MA1513 Tutorial 1

Clifton NG Wei Zhi

[email protected]

15 August 2022

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Outline

1 Review

2 Tutorial Problems

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 Review

Outline

1 Review

2 Tutorial Problems

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 Review

Topics Covered Last Week

Chapter 1: Linear System and Matrix Algebra

1.1 Systems of Linear Equations
1.2 Solving System of Linear Equations
1.3 Gaussian Elimination
1.4 Matrices
1.5 Matrix Inverses I

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 Review

1.1 Systems of Linear Equations

Linear equation in n variables:

a1 x1 + a2 x2 + · · · + an xn = b

Here,
variables: x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
coefficients: a1 , a2 , . . . , an
constant term: b
Important!
Different variables in a linear equation can only be combined using
addition or subtraction.
Geometric interpretation of linear equation:
ax + by = c (2 variables): line in xy -plane
ax + by + cz = d (3 variables): plane in xyz-space
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 Review

1.1 Systems of Linear Equations

Linear system with m equations and n variables:


 a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn = b2

..


 .
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn = bm


A particular solution of the linear system:

x1 = u1 , x2 = u2 , . . . , xn = un , u1 , u2 , . . . , un ∈ R

Important!
A linear system has either no solution, exactly one solution, or
infinitely many solutions.

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 Review

1.1 Systems of Linear Equations

Homogeneous linear system:


 a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn = 0
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · ·

+ a2n xn = 0
..


 .
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn = 0


Trivial solution of the homogeneous linear system:

x1 = 0, x2 = 0, . . . , xn = 0

Important!
A homogeneous linear system has either only the trivial solution, or
infinitely many solutions in addition to the trivial solution.
A homogeneous linear system with more variables than equations has
infinitely many solutions.
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 Review

1.2 Solving System of Linear Equations

Elementary row operations and their notations:

Multiplying the i-th row by the constant c: cRi
Interchanging the positions of the i-th and j-th rows: Ri ↔ Rj
Adding c times the j-th row to the i-th row: Ri + cRj

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 Review

1.2 Solving System of Linear Equations

Row echelon form (REF):

∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
 
0 L

 0 0 0 L ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ 


 0 0 0 0 0 L ∗ ∗ 


 0 0 0 0 0 0 L ∗ 

 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Review

1.2 Solving System of Linear Equations

Important!
The solutions of a linear system can be obtained from its REF using
back substitution.
When every column of the REF is a pivot column, except the last
column, the linear system has exactly one solution.
When there is at least one non-pivot column in the REF other than
the last column, the linear system has infinitely many solutions.
When the last column of the REF is a pivot column, the linear system
has no solution.
General solution of non-homogeneous linear system =
General solution of associated homogeneous linear system +
A particular solution of non-homogeneous linear system.

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 Review

1.3 Gaussian Elimination

Reduced row echelon form (RREF):

∗ ∗ ∗
 
0 1 0 0 0

 0 0 0 1 ∗ 0 0 ∗ 


 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ∗ 


 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 ∗ 

 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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 Review

1.3 Gaussian Elimination

Important!
Gaussian elimination (GE): reduce augmented matrix to REF
Gauss-Jordan elimination (GJE): further reduce augmented matrix to
RREF
The solutions of a linear system obtained using either GE or GJE are
the same.

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 Review

1.4 Matrices
m × n matrix:  
a11 a12 ··· a1n
 a21 a22 ··· a2n 
A= .
 
.. .. 
 .. . . 
am1 am2 · · · amn
Special types of matrices:
Square matrix
Diagonal matrix
Scalar matrix
Identity matrix
Zero matrix
Symmetric matrix
Upper/lower triangular matrix
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 Review

1.4 Matrices

Matrix operations:
Matrix addition: A + B
Matrix subtraction: A − B
Scalar multiplication: cA
Negative of matrix: −A
Matrix multiplication: AB (only when number of columns of A =
number of rows of B)
Power of matrix: An
Matrix transpose: AT

