THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF UGANDA AT KAMPALA

CRIMINAL APPEAL NUMBER 0146 OF 2009
(An appeal from conviction and sentence of the High Court Holden at Kampala
5 before Hon. Justice J.W Kwesiga dated 24th day of June 2009)
NO.652 S.P.C MAGARA RAMADHAN::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
APPLICANT
VERSUS
UGANDA :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :RESPO
10 NDEDNT
CORAM:
HON. MR. JUSTICE RUBBY AWERI OPIO, JA
HON. LADY JUSTICE SOLOMY BALUNGI BOSSA, JA
HON. MR. JUSTICE KENNETH KAKURU, JA
15

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT

This is an appeal from conviction and sentence of the High Court of Uganda
Holden at Kampala, before His Lordship The Hon. Mr. Justice J.W Kwesiga J
dated 24th June 2009.
20 The appellant who was a Special Police Constable was indicted on two counts of
murder contrary to Sections 188 and 189 of the Penal Code Act and one count of
attempted murder contrary to Section 20 (4) (a) of the Penal Code Act.
It was the prosecution’s case that on 5th February 2006 at Bulange in Rubaga
Division, Kampala District the appellant unlawfully caused the death of one
25 Vincent Kavuma with malice aforethought. On count two that the appellant on the
same day at the same place caused the unlawful death of one Gideon Makabayi
with malice aforethought. And on count three that the appellant on the same day
and at the same place by shooting attempted to unlawfully cause the death of
Haruna Byamukama.

1
 The accused denied the charges. At the trial, the prosecution called 9 witnesses and
produced 12 exhibits to prove its case.
The accused who did not take oath gave evidence and called two witnesses in his
defence.
5 The two assessors’ opinion was that prosecution had proved the offence of murder
on counts 1 and 2 and attempted murder on count 3. They advised Court to convict
the appellant accordingly.
The learned trial Judge disagreeing with the assessors found that malice
aforethought had not been proved on counts 1 and 2. Accordingly he convicted the
10 appellant of a lesser offence of manslaughter. The learned trial Judge also found
that malice aforethought had not been proved specifically in respect of count 3. He
acquitted the appellant of the offence of attempted murder on that count.
He sentenced the appellant to 7 years’ imprisonment of each count and directed the
sentences to run consecutively hence this appeal.
15 The appellant’s memorandum of appeal sets out 3 grounds as follows;-
1. That the learned Judge erred in law and fact when he failed to
properly evaluate the evidence thus arriving at a wrong decision
occasioning miscarriage of justice;
2. That the learned Judge erred in law and fact on assessment,
20 interpretation and application of the law on contradictions and
inconsistencies thus arriving at a wrong decision occasioning
miscarriage of justice;
3. That the learned Judge erred in law when he imposed
CONSEQUTIVE sentence thus occasioning miscarriage of justice.
25 In the alternative and without prejudice to the above grounds the appellant stated in
his memorandum of appeal that:-
“The learned trial Judge erred in law and in fact when
he convicted the appellant of manslaughter rather the
rash and negligent act.”
30 This was an alternative ground.

2
 At the hearing of this appeal Mr. Ducan Ondimu appeared for the appellant while
Ms. Barbara Masinde appeared for the respondent.
Mr. Ondimu argued the grounds as set out in the memorandum of appeal.
We must state from the outset that ground one offends the provision of Rule 86 of
5 the rules of this Court which provides as follows;
86(1) “A memorandum of appeal shall set forth concisely and
under distinct heads, without argument or narrative, the
grounds of objection to the decision appealed against,
specifying the points which are alleged to have been
10 wrongly decided, and the nature of the order which
it is proposed to ask the Court to make” (Emphasis added)

Ground 1 of the memorandum of appeal is too general and it does not

“Specify the points which are alleged to have been wrongly decided”.
15
These kinds of pleadings seem to be fishing expeditions by advocates who just cast
a wide net hoping that something will come up. This is the specific mischief that
rules 86 above is intended to remedy.

20 Secondly Rule 30 of the Rules of this Court grants power and a duty to
this Court as a first appellate Court to reappraise all the evidence and
draw its own conclusions. This rule therefore renders ground one
superfluous and redundant.

