Introduction of Mechanics of Materials

• Concepts of Mechanics of Materials

• Review of Statics
• Free Body Diagram
• Structural Analysis of a Truss
• Stress Analysis
• Design
• Stress on an Oblique Plane:
Stress value depends on orientation of the coordinate system.
• General State of Stress
• Cartesian components of stress
• Symmetry of Shear Stresses
• Simple Problem of Mechanics of Materials

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 Concept of Mechanics of Materials
• The main objective of the study of the mechanics of materials is
to provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and
designing various machines and load bearing structures.
• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the
determination of stresses and deformations. The material
behaviors are described in terms of stresses (應力) and strains
(應變).
• There are three concepts of Mechanics of Materials:
1. Equilibrium: statics
2. Compatibility: geometry of deformation
3. Material behaviors

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 Review of Statics
Text Example:
• The structure is designed to support a
30 kN load.
• The structure consists of a boom AB
and rod BC joined by pins (zero
moment connections) at the junctions
and supports.
• Perform a static analysis to determine
the reaction forces at the supports and
the internal force in each structural
Figure: Boom (吊桿) used to support a 30-
member.
kN load.

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 Structure: Free-Body Diagram

Method of section:
whole system • Structure is detached from supports, and the
loads and reaction forces are indicated to
produce a free-body diagram.
• Conditions for static equilibrium:

M C  0  Ax  0.6 m    30 kN  0.8 m 
Ax  40 kN

F x  0 Ax  C x
C x   Ax  40 kN

Figure: Free-body diagram of boom F y  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0

showing Applied load and reaction forces. Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy cannot be determined from these

equations.

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 Component: Free-Body Diagram

• In addition to the complete structure, each

component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium.
• Consider a free-body diagram of the boom
AB:
 M B  0   Ay  0.8 m 
sub-system Ay  0

Figure: Free-body diagram of • Substitute into the structure equilibrium

member AB freed from structure. equation
C y  30 kN
Alternate FBD:
Ay • Results:
FBC
5 A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 
3 4
Ax
B • Reaction forces are directed along the
A
boom and rod.
30 kN
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 Method of Joint

• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

F B 0
FAB FBC 30 kN
 
4 5 3
FAB  40 kN FBC  50 kN
Figure: Free-body diagram of boom’s
joint B and associated force triangle.

• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,

the members are subjected to only two
forces, which are applied at the ends of the
members.
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel
to an axis between the force application
points, equal in magnitude and in opposite
directions.
Figure: Free-body diagrams of two-force
members AB and BC. 6
 Stress Analysis

• Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load if

rod BC has a diameter of 20 mm?
• From a statics analysis.

• FAB = 40 kN (compression)
• FBC = 50 kN (tension)

dBC = 20 mm • At any section through member BC, the internal

Figure: Boom used to support a 30-kN force is 50 kN with a force intensity or stress (
load. 應力) of,
P 50  103 N
 BC   1  159 MPa
A π( 2  20  103 ) 2 m 2
• From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is,
• σallow = 165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
Figure: Axial force represents the resultant adequate.
of distributed elementary forces.

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 Design
• Design of new structures requires selection
of appropriate materials and component
dimensions to meet performance
requirements.
• For reasons based on cost, weight,
availability, etc., the choice is made to
construct the rod from aluminum (σallow =
100 MPa).
• Yield strength (降伏強度) σYS = 240 MPa.
Figure: Boom used to support a 30-kN load. • What is an appropriate choice for the rod
diameter?
SI unit of stress: P P 50  103 N
 allow  A   500  106 m 2
A  allow 100  10 Pa
6
1 Pa = 1 Pascal = 1 N/m2
d2
1 MPa = 1 Mega Pascal = 1x106 N/m2 A
4
4  500  106 m 2 
US customary unit of stress:
4A
d   2.52  102 m  25.2 mm
1 psi = 1 lb/in2 = 6,894.75729 Pa  
1 ksi = 1 kilo-lb/in2 = 6.894 757 MPa • An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in
diameter is adequate. 8
 Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially

loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.