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 Review

1.4 Matrices

Important!
Properties of matrix multiplication:
AB 6= BA (not commutative)
AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0
A(BC) = (AB)C (associative property)
A(B1 + B2 ) = AB1 + AB2 (left distributive property)
(C1 + C2 )A = C1 A + C2 A (right distributive property)
c(AB) = (cA)B = A(cB)
A0n×q = 0m×q and 0p×m A = 0p×n (zero matrix behaves like number
’0’)
AIn = Im A = A (identity matrix behaves like number ’1’)

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 Review

1.4 Matrices

Important!
A is symmetric ⇔ A = AT
Properties of matrix transpose:
(AT )T = A
(A + B)T = AT + BT
(cA)T = cAT
(AB)T = BT AT

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 Review

1.5 Matrix Inverses I

Standard form:


 a11 x1 + a12 x2 + · · · + a1n xn = b1
 a21 x1 + a22 x2 + · · · + a2n xn = b2

..


 .
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + · · · + amn xn = bm


Matrix equation form:

    
a11 a12 ··· a1n x1 b1
 a21 a22 ··· a2n  x2   b2 
..   ..  =  .. 
    
 .. ..
 . . .  .   . 
am1 am2 · · · amn xn bm
Ax = b

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 Review

1.5 Matrix Inverses I

Inverse of A:

A−1 such that AA−1 = I and A−1 A = I

Invertible A:
A−1 exists

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 Review

1.5 Matrix Inverses I

Important!
We can solve a linear system in matrix equation form Ax = b if A is
invertible/non-singular, and the solution is given by x = A−1 b.
 
a b
Inverse of A = :
c d
If ad − bc 6= 0, then A is invertible/non-singular and
 
−1 1 d −b
A = .
ad − bc −c a

If ad − bc = 0, then A is non-invertible/singular and A−1 does not

exist.

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 Tutorial Problems

Outline

1 Review

2 Tutorial Problems

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 = 1
(a) 2x1 + 6x2 + 9x3 + 5x4 = 5
−x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 5


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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 = 1
(a) 2x1 + 6x2 + 9x3 + 5x4 = 5
−x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 5


Solution
 
1 3 3 2 1
 2 6 9 5 5 
−1 −3 3 0 5

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 = 1
(a) 2x1 + 6x2 + 9x3 + 5x4 = 5
−x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 5


Solution
   
1 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 1
R −2R1
 2 6 9 5 5  −−2−−−→  0 0 3 1 3 
R3 +R1
−1 −3 3 0 5 0 0 6 2 6

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 = 1
(a) 2x1 + 6x2 + 9x3 + 5x4 = 5
−x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 5


Solution
   
1 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 1
R −2R1
 2 6 9 5 5  −−2−−−→  0 0 3 1 3 
R3 +R1
−1 −3 3 0 5 0 0 6 2 6
 
1 3 3 2 1
R −2R2
−−3−−−→  0 0 3 1 3 
0 0 0 0 0

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 + 2x4 = 1
(a) 2x1 + 6x2 + 9x3 + 5x4 = 5
−x1 − 3x2 + 3x3 = 5


Solution
   
1 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 2 1
R −2R1
 2 6 9 5 5  −−2−−−→  0 0 3 1 3 
R3 +R1
−1 −3 3 0 5 0 0 6 2 6
 
1 3 3 2 1
R −2R2
−−3−−−→  0 0 3 1 3 
0 0 0 0 0
By back substitution, we have x1 = −2 − 3s − t, x2 = s, x3 = 1 − 3t ,
x4 = t, where s, t are arbitrary parameters.
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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x + y + 2z = 4
(b) x − y − z = −1
2x − 4y − 5z = 1


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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x + y + 2z = 4
(b) x − y − z = −1
2x − 4y − 5z = 1


Solution
 
1 1 2 4
 1 −1 −1 −1 
2 −4 −5 1

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x + y + 2z = 4
(b) x − y − z = −1
2x − 4y − 5z = 1


Solution
   
1 1 2 4 1 1 2 4
R2 −R1
 1 −1 −1 −1  −−−−−→  0 −2 −3 −5 
R3 −2R1
2 −4 −5 1 0 −6 −9 −7

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x + y + 2z = 4
(b) x − y − z = −1
2x − 4y − 5z = 1