25 We would accordingly strike it out.

See;- (Edward Katumba Byaruhanga versus Daniel Kyewalabye Musoke Court of
Appeal Civil Appeal No. 2 of 1998.)
As already stated above Rule 30 (I) of the Rules of this Court stipulates that on any
appeal from a decision of the High Court acting in exercise of its original
30 jurisdiction this Court may reappraise the evidence and draw its own inferences of
fact.
The Supreme Court in Kifamunte Henry versus Uganda (Criminal appeal No. 10 of
1997) held as follows;-
“we agree that on first appeal from a conviction by a Judge the appellant is
35 entitled to have the appellate Court’s own decision thereon. The first

3
 appellate court has a duty to review the evidence of the case and to
reconsider the materials before the trial Judge. The appellate court must
make up its own mind not disregarding the judgment appealed from but
carefully weighing and considering it when the question arises as to which
5 witness should be believed rather than another and that question turns on
manner and demeanor the appellate court must be guided by the
impressions made on the Judge who saw the witnesses”
Notwithstanding the fact that we have struck out ground one of the memorandum
of appeal, this Court shall proceed to reappraise the evidence and come to its own
10 conclusion as the law requires. This in effect would cover the issues ground one
had intended to cover.
Mr. Ondimu learned counsel from the appellant, put up a spirited fight for his
client. He urged strongly and at times emotionally that the learned trial Judge erred
when he believed the prosecution evidence and rejected the evidence of the
15 defence witnesses.
He submitted that they could have been more than one gun at the scene which was
a political rally with a huge rowdy and excited crowd. Since the rally was to be
addressed by one of the Presidential candidates in the 2006 Presidential elections
and since Presidential candidates are provided with armed security by the State,
20 there is a possibility, he argued that the bullets that hit the two deceased persons
and injured the third could have been fired from other guns other than that of the
appellant.
He argued that this is supported by the evidence of Pw 1 a ballistic expert who
testified that she could not conclusively state that the cartridges recovered from
25 the scene of crime were fired from the appellant’s gun.
Counsel also urged that Pw5’s testimony should never has been believed by the
trial Judge.
Pw5 had testified that he knew the appellant well. He saw him at the scene of
crime. That he had talked to the appellant and convinced him to go back to his car
30 which had apparently been blocked by the crowd. He had urged him to go back
and not to try to proceed through the crowd. The appellant accepted and to returned
to his car. As soon as he had returned to his car someone in the crowd smashed his
car’s windshield with a stone. Whereupon, the appellant emerged from the car

