R, L and C Elements and the

Impedance Concept
Engr. Safee Ullah
Lecturer, Electrical Engineering Department
EE-220 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan
 1. Introduction
 To analyze ac circuits in the time domain using voltages and
currents expresses as functions of time is not very practical.
 It is more practical to:
 Express voltages and currents as phasors.
 Circuit elements as impedances.
 Represent them using complex numbers.
 With this, ac circuit analysis is handled much like dc circuit
analysis, and all basic relationships and theorems (i.e., KVL,
KCL ,Mesh Analysis etc-apply).

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 2. Complex Number Review
 A complex number has the form:
 C= a + jb, where j = (mathematics uses i to represent
imaginary numbers)
 a is the real part
 jb is the imaginary part

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 Complex Number Review continue…
 Complex number
 May be represented geometrically, either in rectangular form or in
polar form on a two-dimensional plane called the complex
plane.
 The complex number C= 6 + j8 is
represented geometrically in rectangular
form

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 Complex Number Review continue…
 May also be represented in polar form by magnitude and angle.
 The complex number C = 1053.13 0 has
a magnitude of 10 and angle 53.13 0
 The complex number C = 1053.13 0 is
represented geometrically in Polar
form

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Complex Number Review continue…
 Conversion between Rectangular and Polar forms
 C = a + jb (rectangular form)
 C = C (polar form)

a = C cos 
b = C sin 
C = a2 + b2
−1 b
 = tan
a

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 Complex Number Review continue…
 j0=1
 j1=j
 j 2 = -1
 j 3 = j 2 j = -j
 j 4 = j 2 j 2 = (-1)(-1) = 1
 (-j) j = 1
 1/j = 1/j x j/j = j/ j 2 = -j

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 Complex Number Review continue…
 Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
 Addition and subtraction of complex numbers can be
performed analytically (rectangular form) and graphically
(polar form)
 Analytically, add real and imaginary parts separately and same
procedure for subtraction.
 Graphically add vectorially , for subtraction change the sign of
the subtrahend and then add.

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 Example

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 Complex Number Review continue…
 Multiplication and Division of Complex Numbers
 Multiplication and division operations are usually performed in
polar form
 For Multiplication

 For Division

 The reciprocal of a complex number C= C is

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 3.Voltages and Currents as Complex
Numbers
 AC voltages and currents can be represented as phasors
 Phasors have magnitude and angle
 Can be viewed as complex numbers

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 Voltages and Currents as Complex
Numbers continue…
 A voltage given as e(t) = 200 sin (t + 40°)
 Can be represented by its phasor equivalent, E = 20040°
 RMS value is used in phasor form so that power calculations
are correct
 20040° = voltage of 200 volts rms or effective at an angle of 40°
 20040° = Veff40° = 0.707Vm40°= 0.707(200)40°
 Above voltage would be written as 141.440°

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 Voltages and Currents as Complex
Numbers continue…
 We can represent a (time-varying ) source by its phasor
equivalent from the start
 Quantities expressed as time functions are said to be in the
time domain, while quantities expressed as phasors are said
to be in the phasor (or frequency) domain.
 Phasor representation contains information we need except
for angular velocity

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 Voltages and Currents as Complex
Numbers continue…
 By doing this, we have transformed from the time domain to
the phasor domain
 KVL and KCL
 Apply in both time domain and phasor domain
 e= v1+v2(Time domain)
 E= V1+V2(Phasor domain)
 Similarly for currents.

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3.1 Summing AC Voltages and Currents
 Sinusoidal quantities must sometimes be added or subtracted.
 For example the sum of e1 and e2 can be found by adding two
voltage waveforms point by point to get the resultant voltage
waveform.
 But adding or subtracting waveforms in time domain is very
tedious and provides no analytical expression for resulting
voltage.

