THE UTILIZATION OF CRABGRASS (Digitaria sanguinalis) AS AN

ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT FOR MARKER INK

A Science Investigatory Project

Presented to

Bilad High School - STE

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement in Research II

Isasi, Khrizelle D.

Sumaoang, Anna Trisha C.

Talosig, Tariza G.

Tangonan, Raymond R.

Valido, Julie Ann R.

Rirao, John Hendrik

Torres, Alezandra Ellaine I.

June 2023
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
Schools Division of Tarlac Province
BILAD HIGH SCHOOL - STE
Camiling, Tarlac

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Inquires, Investigation and

Immersion/Research Capstone this study entitled “THE UTILIZATION OF
CRABGRASS (Digitaria sanguinalis) AS AN ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT FOR
MARKER INK” has been approved and submitted by Khrizelle Isasi, Anna Trisha
Sumaoang, Tariza Talosig, Raymond Tangonan, Julie Ann Valido, John
Hendrik Rirao, Alezandra Ellaine Torres is hereby accepted.

MARISOL AQUINO
Language Critique/ Research Teacher

Approved by the committee on oral examination

JHOANN D. REYES, MAEd

Chairperson

JASON E. DUQUE, MAEd

Member

_______________________________ _____________________________
Content Adviser Statistician

VANJO T. VIJIGA, Ed.D

Head Teacher III – Science
Accepted in partial fulfillment for the requirements in RESEARCH II.

TERESITA P. LORENZO
Principal III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The following individuals ought to understand how very appreciative the

researchers are for providing them with unwavering support and direction throughout

this study, as well as for sharing suggestions in a humble manner.

Almighty God, who gave them the perseverance, fortitude, and power to

complete the study and who enabled them to overcome all of their problems and

anxieties.

The researchers also wants to thank Doctor Vanjo T. Vijiga, Head Teacher

III-Scince for his time, effort and support to the researchers through their journey

specially on the time of defense.

The improvement of this study was made possible by Miss Marisol Aquino

and Mr. Jhoann Reyes, their research instructor at Bilad High School STE, for

lending their assistance, showing patience, and reviewing their articles.

We are also grateful to Sir Jason Duque, for sharing us invaluable

supervision and tutelage during the final defense.

We also would like to extend our gratitude to Sir Rodel Aringo, their

statistician for providing them knowledge and technical expertise in their study that

he imparts unto us.

Their content adviser, Mrs. Gemma Martin, for taking the time to share her

insightful advice and for making it easier for students to complete their papers earlier.

iii
 Their English instructor, Mrs. Kristine Guting, for supporting and

understanding them, keeping them motivated as they studied, and speaking to them

in a motherly manner when they needed consolation.

Mrs. Genesis Sarenggo Dela Cruz, their devoted advisor and the

"Larabells"' second mother, for constantly encouraging your students to have faith in

themselves, to never give up, to put their best effort forward in everything they do,

and to persevere despite their uncontrollable and intolerable behavior;

Their Families, for their unwavering support and assistance with the task.

Their Friends that kept them entertained by telling each other corny jokes,

helping each other out when they were in need, adding magic and meaning to their

high school experience, and inspiring them with their smiles and love. This was

enough to inspire them.

Their section 10 - Lara, for being their second family and providing them with

priceless experiences, friendships, laughter, and tears that have inspired them and

given them self-assurance;

To Taylor Swift, Mark Lee, Jung Jaehyun, Enhypen, and Twice who

serves as their source of inspiration and motivation during this project.

iv
 ABSTRACT

KHRIZELLE ISASI, ANNA TRISHA SUMAOANG, TARIZA TALOSIG, RAYMOND

TANGONAN, JULIE ANN VALIDO, JOHN HENDRIK RIRAO, ALEZANDRA

ELLAINE TORRES, BILAD HIGH SCHOOL - STE CURRICULUM, June 2023, THE

UTILIZATION OF CRABGRASS ( Digitaria sanguinalis ) AS AN ALTERNATIVE

INGREDIENT FOR MARKER INK

CONTENT ADVISER: MRS. GEMMA MARTIN

This study is important for students since it can be used in a variety of school-

related activities and even different types of work. To assist those who use inks in

their daily lives, the researchers undertook this study. The inks used in most markers

are made from synthetic materials like petroleum and chemical solvents. These kinds

of materials pose a risk not only to the environment but also to the health of the

users. Thus, using alternative ingredients, like crabgrass, in creating marker ink is

beneficial to the environment and the public, considering that the elements contained

in the ink are non-hazardous and safe. (Carol Ann, 2015) Researchers made this

study quantitative, Stratified Random Sampling is used to select respondents who

are in Grade 8 learners of Bilad High School STE Curriculum located at Camiling,

Tarlac.

