FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FLUID MECHANICS

BMMH 2313 SEMESTER 2 SESI 2022/2023

LAB 4: IMPACT OF JET

NAME OF GROUP 1. P`NG JIA XIN B092110351

MEMBERS&
MATRIX NUMBER 2. Gretharen A/L Gengatharan B092110509

3. AMIR ASYRAF BIN AZHAR B092110228

4. MUHAMMAD IMAN HAQIEMI BIN
B092110414
MOHAMAD ZAKI
5. MUHAMMAD ARIEF RIDZUAN BIN MOHD
B092110400
ZAID

COURSE BMMA

DATE 19 / 6 / 2023

1.
NAME OF INSTRUCTOR

2.

EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS: / 100

 LAB 5

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BMMH 2313 FLUID MECHANICS

LAB SHEET 5

REYNOLDS NUMBER

Learning Outcome LO2 1. To investigate the dependence of flow pattern on Reynolds

(LO):
number.

2. To investigate the nature of the flow in a pipe by observing the

behavior of a filament of dye injected into the fluid.

Program Outcome: PO5 1. To demonstrate the change, or ‘transition’, between laminar and

turbulent flow by varying the flow rate.

Synopsis: The objective of this experiment is to investigate the reaction forces produced by the

change in momentum of a fluid flow when a jet of water strikes a flat plate or a curved

surface, and to compare the results from this experiment with theory calculation.

Related Lecture’s 1. Newton’s second law

Topic:

Prepared by: Date: 20 Apr 2020

Approved by Dr Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Bin Abdullah Date

LM/SLM/HOD

QMS : REVISION RECORDS

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1.0 OBJECTIVE

1. To measure the force generated by impact of the jet on 2 types of vanes:

i) Flat plate

ii) Hemispherical cup

2. To compare the result from the experiment with theory calculation.

2.0 THEORY
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Consider the case of a fluid moving along a fixed surface such as the wall of a pipe. A shear stress given by:

The nature of flow depends on the ratio of inertia to viscous forces. Inertia force of the fluid particles is the
force that tends to carry each fluid particle to move at its own accelerated direction. While viscous force due to
the surrounding fluid will tend to make the individual fluid particle conform to the motion of the rest of the
stream.
For flow in a circular pipe,

Where d is the diameter of the pipe.

Similarly the viscous forces are given by shear stress multiplied by area so, using Equation (1), we may write:

Dividing the inertia force by the viscous force we obtain a non-dimensional variable, namely Reynolds number,
Re:

The term μ/ρis called the kinematic viscosity, νand it is often convenient to write Equation (4) as:

;
Q=V/t

u=Q/A
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Figure 1 : Variation of Head Loss with Velocity for Flow along a Pipe

Figure 1 shows the variation in head loss with velocity for a smooth pipe. On increasing thevelocity, transition
occurs between points A and B, and for decreasing flow it occursbetween points C and D. Generally point D is
the best defined and it is normally acceptedthat this transition from turbulent back to laminar flow occurs at a
Reynolds number between2000 and 2300. The Reynolds numbers at points A, B and C depend on the entry
conditionsand roughness of the pipe. Typically, point A may represent a Reynolds number between2000 and
2500 but if the entry is carefully controlled and the pipe very smooth, laminarflow may continue up to much
higher values.

3.0 EQUIPMENT & TOOLS

1. Reynolds Number and Transitional Flow Demonstration Apparatus

2. Stop watch
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Figure 2 : Reynolds Number and Transitional Flow Demonstration Apparatus

3.0 PROCEDURES/ METHODOLOGY

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1. Fill up the constant head bank with water to the level of overflow pipe.
2. Fill the dye injector with the dye.
3. For laminar flow, adjust the discharge control valve in such a way the dye will flowdown in a straight line.
Make sure the water level at par with the overflow pipe.
4. Once the laminar flow occurred, start to time for collection of 200 mL water from the drain pipe.
5. Repeat procedure 3 for transition and turbulent flow with the timing for 200 mL ofwater from the drain
pipe.
6. Record water temperature at any time during the experiment.
7. Repeat the whole experiment by reversing condition starting with turbulent flow,transition followed by
laminar flow.