4
 again, with his gun and fired in the air. The witness then took cover on the ground
about 15 metres away from the appellant. The appellant then fired into the crowd.
Counsel argued that the conditions and circumstances prevailing at the scene at
that particular moment were not favourable for correct identification. That the
5 witnesses could not have ascertained that it was the appellant who had fired into
the crowd.
In his Judgment, the learned trial Judge was at all times alive to the fact that
prosecution was under duty to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt. He cited
Woolmington versus DPP. (1935) AC at P. 481 which cites the position of the
10 law as follows;-
“Therefore even if the accused puts up an incredible story as
long as the Court is of the view that his story might reasonably
be true, the accused person would be entitled to an acquittal ”
15 The learned Judge considered the evidence as a whole. PW 5 was an eye witness.
He was at the scene of crime. He saw the appellant, he had talked to him. He saw
him shoot in the air and in the crowd from a distance of 15 metres. This evidence
was never contradicted, in fact it was strengthened during cross examination.
PW7 testified that the appellant had received and signed for the gun that was
20 recovered from him after the incident. He had signed for 30 rounds of ammunition.
At the time it was recovered from him, 14 rounds of ammunition were missing. 16
rounds of live ammunition were recovered from the appellant unspent together
with the gun.
14 spent cartridges were recovered from the screen of crime. Although no evidence
25 was provided to prove that the said cartridges were fired from the gun that was
issued to the appellant, the cartridges recovered were capable of being fired from
the gun that the appellant had signed for, an AK 47 Assault Rifle.
There was no plausible explanation from the appellant as to what happened to the
14 rounds of ammunition missing from his gun. The gun was recovered from the
30 appellant with 16 live rounds of ammunition, these together with the 14 spent
cartridges recovered from the scene make a total of 30 rounds of ammunition
issued to the appellant.
The incident took place in broad day light. PW 5 testified in cross examination that
he was able to see the appellant who was 15 metres away. He further stated that “I
35 was able to see the accused person even if I had taken cover”
5
 We find that the learned trial Judge properly evaluated the evidence and came to
the correct conclusion as to the participation of the appellant in the commission of
the offences he was convicted of.
The defence story is unbelievable and we find that the learned trial Judge was right
5 when he rejected it.
We find no serious contradictions in the prosecution evidence as contended by
counsel for the appellant. On the other hand we find that the prosecution evidence
was strong, credible and consistent.
Grounds two must therefore fail.
10 On ground 3, it was argued for the appellant that the learned trial Judge erred in
law when he imposed consecutive sentences and thus occasioned a miscarriage of
justice.
Mr. Ondimu learned counsel for the appellant cited the case of R versus Sowedi
Mukasa (1946) 13 EACA and R versus Fulabhai Patel 13 EACA which he
15 contended to, establish the proposition that as a general rule of practice in cases
where a person has been charged and convicted on two counts involving the same
transaction, it is for Court to direct that sentences should run concurrently. We
agree entirely with the above proposition of the law as submitted by learned
counsel for the appellant.
20 We have had the opportunity of reading the said authorities and we are grateful to
counsel for having provided them to us.
However, nothing suggests in the above cited cases or elsewhere in the law that a
Judge cannot direct that sentences run consecutively even where the conviction is
on two or more counts involving the same transaction.
25 In the case of Sowedi Mukasa s/o Abdulla Aligawaisa (Supra) Sir Joseph
Sheridan C.J had this to say;-
“The practice in cases where a person has been charged with and convicted
on two counts involving the same transaction, one for burglary or
housebreaking and one for stealing has been to direct the sentences to run
30 concurrently. In the present case the accused, a person with a long list of
previous convictions, was found guilty on two counts, one for burglary and
one for stealing, and sentenced to consecutive sentences of 7 years on each
count. While we recognize that the accused is a hardened criminal deserving
6
 of a severe sentence, our view is that where, as here, both offences have
been committed at the same time and in the same transaction, the practice
referred to should be adhered to save in very exceptional circumstances,
where, for instance, a person breaks and enters a house and commits the
5 felony of rape therein where an order that the sentences on both counts
might be directed to run consecutively. In this case we increase the sentence
on the charge of burglary to 10 years, allow the sentence for theft 7 years to
stand, and direct that sentences shall run concurrently”
In the particular case the sentence on the charge of burglary was increased from 7
10 to 10 years and the sentence of 7 years for theft was allowed to stand.
We are inclined to think that a sentence of a total term of imprisonment for 14
years in the above case for burglary and theft was harsh and excessive and that the
Court interfered with the sentence on that account. Courts are required to consider
the total length of time a convicted person would have to spend in prison.
15 The Court in the Sowedi Mukasa case (Supra) did not specifically state that the
directive of the trial of Court to have the sentences to run consecutively was illegal
or unlawful. We think that the Judgment in that case is to the effect that the
sentences running consecutively were harsh and excessive. In any case Sowedi
was emphasizing a rule of practice and not a rule of law.
20 On the other hand, our understanding of Section 2 of the Trial On Indictments Act
(Cap 23) (T.I.A) is that the general rule is for the High Court to impose
consecutive sentences and directing sentences to run concurrently is the exception.
Section 2 of the said Act stipulates as follows;-
“Sentencing powers of the High Court
25 1. The High Court may pass any lawful sentence combining any of the
sentences which it is authorised by law to pass.

2. When a person is convicted at one trial of two or more distinct

offences, the High Court may sentence him or her for those offences to
30 the several punishments prescribed for them which the Court is
competent to impose, those punishments, when consisting of
imprisonment, to commence the one after the expiration of the
other, in such order as the Court may direct, unless the court directs
that the punishments shall run concurrently. (Emphasis added)

7
 3. For the purposes of appeal, the aggregate of consecutive sentences
imposed under this section, in the case of convictions for several
offences at one trial, shall be deemed to be a single sentence.”