Solution
   
1 1 2 4 1 1 2 4
R2 −R1
 1 −1 −1 −1  −− −−−→  0 −2 −3 −5 
R3 −2R1
2 −4 −5 1 0 −6 −9 −7
 
1 1 2 4
R −3R2
−−3−−−→  0 −2 −3 −5 
0 0 0 8

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 x + y + 2z = 4
(b) x − y − z = −1
2x − 4y − 5z = 1


Solution
   
1 1 2 4 1 1 2 4
R2 −R1
 1 −1 −1 −1  −− −−−→  0 −2 −3 −5 
R3 −2R1
2 −4 −5 1 0 −6 −9 −7
 
1 1 2 4
R −3R2
−−3−−−→  0 −2 −3 −5 
0 0 0 8
Since the last column of the row echelon form is a pivot column, the
system is inconsistent.
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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 u − v + 2w = 6
(c) 2u + 2v − 5w = 3
2u + 5v + w = 9


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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 u − v + 2w = 6
(c) 2u + 2v − 5w = 3
2u + 5v + w = 9


Solution
 
1 −1 2 6
 2 2 −5 3 
2 5 1 9

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 u − v + 2w = 6
(c) 2u + 2v − 5w = 3
2u + 5v + w = 9


Solution
   
1 −1 2 6 1 −1 2 6
R2 −2R1
 2 2 −5 3  − −−−−→  0 4 −9 −9 
R3 −2R1
2 5 1 9 0 7 −3 −3

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 u − v + 2w = 6
(c) 2u + 2v − 5w = 3
2u + 5v + w = 9


Solution
   
1 −1 2 6 1 −1 2 6
R2 −2R1
 2 2 −5 3  − −−−−→  0 4 −9 −9 
R3 −2R1
2 5 1 9 0 7 −3 −3
 
R3 − 7 R2
1 −1 2 6
−−−−4−→  0 4 −9 −9 
51 51
0 0 4 4

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 1
Solve each of the following systems by Gaussian Elimination or
Gauss-Jordan
 Elimination.
 u − v + 2w = 6
(c) 2u + 2v − 5w = 3
2u + 5v + w = 9


Solution
   
1 −1 2 6 1 −1 2 6
R2 −2R1
 2 2 −5 3  − −−−−→  0 4 −9 −9 
R3 −2R1
2 5 1 9 0 7 −3 −3
 
R3 − 7 R2
1 −1 2 6
−−−−4−→  0 4 −9 −9 
51 51
0 0 4 4
Since every column (except the last column) is a pivot column, the
system has exactly one solution. By back substitution, we obtain the
unique solution u = 4, v = 0, w = 1.
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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2
In the downtown section of a certain city, two sets of one-way streets
intersect as shown in the following:

480 330
520 x3 600

x4 x2
610 x1 640

450 310

The average hourly volume of traffic entering and leaving this section
during rush hour is given in the diagram.
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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2
(a) Set up a linear system with four equations to find the traffic volumes
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 . (The average hourly volume of traffic entering an
intersection must be equal to the volume of traffic leaving.)

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2
(a) Set up a linear system with four equations to find the traffic volumes
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 . (The average hourly volume of traffic entering an
intersection must be equal to the volume of traffic leaving.)
Solution
At each junction, equate the incoming volume with the outgoing
volume.


 x1 + 310 = x2 + 640
610 + 450 = x1 + x4

x + 600 = x3 + 330
 2


x3 + x4 = 480 + 520


 x1 − x2 = 330
x1 + x4 = 1060

⇔

 x2 − x3 = −270
x3 + x4 = 1000


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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

   
1 −1 0 0 330 1 0 0 1 1060
 1 0 0 1 1060  0 1 0 1 730 
 G .J.E . 

 0 1 −1 0 −270  −−−−→ 
 
0 0 1 1 1000 
0 0 1 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

   
1 −1 0 0 330 1 0 0 1 1060
 1 0 0 1 1060  0 1 0 1 730 
 G .J.E . 