Video link :

LAB 5 REYNOLD NUMBER

https://youtu.be/NreQZ23sU4A

4.0 RESULTS
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EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1 Increasing velocity

Tem peratur Codition Tim e Velocity, Kinem atic Re

e(℃) for 200 u (m /s) viscocity,
ml v × 10−6 (m2/s)
(s)
28 Fully 50 0.023 0.8 430.47
laminar
30 Transition 31 0.037 0.8 692.5
31 Fully 30 0.038 0.8 711.21
turbulent

Table 2 Decreasing velocity

Tem perature( Codition Tim e Velocity, Kinem atic Re

℃ for 200 u (m /s) viscocity,
) ml v × 10−6 (m2/s)
(s)
31 Fully 5.2 0.218 0.8 4080.12
turbulent
30 Transitio 15 0.075 0.8 1403.71
n
31 Fully 60 0.019 0.8 355.61
laminar
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5.0 DISCUSSION
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For discussion, you should answer all questions as follows:

i. Write down your observation in term of valve opening and flow condition.

For the same increase in Reynolds number, the flow coefficient increases more
quickly with larger valve apertures when Re is less than 105. The flow coefficient
significantly increased and decreased almost linearly in response to the law
valve opening.

ii. What is the relationship between velocity and flow condition?

The link between velocity and flow condition is known as the flow rate Q, which is defined
as the volume of fluid passing through a specific region over time. Symbolically, this is
represented as Q=v/t, where V stands for volume and t for time passed. Although there
are a number of alternate units for Q that are regularly used, the SI unit for flow rate is the
m3/s.

iii. Describe in detail on how the Reynolds number affects the flow?

The Reynolds number (Re) measures the ratio of inertial to viscous forces and is
used to forecast flow patterns in a variety of fluid flow scenarios. In low
Reynolds number flows, laminar flow typically predominates, whereas in high
Reynolds number flows, turbulent flow typically predominates.

iv. Identify and explain the factors that determine whether the flow will be laminar or turbulent.

The Reynolds number (Re), which is used to calculate the ratio between inertial
and viscous forces, is a tool for predicting flow patterns in a variety of fluid flow
settings. In flows with low Reynolds numbers, laminar flow normally
predominates, whereas turbulent flow typically predominates in flows with high
Reynolds numbers.
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6.0 CONCLUSION

Give your conclusion of this experiment work / report. Summarize its main findings.

In conclusion, when the water flow rate rises, the red dye line will change from a
straight line to swirling streamlines, and the Reynolds number will rise along
with it. Furthermore, it is shown that the Reynolds number has no dimensions
since its value cannot be adequately expressed by any unit.

7.0 OTHERS
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The report must be prepared as APPENDIX.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

Your response to each task will be graded separately based on the checklist attached. To obtain
maximum marks, ensure that your response addresses each of the tasks in the question accordingly.

Assessment checklist for Lab Activity 1

Assessment tasks Mark allocation LO PO C/P/A level

Procedure 10 LO2 PO5 P1 - Perception

Work Process (Ability to construct 10 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

and understanding of test activity)

Work Process (Ability to show data – 15 LO2 PO5 P4 – Mechanism

Fotography skills)

Outcome (Results) 25 LO2 PO5 P4 – Mechanism

15 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

Outcome (Explanation of the results) Overt Response

15 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

Outcome (Discussion) Overt Response

Discipline 10 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

TOTAL 100

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION

1. Answer in ENGLISH .
2. Must include list of references .
3. Submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file.
4. Submit your assignment ONLINE.
5. Submission date: Week 4
6. This lab report/activity accounts for 5% of the total marks for the course.