5 For the purpose of an appeal before this Court, sub section 3 above clarifies the
matter by stipulating that “convictions for several offences at one trial, shall be
deemed to be a single sentence”
It seems therefore, that for the purposes of an appeal this Court is not concerned
with whether or not the sentences are concurrent or consecutive. It is concerned
10 with the aggregate of the sentences, in which case this court would consider
whether or not the aggregate sentence is harsh and excessive.
We have already stated that the reading of Section 2(2) of the Trial on Indictments
Act (Supra) suggests that the general rule is to impose consecutive sentences.
Accordingly this overrides the decision in Sowedi Mukasa (Supra) which suggests
15 that the practice should be to impose concurrent sentences. The doctrine of stare
decisis requires that statutory provisions take precedence over case law. We are
therefore bound to follow the Trial on Indictments Act. In any event, it was
enacted much later, the said Sowedi Mukasa (Supra) case having been decided on
13th November, 1946 and the T.I.A having come into force on 6th August, 1971.
20 Be that as it may, we have found no contradiction that is fundamental between the
T.I.A and the case law cited, since sentencing is discretion of the trial Judge and
can only be interfered with in limited circumstances. These circumstances were set
out by the Supreme Court. The principle to be followed by this Court before
interfering with a sentence imposed by the High Court was set out by the Court of
25 Appeal For Eastern Africa in James S/O Yoram versus Rex (1950)18 EACA at
P. 147 and was retaliated in Ogalo S/O Owoura versus R (1954) 24 EACA 270.
This principle has been followed ever since. The Supreme Court in Kiwalabye
versus Uganda (Criminal Appeal No. 143 of 2001) set it out as follows;-
“The appellate court is not to interfere with sentence imposed by a trial
30 court which has exercised its discretion on sentence unless the exercise of
the desecration is such that it results in the sentence imposed to be
manifestly excessive or so low as to amount to a miscarriage of justice or
where the a trial court ignores to consider an important matter or
circumstances which ought to be considered when passing the sentence or
35 where the sentence imposed is wrong in principle”

8
 We have found that the learned trial Judge exercised his discretion properly. He
did not act on any wrong principle as suggested by counsel for the appellant. He
had the discretion to direct that sentences run concurrently or and consecutively
and he exercised it by choosing the latter.
5 We also found that the aggregate sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment for
manslaughter is neither a harsh nor excessive.
Even if we had found that the trial Judge had erred in departing from the practice
of directing that the sentences run concurrently, we would still not have interfered
with the sentence, unless it had occasioned a miscarriage of justice. See;-
10 Kifamunte versus Uganda (Supra)
In this particular case it is our finding that a sentence of 14 years’ imprisonment on
a conviction of two counts of manslaughter occasioned no miscarriage of justice.
This ground also fails.
It was submitted for the appellant in the alternative that Court ought to have
15 convicted the appellant of a lesser offence of a Rash and negligent Act.
This matter does not seem to have been raised at the trial. We do not think it was
open to the appellant to raise it on appeal.
However, considering the circumstances of this case, the appellant having been
indicted on two accounts of murder and one count of attempted murder and the
20 Judge having convicted him of manslaughter and acquitted him on attempted
murder, we find no reason to fault the learned trial Judge in this regard.
We agree with decision cited by learned counsel Mr. Ondimu R versus Church
(1965) 2 ALL ER 72 whereby it was observed as follows;-
“ For a verdict of manslaughter inexorably to follow from an unlawful act
25 causing death , the act must be such as all sober and reasonable people
would inevitably recognise must subject the other person to, at least, the
risk of the some harm resulting therefrom albeit not serious harm”
We find that the appellant having acted in the manner that he did and his actions
having resulted in death of two people, the Judge correctly convicted him of
30 manslaughter.
We find no merit in the alternative ground of appeal and we accordingly dismiss it.
In the result this appeal fails and is hereby dismissed.

9
 The conviction and sentence imposed by the High Court are hereby confirmed.
Dated at Kampala this22nd ….day of January 2014.
……………………………………………………..
HON. MR. JUSTICE RUBBY AWERI OPIO
5 JUSTICE OF APPEAL

…………………………………………………………..
HON. LADY JUSTICE SOLOMY BALUNGI BOSSA
JUSTICE OF APPEAL
10

……………………………………………………………
HON. MR. JUSTICE KENNETH KAKURU
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

10