 0 1 −1 0 −270  −−−−→ 
 
0 0 1 1 1000 
0 0 1 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0
The general solution of this system is given by

 x1 = 1060 − t

x2 = 730 − t

x = 1000 − t
 3


x4 = t

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(b) Do we have enough information to find the traffic volumes x1 , x2 , x3 ,

x4 ?

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(b) Do we have enough information to find the traffic volumes x1 , x2 , x3 ,

x4 ?
Solution
The system has infinitely many solutions. We cannot determine the
values of x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 uniquely. We need to know the value of at
least one of the four traffic volumes x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 .

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(c) Given that x4 = 500, find x1 , x2 , x3 .

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(c) Given that x4 = 500, find x1 , x2 , x3 .

Solution
By substituting t = 500 in the general solution in (a), we get
x1 = 560, x2 = 230, x3 = 500.

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(d) What is the range for the possible values of x4 ?

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(d) What is the range for the possible values of x4 ?

Solution
Since traffic volumes cannot be negative, we need to impose the
condition xi ≥ 0 for i = 1, 2, 3, 4.

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(d) What is the range for the possible values of x4 ?

Solution
Since traffic volumes cannot be negative, we need to impose the
condition xi ≥ 0 for i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
So we have from the general solution
x1 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≤ 1060,
x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≤ 730,
x3 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≤ 1000 and
x4 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≥ 0.

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 2

(d) What is the range for the possible values of x4 ?

Solution
Since traffic volumes cannot be negative, we need to impose the
condition xi ≥ 0 for i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
So we have from the general solution
x1 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≤ 1060,
x2 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≤ 730,
x3 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≤ 1000 and
x4 ≥ 0 ⇒ t ≥ 0.
Taking the intersection of the range of t above, we have 0 ≤ t ≤ 730.

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 3

When propane gas burns, the propane combines with oxygen to form
carbon dioxide and water:

wC3 H8 + xO2 → yCO2 + zH2 O

where w and x are the numbers of propane and oxygen molecules,

respectively, required for the combustion; and y and z are the numbers of
carbon dioxide and water molecules, respectively, produced.

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 3

(a) By equating the numbers of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms,

respectively, on both sides of the chemical equation, write down a
homogeneous system of three equations in terms of w , x, y , z.

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 3

(a) By equating the numbers of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms,

respectively, on both sides of the chemical equation, write down a
homogeneous system of three equations in terms of w , x, y , z.
Solution

 3w − y = 0
8w − 2z = 0
2x − 2y − z = 0


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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 3

(b) Find a general solution for the homogeneous system obtained in (a).

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 3

(b) Find a general solution for the homogeneous system obtained in (a).
Solution
1 0 0 − 41
   
3 0 −1 0 0 0
G .J.E .
 8 0 0 −2 0  −−−−→  0 1 0 − 5
4 0 
0 2 −2 −1 0 0 0 1 − 43 0

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 3

(b) Find a general solution for the homogeneous system obtained in (a).
Solution
1 0 0 − 41
   
3 0 −1 0 0 0
G .J.E .
 8 0 0 −2 0  −−−−→  0 1 0 − 5
4 0 
0 2 −2 −1 0 0 0 1 − 43 0
The general solution of this system is given by
1

 w = 45 t

x = 4t


 y = 43 t
z = t


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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 3

(c) Find the (non-trivial) solution of w , x, y , z with smallest values.

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Problem 3

(c) Find the (non-trivial) solution of w , x, y , z with smallest values.

Solution
Since the number of molecules must be non-negative integers, the
smallest possible t value in the general solution is t = 4. Hence we
get w = 1, x = 5, y = 3 and z = 4.

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Problem 4
Given a quadric surface in the xyz-space with equation
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 = d,
where a, b, c, d are real constants, that passes through the points
(1, 1, −1), (1, 3, 3) and (−2, 0, 2), find a formula for the quadric surface.

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Problem 4
Given a quadric surface in the xyz-space with equation
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 = d,
where a, b, c, d are real constants, that passes through the points
(1, 1, −1), (1, 3, 3) and (−2, 0, 2), find a formula for the quadric surface.
Solution
By substituting (x, y , z) = (1, 1, −1), (1, 3, 3) and (−2, 0, 2) into the
equation
ax 2 + by 2 + cz 2 = d,
we obtain a homogeneous system of linear equations

 a + b + c − d = 0
a + 9b + 9c − d = 0
4a + 4c − d = 0


where a, b, c, d are unknowns.

