Scribd
Upload
38 views34 pages

Chapter III - Speaking Mathematically (Part I)

This document discusses key concepts in mathematics including language, symbols, variables, sets, relations and functions. It begins by defining language and its importance for communication. It then outlines common symbols used in mathematics such as numbers, operations, sets and variables. Key concepts about variables, sets and mathematical statements are explained. Sets can be finite or infinite and equal, equivalent, joint or disjoint. Variables allow representing unknown values and solving equations. Overall, the document provides an overview of foundational mathematical concepts and language.

Uploaded by

Kristine Castillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views34 pages

Chapter III - Speaking Mathematically (Part I)

This document discusses key concepts in mathematics including language, symbols, variables, sets, relations and functions. It begins by defining language and its importance for communication. It then outlines common symbols used in mathematics such as numbers, operations, sets and variables. Key concepts about variables, sets and mathematical statements are explained. Sets can be finite or infinite and equal, equivalent, joint or disjoint. Variables allow representing unknown values and solving equations. Overall, the document provides an overview of foundational mathematical concepts and language.

Uploaded by

Kristine Castillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Rizal Technological University

Module 3
Mathematics in
the Modern
World

Engr. Kristine Joy Castillo-Delos Santos


Speaking Mathematically
(Variables and the Language of
Sets, Relations and Functions)
Language

•Language is a systematic way of


communication with other people use of
sounds or conventions symbols.
Why Language is important?

• Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.


• The language of mathematics was designed:
ü numbers
ü perform operations
ü sets
ü functions
Common Symbols
used in Mathematics
• The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3 ... 9
• Operations: +, -, × , ÷
• Sets: ∩, ∪, ⊂, ⊃
• Variables: a, b, c, x and y
• Special symbols: =, <, >, ≤, ≥, �
• Logic symbols: ~, ^, v, →, ↔
• Set Notations: N, W, Z, Q, R, C
Common
Mathematics
Symbol
Variables
Variables

ü It is represented by a letter,
like x or y.
ü A symbol for a value we
don't know yet.
Advantage of Using
Variables
ü It allows you to give a
temporary name to what you
are seeking so that you can
p e r f o r m c o n c r e t e
computations with it to help
discover its possible values.
Example
Is there a number with the following property:

➤ Doubling it and adding 3 gives the same


result as squaring it?

2x + 3 = x²
Advantage of Using Variables

To illustrate the second use of variables,


consider the statement:

No matter what number might be chosen, "if it is


greater than 2, then its square is greater than 4.
Writing Sentences
Using Variables
ü Use variables to rewrite the
following sentences more
formally.
Are there numbers with the property that the sum of their
squares equals the square of their sum?

x² + y² = (x + y)²

ü Are there numbers x and y with the property x² + y² = (x + y)².


ü Are there numbers x and y such that x² + y² = (x + y)².
ü Do there exist any numbers x and y such that x2 + y2 = (x + y)².
Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements

• Universal Statement- says that a certain property is true for all


elements in a set. "For all"

Example: All positive numbers are greater than zero.


Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements

• Conditional Statement- says if one thing is true then some other


thing also has to be true. "If-then"

Example: If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6.


Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements

• Existential Statement- says that there is at least one thing for


which the property is true.

Example: There is a prime number that is even.


Language of Sets
Sets

A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.


• It usually represented by capital letters.
• The objects of a set are separated by commas. The objects that belong in a set are the
elements, or members of the set.
• It can be represented by listing its element between braces.
• A set is said to be well-defined if the elements in a set are specifically listed.

EXAMPLES:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
Notation

§ If S is a set, the notation


ü x ∈ S means that x is an element of S
ü x ∉ S means that x is not an element of S
Notation

§ A variation of notation is used to describe a very large set.


ü {1, 2, 3,..., 100} refer to set of all integers from 1 to 100.
ü {1, 2, 3,...} refer to set of all positive integers.

ü The symbol ... is called an ellipses and is read "and so forth".


Using the Set -
Roster Notation
• A set may be specified using the set-
roster notation by writing all
elements between braces.
Using the Set -
Roster Notation
• Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 1, 2), and
C = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3).

What are the element of A, B, and C?


How are A, B, and C related?
• Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 1, 2), and
C = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3).
What are the element of A, B, and C?
How are A, B, and C related?

Answer:
A, B, C have exactly the same three
elements, 1, 2, 3. Therefore A, B, and C
are simply represented in different ways.
Using the Set -
Roster Notation
• Example:
Is {0} = 0?

Answer:
{0} ≠ 0 because {0} is a set with one
element, namely 0, whereas 0 is just the
symbol that represents the number zero.
Using the Set -
Roster Notation
• Example:
How many elements are in the set {1,
{1}}?

Answer:
The set {1, {1}} has two elements: 1 and
the set whose only element is 1.
Definitions Regarding Sets

A set is finite if the number of elements is countable.

EXAMPLES:
A = {even numbers less than 10}
B = {days in a week}
Definitions Regarding Sets

A set is infinite if the numbers of elements cannot be counted.

EXAMPLES:
A = {even numbers greater than 20}
B = {odd numbers}
C= {stars in the sky}
Equal and Equivalent
Sets
ü Equal sets are set with exactly the
same elements and cardinality.

Example:
A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {r, a, c, e}
Equal and Equivalent
Sets
ü Equivalent sets are set with the same
number of elements or cardinality.

Example:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Joint and Disjoint
Sets
ü Jo i nt set s a re set wi t h c o m m o n
elements (intersection).

Example:
A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {b, e, a, r, s}
Joint Sets

Example:
A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {b, e, a, r, s} a,
c, a, r, e r, b, e, a, r, s
e
Joint and Disjoint
Sets
ü Disjoint sets are set with no common
elements.

Example:
A = {a, b, c)
B = {e, f, g}
Disjoint Sets

Example:
A = {a, b, c)
B = {e, f, g}
a, b, c e, f, g
Let’s Talk!
E-mail
[email protected]

Mobile Number
+63 950 593 7357

Consultation Hours
M-W-F
6:00pm - 07:30pm

You might also like