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15 views13 pages

Sec 5.1

Uploaded by

josef deu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Antiderivatives and

5.1
Indefinite Integration

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


Antiderivatives
To find a function F whose derivative is f(x) = 3x2, you
might use your knowledge of derivatives to conclude that

The function F is an antiderivative of f.

2
Antiderivatives
Note that F is called an antiderivative of f rather than the
antiderivative of f. To see why, observe that

are all derivatives of f(x) = 3x2. In fact, for any constant C,


the function F(x)= x3 + C is an antiderivative of f.

3
Antiderivatives
Using Theorem 5.1, you can represent the entire family of
antiderivatives of a function by adding a constant to a known
antiderivative.

For example, knowing that


Dx [x2] = 2x
you can represent the family of all antiderivatives of f(x) = 2x
by
G(x) = x2 + C Family of all antiderivatives of f(x) = 2x

where C is a constant. The constant C is called the constant


of integration.
4
Antiderivatives
The family of functions represented by G is the general
antiderivative of f, and G(x) = x2 + C is the general
solution of the differential equation
G'(x) = 2x. Differential equation

A differential equation in x and y is an equation that


involves x, y, and derivatives of y.

For instance, y' = 3x and y' = x2 + 1 are examples of


differential equations.

5
Antiderivatives
The general solution is denoted by

The expression ∫f(x)dx is read as the antiderivative of f with


respect to x. So, the differential dx serves to identify x as
the variable of integration. The term indefinite integral is a
synonym for antiderivative.
6
Basic Integration Rules

7
Basic Integration Rules
The inverse nature of integration and differentiation can be
verified by substituting F'(x) for f(x) in the indefinite
integration definition to obtain

Moreover, if ∫f(x)dx = F(x) + C, then

8
Basic Integration Rules
These two equations allow you to obtain integration
formulas directly from differentiation formulas, as shown in
the following summary.

9
Basic Integration Rules cont’d

10
Basic Integration Rules cont’d

11
Example 2 – Describing Antiderivatives

The antiderivatives of 3x are of the form where C


is any constant.
12
Basic Integration Rules
In Example 2, note that the general pattern of integration is
similar to that of differentiation.

13

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