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Problem 4

   
1 1 1 −1 0 1 0 0 −1 0
G .J.E . 
 1 9 9 −1 0  −
−−−→ 0 1 0 − 43 0 
4 0 4 −1 0 0 0 1 43 0

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Problem 4

   
1 1 1 −1 0 1 0 0 −1 0
G .J.E . 
 1 9 9 −1 0  −
−−−→ 0 1 0 − 43 0 
4 0 4 −1 0 0 0 1 43 0
The general solution of this system is given by

 a = t
= 34 t

b


 c = − 43 t
d = t


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Problem 4

   
1 1 1 −1 0 1 0 0 −1 0
G .J.E . 
 1 9 9 −1 0  −
−−−→ 0 1 0 − 43 0 
4 0 4 −1 0 0 0 1 43 0
The general solution of this system is given by

 a = t
= 34 t

b


 c = − 43 t
d = t


Any one of the non-trivial solutions gives us a formula for the same
quadric surface. In particular, by taking t = 4, we get the formula
4x 2 + 3y 2 − 3z 2 = 4 for the quadric surface.

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Problem 5

Consider the population of certain endangered species of wild animals: On

the average, each adult will give birth to one baby each year; 50% of the
new born babies will survive the first year; 60% of the one-year-old cubs
will survive the second year and become adults; and 70% of the adults will
survive each year.
Let x0 , y0 and z0 be the numbers of babies, one-year-old cubs and adults,
respectively, at the end of 2020, and x1 , y1 and z1 be the respective
numbers at the end of 2021.

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Problem 5

(a) Based on the information given above, find a 3 × 3 matrix A such that
   
x1 x0
y1  = A y0  .
z1 z0

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Problem 5

(a) Based on the information given above, find a 3 × 3 matrix A such that
   
x1 x0
y1  = A y0  .
z1 z0

Solution
Since each adult in 2020 gives birth to one baby in 2021, the number
of babies in 2021, x1 = z0 .
Since 50% of the babies in 2020 become cubs in 2021, the number of
one-year-old cubs in 2021, y1 = 0.5x0 .
Since 60% of the cubs in 2020 become adults in 2021 and 70% of the
adults in 2020 remain as adults in 2021, the number of adults in
2021, z1 = 0.6y0 + 0.7z0 .
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Problem 5

So we can set up a linear system:


 x1 = z0
y1 = 0.5x0
z1 = 0.6y0 + 0.7z0


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Problem 5

So we can set up a linear system:


 x1 = z0
y1 = 0.5x0
z1 = 0.6y0 + 0.7z0


Converting this into matrix equation form, we get

    
x1 0 0 1 x0
y1  = 0.5 0 0   y0  .
z1 0 0.6 0.7 z0

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Problem 5

So we can set up a linear system:


 x1 = z0
y1 = 0.5x0
z1 = 0.6y0 + 0.7z0


Converting this into matrix equation form, we get

    
x1 0 0 1 x0
y1  = 0.5 0 0   y0  .
z1 0 0.6 0.7 z0
 
0 0 1
So A = 0.5 0 0 .
0 0.6 0.7

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Problem 5

   
xn x0
(b) Let yn  = An y0  where n is a positive integer. What do the
zn z0
numbers xn , yn and zn represent?

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Problem 5

   
xn x0
(b) Let yn  = An y0  where n is a positive integer. What do the
zn z0
numbers xn , yn and zn represent?
Solution
xn , yn and zn are the numbers of babies, one-year-old cubs and
adults, respectively, after n years, i.e. at the end of 2020 + n.

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Problem 5

(c) (MATLAB) Suppose initially, x0 = 0, y0 = 0 and z0 = 100. What is

the total population (i) three years later; (ii) ten years later?