The conclusions of 50 eighth-graders from Bilad High School STE on the

alternative ink's fragrance, color, and pace of drying were found to have some

influence on the ink's excellent quality, according to the study's assessments. The

previous information showed that alternative ink has several benefits in terms of

health-related issues, product quality, and cost-effective marker ink, therefore the

user can rely on it in certain situations.

v
 Table of Contents

Page

TITTLE PAGE i

APPROVAL SHEET ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i ii

ABSTRACT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

LIST OF TABLES vi ii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF APPENDICES x

CHAPTER

● THE PROBLEM

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 4

SCOPE AND LIMITATION 5

DEFINITION OF TERM 6

● REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE 8

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 13

NULL HYPOTHESIS 14

● RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN 15

COLLECTION 15

PROCEDURE 15

SET UP 15

DISPOSAL 15

METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART 18

vi
 ● RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

● SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 24

CONCLUSIONS 25

RECOMMENDATIONS 25

RERFERENCES 26

CURRICULUM VITAE 41

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

1.1 Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in 19

terms of Writing

1.2 Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in 20

terms of Viscosity

1.3 Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in 21

terms of Color

1.4 Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in 22

terms of Odor

1.5 Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in 22

terms of Saturation

1.6 Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in 23

terms of Rate of Drying

1.7 Summary of Results 24

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 13

METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART 18

DOCUMENTATIONS 37

CURRICULUM VITAE 41

ix
 LIST OF APPENDICES

PAGE

LETTERS FOR CONTENT ADVISER 29

LETTER FOR STATISTICIAN 30

LETTER FOR LANGUAGE CRITIC 31

LETTER FOR EVALUATORS 32

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 33

x
INTRODUCTION

The inks used in most markers are made from synthetic materials like

petroleum and chemical solvents. These kinds of materials pose a risk not only to the

environment but also to the health of the users. Thus, using alternative ingredients,

like crabgrass, in creating marker ink is beneficial to the environment and the public,

considering that the elements contained in the ink are non-hazardous and safe.

(Carol Ann, 2015)

For writing or sketching, ink is applied with a pen, metal nib, brush, or quill.

Letterpress and lithographic mechanical printing employ thicker inks, frequently in

paste form. A complex mixture of different ingredients, including solvents, resins,

alcohol, lubricants, carbon, pigments, dyes, aniline, dextrin, glycerine, fluorescents,

and other compounds, can be found in ink. The elements worked together to

influenced the generated image's look, durability, speed of drying, resistance to

sunlight, and free-flowing characteristics. Since the prices of markers are not budget-

friendly, especially for the students who usually used markers in their outputs, it is

high time to create an alternative ink that is low cost and the materials are readily

available in the environment. (Blessy Joseph, Sabu Thomas. 2020)

Alternative ink is a method for creating one's own ink marker and separating it

from ink made from plant extracts. There are several recipes for making an

alternative ink utilizing a flower or grass extract from a plant. Tannin-containing plants

can be relied upon to produced quality ink. One of the primary components used to

make marker ink is crabgrass. Crabgrass extracts can yield colors that are typically

more realistic-looking than those made with synthetic colorant. (Lineae, 2021)

Crabgrass grows low to the ground, has numerous stems or legs, and is

resilient. Several thousands of seeds are produced per growing season by the

species, which often have wide, precise blades and long flower clusters. A rough

clump of pale green grass, crabgrass has this appearance. The slender stems of this

plant resemble a crab's legs. Since its unwieldy clumps encroach on and smother

1
attractive grasses like Bermuda, crabgrass is disliked by many home gardeners.

(Lehigh Landscaping, 2018). This is a species of grass that is indigenous to the

Philippines and is distinguished by its vivid hues and substantial pigment content.

Given these characteristics, crabgrass is an excellent option for use as a marker

ink because it can produced a high degree of saturation without the need for harmful

components, and the STE Curriculum students at Bilad High School can used it

safely and productively.

Moreover, crabgrass is an organic substance that is biodegradable and safe

for the environment. It is therefore the best option for people who want to lessen their

influence on the environment. Researchers carried out a study to those carried out by

De Guzman and Ilagan (2019) to investigate the efficacy of crabgrass as an

alternative marker ink. Instead of the typical ingredients found in marker ink, organic

elements were employed in this research. The key distinction between prior

experiments and the present one is the marker ink saturation. The saturation of the

crabgrass marker ink will be tested in the current investigation to see if it is adequate

for use in the classroom. The study's findings demonstrated that the crabgrass

marker ink was enough for usage in the classroom. It was able to produce vivid

colors and had a high saturation level. Also, it was determined that the crabgrass

marker ink was non-toxic and secure for students to utilize. Because of this, it's a

fantastic option for people looking for a substitute for conventional marker ink.

Using crabgrass as an alternative marker ink is a research project that seeks

to reduce the use of marker ink factories that use toxic materials that can harm the

user of the product and reduce the crabgrass in the surroundings. This project has

been done before with other varieties of plants such as malunggay leaves,

mangosteen leaves, and mayana, but the researchers chose crabgrass due to its

dark color, which can be useful to make a dark color marker ink.

The potential benefits of this project are numerous. For one, it could help to

reduce the number of toxic chemicals used in marker ink factories. This would be

2
beneficial to both the environment and the people who use the marker ink. It could

also help to reduce the amount of crabgrass in the surroundings, which can steal

valuable nutrients and moisture from other grasses, making them difficult to grow.

Additionally, the use of an organic compound, such as crabgrass, could help to

reduce the cost of producing marker ink, making it more affordable for consumers.

