For instructional purpose st Semester SY 2020-2021 3

Lesson 1.1: Mathematics in Our World

Lesson Summary
This lesson talks about how mathematics began and applied in real life.
Various topics are included in this, such as mathematics in counting, different
patterns, the Fibonacci sequence, and the golden ratio.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
1. Define mathematics,
2. Articulate the importance of mathematics in one's life,
3. Determine the applications of the golden ratio in arts and architecture,

Motivation Question
What will happen to our world if mathematics does not exist?

Discussion

Mathematics in counting

Mathematics was
around since the beginning of
time, and it presumably started
with counting. People at a
young age indulge in counting
various quantities. The primary
property of counting is so
fundamental to our perception
of the quantity that it is
seldom articulated expressly.
Figure 1. Counting The essence of counting is to
(Image retrieved from: assign a numeric value to a
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/rabbis-without- collection of objects, and what
borders/counting-for-a-heart-of-wisdom/) makes it possible? The fact
that a specific value exists.
Moreover, this primitive activity results in the concepts of numbers, numerals,
and the four fundamental operations and their properties (Hengania, et al.,
2018).

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 4 Math11n: Mathematics in the Modern World

Mathematics as a study of patterns

Studying patterns provided an opportunity for people to observe,

hypothesize, experiment, discover, and create. By understanding its
regularities based on data gathered, one can predict what comes next. "Study
of pattern integrates both the strands of mathematics and a variety of
curricular areas. We can use and extend skills and knowledge of number,
measurement, geometry, data collection and statistics, probability, and
algebraic thinking. It allows us to bring together mathematics with music,
visual art and craft, vocabulary building, creative writing and verbal
communication, social studies, science and environmental studies, talent and
technology" (Buchanan, 2011)
The following are examples of different patterns:
1. Logical Patterns. "Young children usually first look at logic patterns.
After all, making categories and doing classification comes before
numeration. We must be able to tell which things are blocks before we
can learn to count blocks. One kind of logic pattern deals with the
characteristics of various objects. Another kind deals with an order:
there is a sequence of objects and a pattern in the attributes the
objects possess" (Annenberg Foundation, 2017). Commonly used
patterns which include classification, partition, chronology,
cause/effect, problem/solution, if/then, and evaluation. As the term
"logic" implies, we use these patterns to think. (Hengania, et al., 2018).
Examples:
Try to solve the following logic patterns.
a.

b.

Adapted from: (Logical Reasoning, 2020)

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Answers to the examples:

a. In this case, there are two rules. The first is that the largest shape
must be grey, and the second is that the bottom shape must be
black. The odd one out is, therefore, C, as the bottom shape is
stripy and not black.
b. This type of question requires us to look at the patterns in the
squares and understand their relationship to one another, to
identify the missing square. There are three rules to spot in this
question. Firstly, there is a relative positional rule: the position of
the black square corresponds to the square holds within the
diagram. Secondly, there is a movement rule, in that the circle
moves around the boxes in a clockwise position. Finally, the
arrows in the first and third columns are reflections of one
another. The correct answer is, therefore, C. (Logical Reasoning,
2020)
2. Geometric Patterns. A geometric pattern may be a design or motif
depicting abstract, nonrepresentational shapes like lines, circles,
ellipses, triangles, rectangles, and polygons. Geometric patterns
encompass a series of forms. These patterns are the same as the
number pattern from the fact that it follows a certain rule. (Hengania,
et al., 2018)
Example:
What will come next?

Answer:
If we observe from the example above, we can see that the figures are like
mirrored numbers. Thus, the next figure would be

3. Number Patterns. Numbers are everywhere, especially on day by day

basis. In real life, while dealing with numbers, we often find different
number patterns. A number pattern is an arrangement of numbers in
such a way that it follows a particular property or pattern. This pattern
is said to be a numeric pattern. (Hengania, et al., 2018)
Examples:
Find the missing terms.
a.
b. 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, ____, ____, 31, ____....
c.
d.
e.
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 6 Math11n: Mathematics in the Modern World

f. 2 * 3 = 15
3 * 4 = 28
4 * 5 = 45
6*2=?
Answers:
a. If we get the difference of each term, the answers would be 3, 5,
and 7, respectively, of the first four terms. Thus, the pattern is to
add an odd number starting from three. So, the answer would be
26, 50, 82, 101, and 122.
b. The answers are 9, 17, and 57. The pattern is adding up the
previous three numbers.
c. Each letter represents the initial of the following numbers: 5, 10,
15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and so on. Thus, the answers are T, T, F, and F,
respectively.
d. This example has the same concept with "c," but the numbers
involved are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on. Thus, E, N, and E are the
answers.
e. The pattern in this example is simply the cube of the counting
numbers: 13, 23, 33
respectively.
f. The answer is 16 because the pattern is adding the two terms and
multiplying the sum by the second term. That is, (2+3)(3)=15,
(3+4)(4)=28, (4+5)(5)=45 then (6+2)(2)=16.
4. Word Patterns. Patterns can be in language too! "The metrical
patterns of poems and the syntactic patterns of how we make nouns
plural or verbs past tense are both word patterns, and each supports
mathematical as well as natural language understanding. It is not
about how to communicate in mathematics; rather, it is about patterns
in form and in syntax, which lead directly to learning about language in
general and about machine communication in particular". (Annenberg
Foundation, 2017).

