2 2

= ( a + b + c )  − ( a − b + c )
2 2

 
= a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca −  a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2ab − 2bc + 2ca 
=a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca − a 2 − b 2 − c 2 + 2ab + 2bc − 2ca
= 4ab + 4bc
∴ ( a + b + c ) − ( a − b + c ) = 4ab + 4bc
2 2

(iii) We have
(a + b + c) + (a − b + c) + (a + b − c)
2 2 2

=  a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca  +  a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2bc − 2ab + 2ca  +  a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − 2ca − 2bc + 2ab 

 ( x + y + z )2 =x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx 
 
= 3a + 3b + 3c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca − 2bc − 2ab + 2ca − 2ca − 2bc + 2ab
2 2 2

= 3a 2 + 3b 2 + 3c 2 + 2ab − 2bc + 2ca

( )
= 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab − bc + ca )
2 2 2
( )
∴ ( a + b + c ) + ( a − b + c ) + ( a + b − c ) = 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 [ ab − bc + ca ]
(iv) We have
( 2x + p − c) − ( 2x − p + c)
2 2

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 = ( 2 x ) + ( p ) + ( −c ) + 2 ( 2 x )( p ) + 2 ( p )( −c ) + 2 ( 2 x )( −c ) 
2 2 2

 
− ( 2 x ) + ( − p ) + c 2 + 2 ( 2 x )( − p ) + 2 ( 2 x )( c ) + 2 ( − p ) c 
2 2

 
=  4 x 2 + p 2 + c 2 + 4 xp − 2 pc − 4cx  −  4 x 2 + p 2 + c 2 − 4 xp − 2 pc + 4cx 
=  4 x 2 + p 2 + c 2 + 4 xp − 2 pc − 4cx − 4 x 2 − p 2 − c 2 + 4 xp + 2 pc − 4cx 
= 8 xp − 8 xc
= 8x ( p − c )
∴( 2x + p − c) − ( 2x − p + c=
) 8x ( p − c )
2 2

(v) We have
(x ) −(x )
2 2
2
+ y2 − z 2
− y2 + z2

( ) ( )
2
=  x 2 + y 2 + ( − z )  −  x 2 + − y 2 + z 2 
2 2

 
=  x2 ( ) + ( y ) + (−z ) ( )( y ) + 2 ( y )( − z ) + 2 ( x )( − z )
2 2 2
2 2
+ 2 x2 2 2 2 2 2

−  x2 ( ) + (− y ) + ( z ) ( )( ) ( )
+ 2 x2 − y 2 + 2 − y 2 z 2 + 2x2 z 2 
2 2 2
2 2
 
 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 
 
=+x y + z + 2 x y − 2 y z − 2 z x − x − y 4 − z 4 + 2 x2 y 2 + 2 y 2 z 2 − 2 z 2 x2
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 4

= 4x2 y 2 − 4z 2 x2

( ) −(x )
2 2
∴ x2 + y 2 − z 2 2
− y 2 + z 2 = 4x2 y 2 − 4z 2 x2

3.
Sol:
We know that,
( a + b + c ) = a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2

⇒ ( 0 ) = 16 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )  a + b + c = and a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 16 
2

⇒ 2 ( ab + bc + ca ) = −16
⇒ ab + bc + ca =
−8

4.
Sol:
We know that,
(a + b + c) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2

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 ⇒ ( a + b + c ) = 16 + 2 (10 )  a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 16 and ab + bc + ca = 10 
2

⇒ ( a + b + c ) = 16 + 20
2

⇒ ( a + b + c ) = 36
⇒ a + b + c =±6

5.
Sol:
We know that,
( a + b + c ) = a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca )
2

⇒ ( 9 ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 ( 23)
2

⇒ 81 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 46  a + b + c = 9 and ( ab + bc + ca = 23) 

⇒ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 81 − 46
⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 =
35.

6.
Sol:
We have,
4 x 2 + y 2 + 25 z 2 + 4 xy − 10 yz − 20 zx
⇒ ( 2 x ) + ( y ) + ( −5 z ) + 2 ( 2 x )( y ) + 2 ( y )( −5 z ) + 2 ( −5 z )( 2 x )
2 2 2

⇒ ( 2 x + y − 5z )
2

⇒  2 [ 4] + 3 − 5 ( 2 )  [ x= 4, y= 3 and z= 2]
2

= [8 + 3 − 10]
2

= [1]
2

=1
∴ 4 x 2 + y 2 + 25 z 2 + 4 xy − 10 yz − 20 zx =
1.

7.
Sol:
(i) We have,
2 2

( x + y + z ) +  x + +  −  + + 
2 y 2 x y z
 2 3 2 3 4

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  y2 z2 y zx yz 
=  x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xy + 2 yz + 2 zx  +  x 2 + + + 2x ⋅ + 2 + 
 4 9 2 3 3
 x 2 y 2 z 2 xy xz yz 
− + + + + + 
4 9 10 3 4 6 
y 2 z 2 x2 y 2 z 2 y xy yz yz 2 zx xz
= x2 + y 2 + z 2 + x2 + + − − − + 2 xy + 2 x ⋅ − + 2 yz + − + 2 zx + −
4 9 4 9 16 2 3 3 6 3 4
8 x 2 − x 2 36 y 2 + 9 y 2 − 4 y 2 144 z 2 + 16 z 2 − 9 z 2 6 xy + 3 xy − xy 13 yz 29 xz
= + + + + +
4 36 144 3 6 12
2 2 2
7x 41 y 151z 8 xy 13 yz 29 zx
= + + + + +
4 36 144 3 6 12
2 2
 y z x y z
∴( x + y + z )
2
+ x + +  − + + 
 2 3 2 3 4
7 x 2 41 y 2 151Z 2 8 xy 13 yz 29 zx
= + + + + +
4 36 144 3 6 12
(ii) We have,
( x + y − 2z )
2
− x 2 − y 2 − 3 z 2 + 4 xy

=  x 2 + y 2 + ( −2 z ) + 2 xy + 2 ( y )( −2 z ) + 2 x ( −2 z )  − x 2 − y 2 − 3 z 2 + 4 xy
2

 
= x + y + 4 z + 2 xy − 4 yz − 4 xz − x − y − 3 z + 4 xy
2 2 2 2 2 2

=z 2 + 6 xy − 4 yz − 4 zx
∴ ( x + y − 2 z ) − x 2 − y 2 − 3 z 2 + 4 xy =z 2 + 6 xy − 4 yz − 4 zx
2

(iii) We have,
2 2
 x 2 − x + 1 −  x 2 + x + 1

=  x2 ( ) + (−x) ( )
+ 12 + 2 x 2 ( − x ) + 2 ( − x )(1) + 2 x 2 (1) 
2 2
 

( ) + ( x ) + (1)
−  x2 ( )
+ 2 x 2 ( x ) + 2 ( x )(1) + 2 x 2 (1) 
2 2 2
 
= x 4 + x 2 + 1 − 2 x3 − 2 x + 2 x 2 − x 2 − x 4 − 1 − 2 x3 − 2 x − 2 x 2
 ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca 
 
=
−4 x3 − 4 x
−4 x  x 2 + 1
=
2 2
∴  x 2 − x + 1 −  x 2 + x + 1 =−4 x  x 2 + 1

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