The research project could also have a positive impact on education. If this

variety of marker ink were to be produced and sold in the market, it could help to

improve the quality of education by providing students with a safe and affordable way

to write and draw. Furthermore, the use of an organic compound could also help to

reduce the health risks associated with using marker ink, as it would be free of toxic

chemical

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to help learners to reduce their expenses in buying markers

with Digitaria sanguinalis (Crabgrass) as an alternative marker ink.

Specifically it sought to answer the following:

1. How does the alternative marker ink crabgrass be described in terms of:

1.1 Writing;

1.2 Viscosity;

1.3 Color;

1.4 Odor;

1.5 Saturation; and

1.6 Rate of drying?

2. What is the efficacy of crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) extract as a

substitute for marker ink

3
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is important for students since it can be used in a variety of school-

related activities and even different types of work. To assist those who use inks in

their daily lives, the researchers undertook this study. In general, this study will

examine the significance of the subject to the following:

To the Students. This research will be useful to students because that helps

them to have an idea and knowledge on the results of crabgrass using an alternative

ink that they can use as a reference or guide for making research if they take similar

studies.

To the Teachers. This study has a significant role in the field of teaching

because crabgrass has a big contribution as an alternative ink that may use in the

teaching and learning process, especially in making visual aids.

To the Market. This research will be useful to the market since Crabgrass ink

is an inorganic, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional inks.

It has the ability to produce a wide range of colors, and its non-toxicity makes it

suitable for use in various products. Additionally, Crabgrass ink is cost-effective and

has a long shelf-life, making it a great choice for both large-scale production and

small-scale operations. Moreover, Crabgrass ink also offers a low-odor, non-

flammable, and non-carcinogenic product, making it a safe and reliable option for

consumers.

To the Community. This research will be useful to the community and

environment considering that Crabgrass ink has provided an accessible and low-cost

solution to printing problems. It also improved the quality of printing and allowed

more people to access more cost-effective printing services. Furthermore, Crabgrass

ink had a positive effect on the environment. The ink was found to have fewer volatile

organic compounds, which meant that it was less hazardous to both humans and the

environment. Additionally, Crabgrass ink had a positive impact on the economy.

4
Consumers were able to save money on printing costs, which allowed them to spend

more money on other goods and services, thus increasing economic activity in the

community.

To the Future Researchers. This research will be useful Regen for future

researchers since crabgrass ink has great potential to be used in modern printing

applications, which could be beneficial for future researchers who want to conduct

the same study.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This study were conducted exclusively for educational purposes. The results of

this project are imperfect and may not support the stated hypotheses because the

human error is always a factor. The goal of the study was to determine whether

crabgrass extract works well as a component of marker ink. The manufacture of

marker ink and its effects on the environment and humans are the only topics

covered by this study. The study concentrated on evaluating its efficacy in terms of

absorption, rapid rate of drying, stickiness, odor, and color. The study also attempts

to restore the broken environment we are in and to investigate other uses of nature's

resources. This study takes place at Bilad High School - STE during the third and

fourth quarters of the school year 2022-2023. The given study were employed

probability sampling. This study used stratified sampling for the researchers'

sampling technique in order to provide a better knowledge of the effectiveness of

crabgrass extract as an alternative marker ink. To calculate the sample size, the

researchers employed Slovin's formula. The margin of error used by the researchers

is 10%, multiplied by the entire population, and then increased by one (1). The sum is

then divided by the entire population by the researchers. At least 55 respondents

from the Bilad High School STE tested the product, and the researchers investigated

the possibility of crabgrass extract to produce a marker ink. The researcher limited

5
the end product's outcome. If it has been shown to be effective in binding a certain

surface, such as paper, then the product should only be used on paper and not on

any other surface.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terminologies are defined to help you to understand the study better:

Color. Any aspect of an object that can be described using hue, lightness,

and saturation. This will be the produced color by the crabgrass extract.

Crabgrass. A creeping grass that can become a serious weed, digitaria is a

genus of plants in the grass family native to tropical and warm temperate regions. In

this study, the researchers tested its effectiveness as an alternative ink.

Drawing. The art or technique of using lines to represent an object or outline

a figure, plan, or sketch. In terms of drawing, this will be the consistency and speed

of the creation of standard drawing elements as an alternative marker ink.

Efficacy. capacity of producing a desired result or effect. In terms of efficacy,

the alternative ink must be an effective ingredient for marker ink.

Extract. Extraction is the process of using a suitable solvent to remove

soluble components from a solid, liquid, or semi-solid. This is the product produced

by crabgrass to made an alternative ink.

6
 Ink. A fluid or viscous substance used for writing or printing. The result of

crabgrass extract is to produced an alternative ink.

Marker. Is a pen that has its own ink source and a tip made of porous,

pressed fibers such as felt. The results of the crabgrass extracted in this experiment

will be markers.

Odor. Characteristic of something that arouses the sense of smell. In terms of

odor, it must produce a pleasant odor since the ink is natural.

Painting. Is a type of art created by applying paint, color, or pigments to a

medium or surface. In this study, the alternative marker ink tested its value in terms

of coloring a canvas.