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Problem 5

(c) (MATLAB) Suppose initially, x0 = 0, y0 = 0 and z0 = 100. What is

the total population (i) three years later; (ii) ten years later?
Solution
>> A = [0 0 1; 0.5 0 0; 0 0.6 0.7];
>> u0 = [0; 0; 100];
>> u3 = A^3*u0

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Problem 5

(c) (MATLAB) Suppose initially, x0 = 0, y0 = 0 and z0 = 100. What is

the total population (i) three years later; (ii) ten years later?
Solution
>> A = [0 0 1; 0.5 0 0; 0 0.6 0.7];
>> u0 = [0; 0; 100];
>> u3 = A^3*u0
u3 =
49.0000
35.0000
64.3000

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Problem 5

(c) (MATLAB) Suppose initially, x0 = 0, y0 = 0 and z0 = 100. What is

the total population (i) three years later; (ii) ten years later?
Solution
>> A = [0 0 1; 0.5 0 0; 0 0.6 0.7];
>> u0 = [0; 0; 100];
>> u3 = A^3*u0
u3 =
49.0000
35.0000
64.3000
Thus the total population three years later is x3 + y3 + z3 ≈ 148.

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Problem 5

>> u10 = A^10*u0

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Problem 5

>> u10 = A^10*u0

u10 =
62.3117
31.2387
62.5633

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Problem 5

>> u10 = A^10*u0

u10 =
62.3117
31.2387
62.5633
Thus the total population ten years later is x10 + y10 + z10 ≈ 156.

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 Tutorial Problems

Problem 6

Let A be a 3 × 4 matrix. Suppose that x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = −1, x4 = 0 is

a solution to a non-homogeneous linear system Ax = b and that the
homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a general solution x1 = t − 2s,
x2 = s + t, x3 = s, x4 = t where s, t are arbitrary parameters.
(a) Find a general solution for the system Ax = b.

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Problem 6

Let A be a 3 × 4 matrix. Suppose that x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = −1, x4 = 0 is

a solution to a non-homogeneous linear system Ax = b and that the
homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a general solution x1 = t − 2s,
x2 = s + t, x3 = s, x4 = t where s, t are arbitrary parameters.
(a) Find a general solution for the system Ax = b.
Solution
A general solution of Ax = b is x1 = t − 2s + 1, x2 = s + t,
x3 = s − 1, x4 = t where s, t are arbitrary parameters, obtained by
adding up the general solution of the homogeneous system and the
given particular solution of the non-homogeneous system.

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Problem 6

Let A be a 3 × 4 matrix. Suppose that x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = −1, x4 = 0 is

a solution to a non-homogeneous linear system Ax = b and that the
homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a general solution x1 = t − 2s,
x2 = s + t, x3 = s, x4 = t where s, t are arbitrary parameters.
(b) Write down the reduced row-echelon form of A.

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Problem 6

Let A be a 3 × 4 matrix. Suppose that x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = −1, x4 = 0 is

a solution to a non-homogeneous linear system Ax = b and that the
homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a general solution x1 = t − 2s,
x2 = s + t, x3 = s, x4 = t where s, t are arbitrary parameters.
(b) Write down the reduced row-echelon form of A.
Solution
x1 = t − 2s = x4 − 2x3 which gives the first linear equation
x1 + 2x3 − x4 = 0 in standard form.
x2 = s + t = x3 + x4 which gives the second linear equation
x2 − x3 − x4 = 0 in standard form.

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Problem 6

These are the two non-zero equations in the reduced system of

Ax = 0: 
x1 + 2x3 − x4 = 0
x2 − x3 − x4 = 0

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Problem 6

These are the two non-zero equations in the reduced system of

Ax = 0: 
x1 + 2x3 − x4 = 0
x2 − x3 − x4 = 0
Since we are given A is a 3 × 4 matrix, there should be three
equations in the original system Ax = 0. But the third equation will
reduce to the zero equation in the reduced system, which corresponds
to a zero row in RREF.