Mathematics in nature

From rainbows, the river meanders, and shadows to spider webs,

honeycombs, and also the markings on animal coats, the visible world is filled
with patterns that may describe mathematically. Such readily observable
phenomena suggest that the wonder of nature is revealing mathematics, and
also, the great thing about mathematics; it's shown in our surroundings.
(Adam, 2011)
One particular application of mathematics in nature is the sequence 1,

found in many natural patterns such as pineapples, sunflowers, nautilus, and

pine cones. (Hengania, et al., 2018)

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But how did the Fibonacci sequence discovered? The third section of
the book "Liber abaci," written by Fibonacci in the year 1202, describes a
challenging problem, which is now generally denoted as "The Rabbit
Problem." This problem led to the introduction of the Fibonacci numbers and
the Fibonacci sequence, mainly the reason why Fibonacci is very known and
remembered today.

Figure 2 Fibonacci numbers inbreeding process of rabbits

(Image retrieved from: http://centerofmathematics.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-

fibonaci-sequence-and-the-golden-ratio.html)
Fibonacci hypothesized the breeding process of rabbits. It continues
every month, and each rabbit pair produces a mixed pair of baby rabbits who
mature the next month. The number of rabbits in a month is equal to the total
pairs in the previous month. In mathematical terms, this sequence could
extend indefinitely. The Fibonacci sequence is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55,
and so on. It is imperative to understand the differences between the
Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio, which is the golden ratio derived
from the Fibonacci numbers.
Table 1: Derivation of Phi

The Golden Proportion, a mathematical ratio, epitomizes beauty,

congruence, and balance in physical form. It is derived by expressing ratio
using a line segment where the ratio of the whole segment to the longer
segment is equal to the ratio of the longer segment to the shorter segment,
as depicted in Figure 3. Mathematically, the precise value of this ratio is
expressed as 1.6180339887..., an interminable number that goes to infinity.
(Katyal, Gupta, Gulati, & Jain, 2019)

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 8 Math11n: Mathematics in the Modern World

Figure 6: Line Diagram

(Image retrieved from:

http://centerofmathematics.blogspo
t.com/2019/10/the-fibonaci-
sequence-and-the-golden-ratio.html)

The "Rabbit Problem" leads the Fibonacci numbers to have a deep

connection with nature; one particular example is the flower petals. White
calla lily has one, Euphorbia contains two, trillium contains three, Columbine
contains five petals, Bloodroot contains eight, Black-eyed Susan contains 13,
Shasta daisy 21, Field daisies have 34, and the other types of daisies contain
55 and 89 petals, respectively.

White Calla Lily Euphorbia Trillium Columbine

Bloodroot Black-eyed Susan Shasta Daisy Field Daisies

Figure 4: Flower petals

(Image retrieved from: https://momath.org/home/fibonacci-numbers-of-sunflower-seed-

spirals/)

The sunflower seed also conveys the Fibonacci sequence. The

patterns of two spirals go in opposing directions (clockwise and
counterclockwise); these numbers are consecutive and usually contain 34
and 55 seeds. The numbers 34 and 55 are successive in the Fibonacci
sequence.

Figure 8: Fibonacci spirals on sunflower

(Image retrieved from: https://momath.org/home/fibonacci-numbers-of-sunflower-seed-

spirals/)

Pineapples have spirals formed by their hexagonal nubs. The nubs on

many pineapples form five and eight spirals or eight and 13 spirals that rotate
diagonally upward to the right depending on the size of the pineapple. The
numbers five, eight, and 13 are the Fibonacci numbers. Same in the case of
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pine cones, which contain spirals from the center, have five and eight arms or
eight and 13 arms, depending on the size, which again two sequential
Fibonacci numbers. (Sirug, 2018)

Figure 10: Fibonacci on pine cones and pineapples.

(Images retrieved from:

https://www.jesuitroundup.org/news/academics/math/1123-go-fibonacci-day-at-
jesuit/)

Mathematics in real applications

Mathematics is in every people's daily task or activity. It is an essential

tool in many fields, including scientific discipline, engineering, medicine,
finance, and other sociologies. It also serves as the scaffolds for everything,
especially in our daily lives that include the invention of mobile devices,
planning in architecture, designs in art, accounting monies, building
infrastructures, and even sports. Mathematics helps in making the world a
better place to live.

Learning Tasks/Activities
I. Observe the surroundings; list at least five objects where the
Fibonacci numbers are applicable. Then take a picture of each and
explain to why it is an example of the Fibonacci sequence. Write the
answers in the short-sized bond paper.
II. In a short-sized bond paper, make an essay consisting of 200 to 300
words answering the question: "How is mathematics applied in your
field of studies?"
III. Paste a one by one picture on the upper right corner of a ½ index card.
Copy the following details and measure each part from a to l using a
ruler in centimeters. Make sure that the measurements are accurate
to avoid errors. You can let other people help you in measuring your
face. Refer to the picture provided in identifying how to measure each
part. After that, solve for the ratios as given below and discover your
beauty is close enough to perfection (perfect face has the ratio
1.61803).

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 10 Math11n: Mathematics in the Modern World

Adapted from: (Goodstein, 2017)

Assessment
I. In your own understanding, what is mathematics?
Show your answers by creating a POSTER using a ¼ size cartolina.
Let someone take a photo of you while you are making the poster and
then another photo of you holding your finished product. Once you are
done, take a photo or scan (if available) of your poster.
II. Find the pattern and provide the missing terms in the following. Write
your answer on the blank.
a.
b.
c.
d. Monday = 621 Friday = 625
Tuesday = 732 Saturday = 836
Wednesday = 933 Sunday = _____
Thursday = 824
Present the solution.
e. 2 * 3 = 7 4 * 5 = 13
3 * 4 = 10 8 * 4 = ___
Present the solution.
f. 5 * 4 = 17 2 * 8 = 10
6 * 8 = 22 9 * 6 = ___
Present the solution.
g. 4 * 1 = 20 6 * 2 = 48
0*3=0 2 * 7 = ___
Present the solution.

Instructions on how to submit student output

Refer to the course policies and course content plan.

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