Saturation. Is a term used to describe a color's intensity. This will describe

the purity of the color from crabgrass ink. In terms of saturation, this will be the

intensity of a color that is extracted from the crabgrass as an alternative marker ink

Viscosity. The condition of being thick, sticky, and semifluid. This has to be

the consistency of ink made by crabgrass. In this study, the researchers examined

the viscosity of crabgrass as an alternative marker ink.

Writing. Writing is the process of expressing ideas and thoughts in a

comprehensible manner by employing symbols (alphabetical letters, punctuation, and

spaces). In terms of writing, the alternative marker ink will be evaluated for its

efficacy in terms of outlining.

7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Summer annual crabgrass is an exotic species that colonize easily. From the

base, it has multiple branching stems, with the upper branches being more upright

and the lower branches tending to spread across the ground. Although it is fairly

tolerant of poor soils, it prefers full sun to part sun in damp to dry clay loams. It has

spread to almost all of the states in the nation. (Schat, 2019)

While crabgrass is arguably the most despised grass in the West and the most

dreaded lawn invader, it is used as forage and a nutritious staple grain in some parts

of Africa. It is one of the cereals with the fastest growth, yielding 17 tons of grain per

acre, 150,000 edible seeds per plant, and edible seeds in six to eight weeks.

(Godofredo, 2022)

People have historically treated illnesses, especially infectious disorders, with

crabgrass extract. These basic medical formulations frequently mediate favorable

responses because of their active chemical components, even though their efficacy

and mechanism of action have typically not been subjected to scientific testing.

Maranaos in the Philippines refer to Digitaria sanguinalis locally as Gemegeba. It's a

type of grass that goes by the names hairy crabgrass and giant crabgrass. It is

among the most popular species of crabgrass and is regarded as a common weed

almost everywhere. (Bajo and Tan, 2019)

Ink is a multi-layered media that can include solvents, pigments, dyes, resins,

lubricants, solubilize bits of matter, and other substances. Writing inks, according to

Sureh and Shah, 1987, are typically liquids made of a suspension of dyes, pigments,

binders, solvents, additives, prints, alcohol, and water. How clear and long-lasting the

writing can remain over time depends on the properties of the particular ink used to

write it. Lampblack and a fluid extract known as Alta were also combined to create

writing ink. (Maurice, 2022).

The manufacture of ink currently has a significant position in the chemical

sector, covering the chemical's fundamental product. Inks for current, high-speed

8
publications, printing, packaging, and printing on a variety of surfaces and materials

have been developed via research and the advancement of organic and colloidal

chemistry understanding. (Robert, 2018)

Today, the production of ink is a significant process for science and business;

it calls for sophisticated technology, the integration of numerous scientific fields, as

well as technical and managerial expertise. Chemical and physical inks have become

necessary due to the development of the printing process, the development of

sophisticated machinery, and the addition of new materials to the ever-growing list of

materials that can be printed. The ink producer encounters difficulties every day that

tests their imagination, creativity, and technical ability. (Brady et al, 2019)

The study of Athleen (2021) focuses on creating an inexpensive, eco-friendly,

and simple-to-make replacement dye by combining the alugbati and gumamela

plants. Now that dye is non-toxic and affordable, the researcher can assist those who

can buy it. In other words, dye is safe for our health. Alugbati is a several-meter-long,

succulent, branching, smooth, twining herbaceous vine. Meanwhile, gumamela is a

flower that is utilized for herbal therapeutic reasons in many different parts of the

world. The gumamela, often referred to as hibiscus, China rose, or shoe flower, is

used as an expectorant, diuretic, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, and other

therapeutic properties. Additionally, it is helpful while brewing herbal tea.

The aim of the study by Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri et al. from the year 2021

was to investigate the effects of glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the

color brilliance and viscosity of marker ink generated from mangosteen leaves. For

the color lightness test, all factors and interaction effects were very significant with

the exception of CMC. All variables and their interactions for the viscosity test were

very significant, with the exception of glycerol. Sample S35, which had a 64.1%

weight loss percentage, had the largest percentage of weight loss, followed by

samples S19 (55.8%) and S26 (53.4%). It may be said that the sample with the

highest viscosity, S35, dried the quickest. Further study has been identified on a

9
number of subjects, including color components, anthocyanin content, and color

saturation.

The study by Talines Clint et. al (2019) investigated whether Mayana and

Alugbati leaves could serve as useful substitutes for traditional ink-making

ingredients. The study's main objective was to at least present a technique that

others who work with inks in writing materials may use. Meanwhile, the study of

(Alguzar et al. 2020) claims that there is a need for the manufacturing of ink at a

more inexpensive price for calligraphers and artists who are students.

Environmentally friendly products are also used. The experiment was run with two

setups, as per the researchers' plan. Alugbati extracts and Mayana extract each has

their own container. Using a corresponding amount of water, they began to boil them.

They blended the dye together and then let it sit for a while.

Due to its intense tanning hue, it has previously been observed by Botavara,

Julen Airo (2023) that mango has significant promise as a replacement for

permanent marker ink. The researcher made the decision to examine its suitability as

a component of permanent marker ink. This research was done in an effort to find a

different source of environmentally friendly, user-friendly marker ink. The researchers

also wanted to test whether mango extract might be used as a source of printing ink.