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 Summing AC Voltages and Currents continue…

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Summing AC Voltages and Currents continue…
 A better way is to transform the sources.
 Replace voltages or currents with their phasor equivalents
 Add them as complex numbers
 Once waveforms are added
 Corresponding time equation of resultant waveform can be
determined

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 Example

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 Example continue…

 Refer to slide no 6 ( for equations) in order to solve this

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 Important Notes
 Until now, we have used peak values such as Vm and Im to
represent the magnitudes of phasor voltages and currents.
 It is more common to write them as RMS values
 To add or subtract sinusoidal voltages or currents
 Convert to phasor form, add or subtract, then convert back to
sinusoidal form
 Quantities expressed as phasors
 Are in phasor domain or frequency domain

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 Example

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 4. R,L, and C Circuits with Sinusoidal
Excitation
 R, L, and C circuit elements
 Have different electrical properties
 Differences result in different voltage-current relationships
 When a circuit is connected to a sinusoidal source
 All currents and voltages will be sinusoidal
 These sine waves will have the same frequency (and therefore
same time period) as the source
 Only difference is their magnitudes and angles

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 4.1 Resistance and Sinusoidal AC
 In a purely resistive circuit
 Ohm’s Law applies
 Current is proportional to the voltage
 Current variations follow voltage variations.
 For a purely resistive circuit, current and voltage are in phase.

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 Resistance and Sinusoidal AC continue…
 The relationship illustrated in figure (previous slide) may be
stated mathematically as

 The in-phase relationship is true regardless of reference.

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 Example

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 4.2 Inductance and Sinusoidal AC
 Phase lag in an Inductive Circuit
 For an ideal inductor
 Voltage(vL) is proportional to rate of change of current
 Voltage is greatest when the rate of change (or the slope) of the
current is greatest
 Voltage and current are not in phase

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 Inductance and Sinusoidal AC
continue…
 For a sine wave of current, you get when you differentiate

 Using trigonometric identity cost = sin(t + 90°)

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 Inductance and Sinusoidal AC
continue…
 For a pure inductive circuit, current lags voltage by 90°
 Alternatively, voltage leads current by 90°.

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 4.2.1 Inductive Reactance
 Vm = LIm
 Using above equation the ratioVm to Im is

 This ratio is defined as inductive reactance (XL).

 Current and voltage amplitudes are related by

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 Example

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 4.3 Capacitance and Sinusoidal AC
 Phase Lead in a Capacitive Circuit
 For capacitance, current is proportional to rate of change of
voltage
 If vc is a sine wave, we get

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 Capacitance and Sinusoidal AC
continue…
 Using trigonometric identity cost = sin(t + 90°)

 For a pure capacitive circuit, current leads voltage by 90°

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 4.3.1 Capacitive Reactance
 Im = CVm
 Using above equation the ratioVm to Im is

 This ratio is defined as capacitive reactance (XC).

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 Example

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 5. Impedance
 The opposition that a circuit element presents to current in
phasor domain is its impedance, Z
 Z =V/I Ω ( the ratio of voltage phasor to its current phasor)
 Since phasor voltages and currents are complex, Z is also
complex

 Where V and I are the rms magnitudes of V and I respectively

 Once the impedance of a circuit is know the current and voltage

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 5.1 Resistance
 For a pure resistive circuit, the voltage and current are in
phase
 If the voltage has a phase angle, the current has the same
angle
 If VR =VR θ then I = I θ. Thus impedance

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 5.2 Inductance
 For a pure inductive circuit, the current lags voltage by 90°
 Assume a 0° angle for voltage
 VL =VL 0° then I = I -90°. Thus impedance

 Substitute VL / IL =  L , we get

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 Example

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 5.3 Capacitance
 For a pure capacitive circuit, the current leads voltage by 90°
 Assume a 0° angle for voltage
 Vc =Vc 0° then I = I90°. Thus impedance

 Thus,

Impedance of a pure capacitance

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 Reference
Chapter 16:“Circuit Analysis Theory and Practice”, by Allan H.Robbins,
Wilhelm C Miller

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