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Problem 6

These are the two non-zero equations in the reduced system of

Ax = 0: 
x1 + 2x3 − x4 = 0
x2 − x3 − x4 = 0
Since we are given A is a 3 × 4 matrix, there should be three
equations in the original system Ax = 0. But the third equation will
reduce to the zero equation in the reduced system, which corresponds
to a zero row in RREF.
Hence the reduced row-echelon form of A is given by
 
1 0 2 −1
0 1 −1 −1
0 0 0 0

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Problem 6

Let A be a 3 × 4 matrix. Suppose that x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = −1, x4 = 0 is

a solution to a non-homogeneous linear system Ax = b and that the
homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a general solution x1 = t − 2s,
x2 = s + t, x3 = s, x4 = t where s, t are arbitrary parameters.
(c) Do we have enough information to find the matrix A?

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Problem 6

Let A be a 3 × 4 matrix. Suppose that x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = −1, x4 = 0 is

a solution to a non-homogeneous linear system Ax = b and that the
homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a general solution x1 = t − 2s,
x2 = s + t, x3 = s, x4 = t where s, t are arbitrary parameters.
(c) Do we have enough information to find the matrix A?
Solution
No, we cannot recover the original matrix A from the general solution
or the RREF because we do not know what elementary row
operations have been performed on A to get the RREF.

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Problem 7

The steady-state heat flow problem for the plate as shown in the diagram
below can be approximated by the solution of a linear system with 8
equations and the variables are the temperatures at the eight internal grid
points represented by T1 , T2 , . . . , T8 in degree Celsius, using the fact that
the temperature at each grid point is approximately equal to the average
of the four nearest grid points on the left, right, top and below.

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Problem 7

0o C 0o C 0o C 0o C

T1 T3 T5 T7
5o C 20o C

T2 T4 T6 T8
5o C 20o C

10o C 10o C 10o C 10o C

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Problem 7

(a) Set up the 8 by 8 linear system.

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Problem 7

(a) Set up the 8 by 8 linear system.

Solution
1
T1 = 4 (0 + 5 + T2 + T3 ) ⇒ 4T1 − T2 − T3 = 5.
1
T2 = 4 (5 + 10 + T1 + T4 ) ⇒ −T1 + 4T2 − T4 = 15.
1
T3 = 4 (0 + T1 + T4 + T5 ) ⇒ −T1 + 4T3 − T4 − T5 = 0.
1
T4 = 4 (10 + T2 + T3 + T6 ) ⇒ −T2 − T3 + 4T4 − T6 = 10.
1
T5 = 4 (0 + T3 + T6 + T7 ) ⇒ −T3 + 4T5 − T6 − T7 = 0.
1
T6 = 4 (10 + T4 + T5 + T8 ) ⇒ −T4 − T5 + 4T6 − T8 = 10.
1
T7 = 4 (0 + 20 + T5 + T8 ) ⇒ −T5 + 4T7 − T8 = 20.
1
T8 = 4 (20 + 10 + T6 + T7 ) ⇒ −T6 − T7 + 4T8 = 30.

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Problem 7

(b) (MATLAB) Use MATLAB command to compute the reduced row

echelon form of the augmented matrix of this system, and hence find
the temperatures T1 , T2 , . . . , T8 .

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Problem 7

(b) (MATLAB) Use MATLAB command to compute the reduced row

echelon form of the augmented matrix of this system, and hence find
the temperatures T1 , T2 , . . . , T8 .
Solution
>> A = [4 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 0; -1 4 0 -1 0 0 0 0; -1 0 4 -1
-1 0 0 0; 0 -1 -1 4 0 -1 0 0; 0 0 -1 0 4 -1 -1 0; 0 0 0
-1 -1 4 0 -1; 0 0 0 0 -1 0 4 -1; 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 4];
>> b = [5; 15; 0; 10; 0; 10; 20; 30];
>> rref([A b])

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Problem 7

 
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9569

 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.5885 


 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4.2392 


 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7.3971 


 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5.6029 


 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8.7608 

 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9.4115 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12.0431

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Problem 7

 
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9569

 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.5885 


 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4.2392 


 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7.3971 


 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5.6029 


 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8.7608 

 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 9.4115 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12.0431
So T1 = 3.9569, T2 = 6.5885, T3 = 4.2392, T4 = 7.3971,
T5 = 5.6029, T6 = 8.7608, T7 = 9.4115, T8 = 12.0431.

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