In order to ascertain the impact of one component or condition on another, mango

extract was applied to the dependent variables. absorption, stick consistency, and

color. The mango ink is therefore a potential source of organic ink that is more

reasonably priced than the commercial inks now on the market.

Contrarily, Jeffy's (2020) study aims to offer insights on malunggay, which has

a variety of uses and advantages. For this reason, the researcher decided to conduct

this study in order to find out if there are any further uses that would be relevant.

Malunggay is more useful when prepared as a dish because of its high nutritional

value, but the researcher is aware of this and only trying to find another purpose for

malunggay. Test results show that the extract that has been mixed with alcohol has

10
the best qualities. The researcher draws the conclusion that malunggay extract can

be used in place of green watercolor in light of the experiment's findings.

Whiteboard markers have been used extensively because they are thought to be

safer than chalk. Yet, (Barrameda, Justin. 2022) demonstrated that commercial ink is

not only expensive but also dangerous for your health. This study aims to create ink

using charcoal and isopropyl alcohol as opposed to commercial ink. In this study,

isopropyl alcohol and charcoal were used as substitute sources to generate a unique

organic ink for whiteboard markers. Isopropyl alcohol's scent and the ink's color

intensity, which is more pronounced than commercial whiteboard marker ink.

Consumers may rely on alternative ink, which is healthier for their health and the

quality of their products, according to past studies.

This study by Chukwuemeka Ukpaka, Godbless Nwosa, and Kenneth K.

Dagde(2019) was accomplished to demonstrate the production of whiteboard marker

ink using locally accessible raw resources like used oil and charcoal. Using

lubricating oil served as the major resin or binder, charcoal served as the pigment,

ethanol served as the solvent, and gum Arabic served as an additive for making the

ink. The study also demonstrates how crucial the characteristics of the used

lubricating oil and charcoal are to the end product's quality. Last but not least, the

study discovered that charcoal derived from oil bean (ugba) and lubricating oil

produced the best ink for generating whiteboard marker ink.

A variety of formulas were utilized in the study by PO Nwosibe, FU Nwafulugo,

MB Buhari, and F Samuel (2021) to produce inks with physical attributes like pH,

viscosity, and drying time that were comparable to those of an imported ink. Using

local raw materials like lamp black, carbon soot from Sodom apples, and indigo

(dye), gum Arabic as a binder and polyester polyvinyl acetate as an emulsifier,

alcohol like ethanol as a solvent, water as the diluent, and additional additives like

color and anticide as preservative, it is possible, according to the findings, to create

11
an erasable and non-toxic ink. This study compares locally accessible raw materials

to create a non-toxic, erasable water base writing ink for whiteboard maker refill.

The research in (More Artemis. 2019) aims to investigate the sophisticated

use of Alugbati Ink for long-lasting whiteboard markers with a nice fragrance. The

outcome of this investigation demonstrates that alugbati extract has a high likelihood

of creating ink and is strongly advised for ink manufacturing.

12
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1. The IPO Model

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework, which is comprised of four

variables. The crabgrass is the independent variable and marker ink is the dependent

variable.

In Figure 1, the framework was used to show the input, which all of the

components to make an alternative ink or cited, including the materials that are

acquired in the process. This IPO framework provides instructions on how to

manufacture substitute marker ink using crabgrass extract. The investigation showed

that the researchers examined the potency of utilizing crabgrass as a substitute for

marker ink. This study benefited from a number of elements, including the less

expensive ink production and the environment for its eco-friendliness.

13
NULL HYPOTHESIS

1. The alternative marker ink crabgrass failed to be described in terms of:

1.1 Writing;

1.2 Viscosity;

1.3 Color;

1.4 Odor;

1.5 Consistency; and

1.6 Rate of drying

2. The Crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) as alternative marker ink was an

ineffective substitute for marker ink.

14
METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In order to produce the alternative ink the major components, the researchers

have to use crabgrass extract and a dye in this study. Vinegar and salt are also

needed for binding the color and for keeping the ink from getting moldy. In preparing

the ink, a marker & pestle, a clean towel, a strainer, and an empty marker container

are needed. Glycerin is also needed, it helps to thicken the ink to avoid watery

consistency.

COLLECTION

A large quantity of crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) were collected from the

lush fields of Barangay Tambugan in Camiling, Tarlac, providing the efficacy of

alternative marker ink from crabgrass

PROCEDURE

MEASUREMENT OF THE MATERIALS

30 ml were extracted from the crabgrass and 10 ml of dye. The dye were

poured into the extracts of crabgrass. A measure of 1 teaspoon of vinegar and ½

teaspoon of salt is used for binding and keeping the tint from getting moldy. Then, 1

tablespoon of glycerin was the last to be poured to thicken the ink mixture

SET UP

Four setups were prepared

Set up 1

- set up 1 was made up to specify composition with the measurement

15
Set up 2

- Heating up the grass to produce its extract

Set up 3

- Mixing up the finished mixtures

Set up 4

- Applying the alternative ink to a marker container

Preparation of Heating

- The crabgrass will be prepared into the pot to boil for its extract

Preparation of Mixture

- The produce extract was poured together with the dye, vinegar, alt, and water.

