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THERMO 1 (Intro Elements Units Common Properties)

The document defines key concepts in thermodynamics including: - Thermodynamics is the branch of science dealing with heat, energy, and their transformations between states of matter. - Systems can be closed, open, or isolated depending on whether mass and energy cross their boundaries. - Matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases, changing between these phases through processes like melting, freezing, vaporization, and condensation. - Thermodynamic properties are either intensive (independent of amount of matter) or extensive (dependent on amount of matter). - Different systems of units are used including English and metric units, where the proportionality constant K in Newton's second law may or may not be unity.

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49 views3 pages

THERMO 1 (Intro Elements Units Common Properties)

The document defines key concepts in thermodynamics including: - Thermodynamics is the branch of science dealing with heat, energy, and their transformations between states of matter. - Systems can be closed, open, or isolated depending on whether mass and energy cross their boundaries. - Matter can exist as solids, liquids, or gases, changing between these phases through processes like melting, freezing, vaporization, and condensation. - Thermodynamic properties are either intensive (independent of amount of matter) or extensive (dependent on amount of matter). - Different systems of units are used including English and metric units, where the proportionality constant K in Newton's second law may or may not be unity.

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Beaw Gt
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THERMODYNAMICS

- that branch of physical sciences that treats of various phenomena of energy and the related properties of
matter, specially of the laws of transformation of heat into other forms of energy and vice versa

WORKING SUBSTANCE – a fluid in which energy can be stored and from which energy can be removed

FLUID – a liquid, gas or vapor, that offers little resistance to deformation

SYSTEM – that portion of the universe, an atom, a galaxy, a certain volume of space that one wishes to study

THERMODYNAMICS SYSTEMS:
1. CLOSED SYSTEM – one in which there is no exchange of matter with the surroundings; mass does not
cross its boundaries
2. OPEN SYSTEM – one in which there is a flow of mass across its boundaries
3. ISOLATED SYSTEM – one that is completely impervious to its surroundings; neither mass nor energy
cross its boundaries

PHASES OF A SUBSTANCE:
1. SOLID PHASE
2. LIQUID PHASE
3. GAS or VAPOR PHASE

PROCESSES OF PHASE CHANGES:


1. MELTING or FUSION
2. FREEZING or SOLIDIFYING
3. VAPORIZATION or EVAPORATION
4. CONDENSATION or LIQUEFACTION
5. SUBLIMATION

CLASSIFICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES:


1. INTENSIVE PROPERTY – independent of the mass
2. EXTENSIVE PROPERTY – dependent of the mass and are of total values
3. SPECIFIC PROPERTY – for a unit mass and are intensive by definition

SYSTEM OF UNITS (using Newton’s 2nd law of motion)

Newton’s 2nd law of motion,


“ the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to its mass “
1 F
aF and a thus, a
m m
hence,
F
a = K 
m
or,
ma
F=
K
and,
ma
K=
F
where,
K – proportionality constant

TWO MOST COMMON SYSTEM OF UNITS


1. ENGLISH SYSTEM
- FPS (ft – lb – sec)
2. METRIC SYSTEM
- CGS (cm – gm – sec)
- MKS ( m – kg – sec)

1
SYSTEM OF UNITS WHERE K IS UNITY BUT NOT DIMENSIONLESS:
1. CGS: 1 dyne force accelerates 1 gm mass at 1 cm/s2
gmm − cm
K =1
dyne − s 2
2. MKS: 1 Newton force accelerates 1 kg mass at 1 m/s2
kg m − m
K =1
N − s2
3. FPS: 1 lb force accelerates 1 slug mass at 1 ft/s2
slug − ft
K =1
lb f − s 2

SYSTEM OF UNITS WHERE K IS NOT UNITY NOR DIMENSIONLESS:


1. CGS: 1 gm force accelerates 1 gm mass at 980.66 cm/s2
gmm − cm
K = 980.66
gm f − s 2
2. MKS: 1 kg force accelerates 1 kg mass at 9.8066 m/s2
kg m − m
K = 9.8066
kg f − s 2
3. FPS: 1 lb force accelerates 1 lb mass at 32.174 ft/s2
lbm − ft
K = 32.174
lb f − s 2

COMMON PROPERTIES OF MATTER:

1. MASS, m
- absolute quantity of matter in a body

2. WEIGHT, W or Fg
- force of gravity on a body
W or Fg = mg

3. VOLUME, V
- space occupied by matter

4. DENSITY, ρ
- mass per unit volume
m
=
V
5. SPECIFIC VOLUME, ν
- volume per unit mass
V 1
= or =
m 
1
also, =

6. SPECIFIC WEIGHT, δ
- force of gravity per unit volume
W or Fg
= also,  = g
V
Note:
Specific weight is to the local gravitational acceleration (g) as density is to the standard gravitational
acceleration (go).
 
thus, =
g go

2
PROBLEMS:

01. For a ballistics study, a 1.9gm bullet is fired into soft wood. The bullet strikes the wood surface
with a velocity of 380 m/s and penetrates 0.15m. Find: a) the constant retarding force in N, b) the
time required to stop the bullet, c) the deceleration in m/s2.
02. A system has a mass of 30lb. What total force is necessary to accelerate it 15 fps2 if: a) it is
moving on a horizontal frictionless plane, or b) it is moving vertically upward at a point where
g=31,5 fps2?
03. A cylindrical drum, 2ft in diameter and 3ft high, is filled with a fluid whose density is 40 lb/ft3.
Determine: a) the total volume of the fluid; b) the total mass of fluid in lb, slug and kg; c) the
specific volume of the fluid; d) its specific weight if g = 31.9 fps2.
04. Two liquids of different densities ( ρ1 = 1500 kg/m3, ρ2 = 500 kg/m3 ) are poured together into a
100 L tank, filling it. If the resulting density of the mixture is 800 kg/m3, find the respective
quantities of liquid used. Find also the weight of the mixture if local g = 9.675 m/s2.

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