F P
Figure: Small area ΔA, at an arbitrary   lim  ave 
cross section point carries/axial ΔF in A  0 A A
this member.
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy

P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The actual distribution of stresses is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

Figure: Stress distributions at different

sections along axially loaded member. 9
 Stress on an Oblique Plane
• Pass a section through the member
forming an angle θ with the normal
plane.
• From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
• Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos , V  P sin 

• The average normal and shear stresses

on the oblique plane are,
F P cos P
Figure: Oblique section through a two-force member. (a)    cos 2 
Section plane made at an angle θ to the member normal plane,
A A0 cos A0
(b) Free-body diagram of left section with internal resultant V P sin  P
   sin  cos
force P. (c) Free-body diagram of resultant force resolved into
A A0 cos A0
components F and V along the section plane’s normal and
tangential directions, respectively. (d) Free-body diagram with
equivalent as normal stress, σ, and shearing stress, τ. 10
 Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique plane,

P P
σ cos 2  , τ  sin  cos 
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
σ max  , τ  0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,

P P
τ max  sin 45O cos 45O   σ
A0 2 A0

Figure: Selected stress results for axial loading. 11

 General State of Stress
The traction (曳力) applying on a plane is also called the stress vector, which
may be resolved into a component σn in the direction of unit normal n and
a component τs in the direction of s, where s is a unit tangential vector T
perpendicular to n so that τs s n
s
σ n  T  n, τ s  T  s σn n
where σn is called the normal stress, τs the
tangential stress.
Stress tensor (應力張量) associated with the coordinate planes S
The traction exerting on each coordinate Nyy
plane can be resolved into three components, σ y y  lim
 A 0  A
one oriented along the normal direction, the
other two oriented along two tangential z Syx
Syz σ y x  lim
 A 0  A
directions mutually perpendicular to each
other. Each stress component σ i j has two σ yz
Syz
subscripts (下標). The first one indicates the A σ y z  lim
 A 0  A
plane exerted by the stress, the second σyy
denotes its direction. The shear stresses σ yx
acting on two neighboring perpendicular x Syx Nyy y
faces are toward or away from the edge. 12
 Cartesian Components of Stress
Consider the x, y, and z axes passing
through the center of a cube. The six T( z )
faces of the cube are perpendicular to σzz
the three axes and are described by the
σzx σz y
normal unit vectors. For example, ±x, ±y,
and ±z planes. On the ±x face, that is, T( x ) σ xz σ yz T( y )
the face whose outward normal is the ±x
axis. σyy
The normal stress component acting on σ xx σxy σ yx
the positive x plane is σ xx , which is
always taken positive in tension. Two ez ,k
other tangential stress components are
named as σ x y and σ xz. The shear stress ey , j
component is positive if each direction is ex , i
toward the positive y or z direction. The
positive stress components acting on To avoid cluttering, the stress
the negative x, y or z face toward the components acting on the hidden
negative x, y, z direction. For example, (negative) faces are not shown.
σ (  x )(  x )  σ xx , σ (  z )(  x )  σ z x , etc.
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 z
Symmetry of Shear Stresses
z
x
 yx  xy
 M z  0 : ( xy  y z )x  ( yx  x z ) y  0 T( z )
σzz
z  xy   yx
σzx σz y
 xy  yx T( x ) σ xz σ yz T( y )
x y y
z σyy
σ xx σxy σ yx
x y
x
 zy  M x  0 : ( yz  x z ) y  ( zy  x y )z  0 3D stress state
 z  yz  yz  yz   zy
 zy
x y y
z

x  M y  0 : ( xz  y z )x  ( zx  x y )z  0
 zx  xz   zx
 z  xz  xz Shear stress components  i j   ji
Both are toward or outward the same edge.
 zx
x y y Balance of angular moment   i j   ji 14
 Simple Problem of Mechanics of Materials

Figure: A diving board as an

example of a deformable body.

Questions:
1. What weight W would cause the given diving boards to break, and where would
be the break occur?
2. What will happen if the diver is jumping from the diving board?
3. For a given diving board and given position of roller B, what is the relationship
between the tip deflection at C and the weight of the diver standing on the board
at C?
4. Would a tapered diving board be better than one of constant thickness? If so,
how should the thickness h vary from A to C?
5. Would a diving board made of fiberglass be preferable to one made of aluminum?
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 Various Structural Members
A cable (or wire) can resist tensile force through its centerline.
A truss member (or rod) can resist tensile or compressive force through its
centerline.
A torsional member (or shaft 軸) can
resist twisting moment or torque.
A beam (梁) is used to resist bending
moment and transverse force.
A frame (剛架) is a combination of
several straight beams and used to resist
axial forces, bending moment, and
transverse shear force.
Cable BC

This structure can resist a

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downward force applied at B.
 Support Reactions
Remarks

u A  0, v A  0

FA is tension for cable,

tension/compression for rod.

u A  0, v A  0

u A  0, v A  0,  z  0

u A  0, v A  0, wA  0
 x  0,  y  0,  z  0

u A  0, vA  0, wA  0
A
 x  0,  y  0,  z  0
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 Member Connections

Frictionless pinned connection can not resist rotation at C. Hence, M C  0 (no sum),
and uC1  uC2  ... , vC1  vC2  ... .

Rotation and displacements of every member at the rigid connection C must be the same,
C1  C2  , uC  uC  ... , vC  vC  ....
1 2 1 2

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