Preparation of applying the ink

- The finished mixture of ink was ready to apply to the marker container

D. Disposal

- of the use of grass: Crabgrass are natural resource so it can be easily

decomposed, the used grass are being disposed properly in a garbage bag.

- of the use utensils: Utensils that are set will be put in a garbage bag

together with the used paper materials

16
- of a piece of cloth: After using it for extracting the crabgrass the cloth should

be washed first before disposing it into the garbage bag.

- of the failed mixture: We might keep some of the failed mixtures but some

of them are disposed of in a garbage bag.

17
METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

Figure 2. Flowchart of the data collection and analysis procedure for

investigating the utilization of crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) as alternative

ingredient for marker ink.

18
Results and Discussion

This displays the research's findings in terms of color, smell, writing,

saturation, consistency, and drying speed. The questions, means, and

linguistic descriptions are displayed in the accompanying tables. The finished

products will be evaluated and interpreted using the questions, means and

verbal description. Mean were described using the range below:

Table 1.1

Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in terms of

Writing

Statement Mean Verbal Description

The ink is not messy when 2.69 Effective

used

The marker ink is good for 2.87 Effective

project use

Overall Mean 5.56 Very Effective

Writing is the process of expressing ideas and thoughts in a

comprehensible manner by employing symbols (alphabetical letters,

punctuation, and spaces). Table 1 shows the results on the data of Writing.

According to the table, statement number two had the highest mean, 2.87,

followed by question number one, 2.69. The overall mean of the two

statements had a total of 5.56 which describes as very effective.

19
 Table 1.2

Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in terms of Viscosity

Statement Mean Verbal Description

The ink does not produce wet 2.29 Effective

marks

The ink has a similar 2.62 Effective

consistency to a common

marker

Overall Mean 4.91 Very Effective

Viscosity is the condition of being thick, sticky, and semifluid. Table

2 shows the results on the date of Viscosity. The table reveals that question

number two received the highest mean, 2.62, followed by question number

one, 2.29. The overall mean of the two statements had a total of 4.91 which

describes as very effective.

Table 1.3

Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in terms of Color

20
 Statement Mean Verbal Description

The alternative marker ink 2. 67 Effective

create an appealing deep

green color to eye

The crabgrass ink is visible 2.72 Effective

from distance

Overall Mean 5.39 Very Effective

Color is any aspect of an object that can be described using hue,

lightness, and saturation. Table 3 shows the results on the data of Color. It

was discovered that question number two received the mean score with the

highest value, 2.72, followed by question number one with 2.67. The overall

mean of the two statements had a total of 5.39 which describes as very

effective.

Table 1.4

Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in terms of Odor

Statement Mean Rank

The alternative marker ink 2.78 Effective

produce a pleasant smell

The crabgrass ink has an 2.67 Effective

overall tolerable smell

Overall Mean 5.45 Very Effective

21
 Odor shows a characteristic of something that arouses the sense

of smell. Table 4 shows the results on the data of Color. The table reveals that

question one received the highest mean, 2.78, followed by question one, 2.67.

The overall mean of the two statements had a total of 5.45 which describes as

very effective.

Table 1.5

Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in terms of Saturation

Statement Mean Verbal Description

The ink adheres to the paper 2.96 Effective

when used

The intensity of the alternative 2.63 Effective

marker ink has satisfied me

Overall Mean 5.59 Very Effective

Saturation is a term used to describe a color's intensity. Table 5

shows the results on the data of Saturation. The table shows that question

number one had the highest mean, 2.96, followed by question number two,

which had 2.63. The overall mean of the two statements had a total of 5.59

which describes as very effective.

Table 1.6

22
 Description of Crabgrass as an Alternative Marker Ink in terms of Rate of

drying

Statement Mean Verbal Description

The ink easily dries up 2.74 Effective

The ink does not fade easily 2.78 Effective

when dries up

Overall Mean 5.52 Very Effective

Rate of drying is defined as the rate at which grain moisture content

declines during the drying process. Table 6 shows the results on the data of

Rate of drying. According to this table, question number two has the mean

value that is highest, 2.78, followed by question number one, 2.74. The overall

mean of the two statements had a total of 5.52 which describes as very

effective.

Table 1.7

Summary of Results

Dependent Variable Mean Verbal Description

Writing 5.56 Very Effective

Viscosity 4.91 Very Effective

Color 5.39 Very Effective

23
 Odor 5.43 Very Effective

Saturation 5.59 Very Effective

Rate of Drying 5.52 Very Effective

Summary of Findings

In this study, an innovative ink produced from crabgrass extract was

developed as a substitute for traditional ink for markers. The above-mentioned

difficulties of health danger and economic crises brought on by the usage of

commercial ink were the motivation for this investigation. Based on the study's

findings, it was determined that the perspectives of 50 eighth-graders from

Bilad High School STE about the alternative ink's aroma, color, and rate of

drying somehow contributed to the ink's high quality. The prior data

demonstrated that the user can rely on alternative ink in some cases because

it has some advantages in terms of health-related issues, product quality, and

affordable marker ink.

Conclusions

Based on the result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn

1. Based on the research findings, it was conclude that the glycerol and

a little bit of oil were effective as a thickener of the alternative marker ink.

2. The crabgrass extract has an excellent color quality for marker ink,

producing an appealing deep green color to eye.

24
Recommendations

On the basis of the conclusions presented, the following

recommendations are proposed on the paper.

1. Add extra glycerol to the mixture to increase the viscosity of the

alternative ink, but use caution as a result too much glycerol will turn

the ink greasy.

2. Less water should be added when extracting the crabgrass for a more

saturated extract. This might enhance the tint of the ink that you'll be

using. .

References

Artieda, L. T., & Jane G. Mendoza, A. L. (2019, January 18). The Utilization of

Sweet Potato Tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and Red Santan Flower (Ixora

Coccinea) Extracts as Alternative Marker Ink | Ascendens Asia Journal of

Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts. The Utilization of Sweet Potato Tops

(Ipomoea batatas) and Red Santan Flower (Ixora coccinea) Extracts as

Alternative Marker Ink | Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

25
Abstracts.

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/4183

Barrameda. (n.d.). The Use of Charcoal and Isopropyl Alcohol as Alternative

Ink for Whiteboard Markers: A Comparative Analysis Between the Innovation

and Commercialized Ink. Google Scholar.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=alternative+marker+ink&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1674

101726821&u=%23p%3D6XJ04NUyCHEJ

BASELLA ALBA (ALUGBATI) EXTRACT AS SUBSTITUTE INK FOR

MARKER. (n.d.). prezi.com. https://prezi.com/ocsekap45nfb/basella-alba-

alugbati-extract-as-substitute-ink-for-marker/

Blank - PDFCOFFEE.COM. (n.d.). pdfcoffee.com.

https://pdfcoffee.com/blank-7-pdf-free.html

Dagde, K. K., Nwosa, G., & Ukpaka, C. (2019, March 19). Formulation of

White Board Marker Ink Using Locally Sourced Raw Materials | European

Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. Formulation of White

Board Marker Ink Using Locally Sourced Raw Materials | European Journal of

Engineering and Technology Research.

https://ej-eng.org/index.php/ejeng/article/view/1108

26
DE FIESTA, & ODIVILAS. (n.d.). Google Scholar. Google Scholar.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=plants+as+alternative+ink&btnG#d=gs_qabs&t=16

80876607392&u=%23p%3DbusKph7U4uYJ

J. (2007, September 11). The Feasibility of Moringa Oleifera(Malunggay)

Leaves Extract as an Alternative Green Water Color. TomarongEinstein ’07:

The Feasibility of Moringa Oleifera(malunggay) Leaves Extract as an

Alternative Green Water Color.

http://tomarongeinstein07.blogspot.com/2007/09/feasibility-of-moringa.html

Mohd Basri, M. S., Min Ren, B. L., Talib, R. A., Zakaria, R., & Kamarudin, S.

H. (2021, May 14). Novel Mangosteen-Leaves-Based Marker Ink: Color

Lightness, Viscosity, Optimized Composition, and Microstructural Analysis.

MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/10/1581

Natural Inks and Sustainability. (2021, April 18). Lineae.

https://lineae.co/blogs/journal/natural-inks-and-sustainability

Nwosibe, P., Nwafulugo, F., Buhari, M., & Samuel , F. (n.d.). Comparative

Analysis of Local Raw Materials for the Production of a Non Toxic and

Erasable Water Base Writing Ink for White Board Marker Refill. Google

Scholar. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

q=related:Nu99yDiwpKIJ:scholar.google.com/

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&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1680697912589&u=%23p

%3DKN8NBkztxogJ

Riman, M. V., S. Ilagan, J. L., & P. Diao, A. Y. (2019, January 18). Bixa

Orellana (Annatto Seeds) as an Alternative Highlighter Ink | Ascendens Asia

Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts. Bixa orellana (Annatto Seeds)

as an Alternative Highlighter Ink | Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research Abstracts.

https://ojs.aaresearchindex.com/index.php/AAJMRA/article/view/4392

Sharma, Ambikar, Lagad , & Powar. (2014). Herbal Ink: Safe, Easy and

Ecofriendly Alternative. Google Scholar. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=plant+extract+that+can+be+use+as+ink&btnG=#d=

gs_qabs&t=1680876928648&u=%23p%3DszgEnmPrX7sJ

Water Hyacinth as Boardmarker Ink | the Best Science Project. (2018,

February 8). The Best Science Project |.

https://thebestscienceproject.com/water-hyacinth-boardmarker-i

APPENDIX A

Letter for Content Adviser

GEMMA REYES MARTIN

Teacher III

Bilad High School - STE

Sir/ Mdm.,

28
 The undersigned researchers are currently conducting a study on “THE
UTILIZATION OF CRABGRASS (Digitaria Sanguinalis) AS AN ALTERNATIVE
INGREDIENT FOR MARKER INK” and to assure the quality output, it is advisable that
each study must have an adviser.
In view thereof, may we knock on your generous heart to have you as our Content
Adviser. We believe that your knowledge and insights will be valuable and will greatly enrich
our work.
We hope you will be able to fulfill our request.

Thank you for your consideration and for being a blessing to us.

Respectfully yours,

Isasi, Khrizelle D. Sumaoang, Anna Trisha C. Talosig, Tariza G.

Tangonan, Raymond R. Valido, Julie Ann R. Rirao, John Hendrik D.
Torres, Alezandra Ellaine I. (Researchers)
Noted by:

MS. MARISOL AQUINO, LPT.

Subject Teacher

Research I/II

Approved:

GEMMA REYES MARTIN

Content Adviser

APPENDIX B

Letter for Statistician

RODEL E. ARINGO

Teacher I

Bilad High School - STE

29
Sir/ Mdm.,

The undersigned researchers are currently conducting a study on “THE

UTILIZATION OF CRABGRASS (Digitaria sanguinalis) AS AN
ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT FOR MARKER INK" and to assure the quality
output, it is advisable that each study must have an adviser.

In view thereof, may we knock on your generous heart to have you as our
Statistician. We believe that your knowledge and insights will be valuable and will
greatly enrich our work.

We hope you will be able to fulfill our request.

Thank you for your consideration and for being a blessing to us.

Respectfully yours,

Isasi, Khrizelle D. Sumaoang, Anna Trisha C. Talosig, Tariza G.

Tangonan, Raymond R. Valido, Julie Ann R. Rirao, John Hendrik D.

Torres, Alezandra Ellaine I. (Researchers)

Noted by: Approved:

MS. MARISOL AQUINO, LPT.

Subject Teacher KRISTINE JOY D. GUTING

Research I/II Statistician

APPENDIX C

Letter for the Evaluators

June to 08, 2023

Sir/Madam,

The undersigned researchers of Grade 10 Lara and currently enrolled at

Bilad High School, and presently working on a study entitled “THE UTILIZATION

30
OF CRABGRASS (Digitaria sanguinalis) AS AN ALTERNATIVE

INGREDIENT FOR MARKER INK” in partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Research I/II.

In view thereof, we would like to conduct a survey with you as one of our

evaluators. Considering that the findings of this questionnaire may contribute to the

needed data of our study, we hope for your favorable action on my request.

Rest assured that all the data gathered from you will be kept in the highest

level of confidentiality. Thank you very much for your cooperation and God bless!

Respectfully yours,

Isasi, Khrizelle D. Sumaoang, Anna Trisha C. Talosig, Tariza G.

Tangonan, Raymond R. Valido, Julie Ann R. Rirao, John Hendrik D.
Torres, Alezandra Ellaine I. (researchers)

Recommending Approval:

JOHANN DE GUZMAN REYES

Content Adviser
Approved:

__________________________

Respondent/Evaluator

APPENDIX D

Letter for Language Critique

MS. MARISOL AQUINO, LPT

Teacher I
Bilad High School

31
Ma’am,

The undersigned researchers are currently conducting a study on “THE

UTILIZATION OF CRABGRASS (Digitaria sanguinalis) AS AN
ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT FOR MARKER INK” and to assure the quality
output, it is advisable that each group must have a language critique.
In view thereof, may we knock to your generous heart to have you as our
Language Critique. We believe that your knowledge, experience and expertise would
have a great impact to the success of this endeavor.
We hope you will be able to fulfill our request.
Thank you for your consideration and for being a blessing to us.

Respectfully yours,

Isasi, Khrizelle D. Sumaoang, Anna Trisha C. Talosig, Tariza G.

Tangonan, Raymond R. Valido, Julie Ann R. Rirao, John Hendrik D.

Torres, Alezandra Ellaine I. (Researchers)

Approved:

MS. MARISOL AQIUNO, LPT

Language Critique

Survey Questionnaire

Name (Optional): _______________________________________

We, the students from 10 Lara Hilario, humbly request your cooperation in

answering this questionnaire for our research study entitled, "THE UTILIZATION OF

CRABGRASS (Digitaria sanguinalis) AS AN ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT FOR

MARKER INK".

32
 Your knowledge, concerns, and response will be of immense value to us in

attaining our objective. You can be sure that the information you provide will be

treated with the utmost confidentiality and will solely be utilized for educational

purposes. By submitting this form, you acknowledge that the information you provide

will be treated in keeping with data privacy policies, will only be used by those who

have been given permission to access it, and won't be given to anyone else for any

reason other than data analysis and providing recommendations. Without their

previous approval, no personal data about the respondents will be revealed. If you

disagree, kindly let us know, and following our analysis, we'll completely remove your

data.

We are hoping that the conditions above would merit your positive response.

Again, thank you for considering our appeal.

Questions Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly

Agree

A. Color 1 2 3 4

1. The

alternative

marker ink

create an

appealing

deep green

color to eye

2. The

crabgrass ink

33
is visible from

distance

B. Odor

1. The

alternative

marker ink

produce a

pleasant smell

2. The

crabgrass ink

has an overall

tolerable smell

C. Writing

1. The ink is

not messy

when used

2. The marker

ink is good for

project use

D. Saturation

1. The ink

adheres to the

paper when

used

2. The

intensity of the

34
alternative

marker ink has

satisfied me

E. Consistency

1. The ink

does not

produce wet

marks

2. The ink has

a similar

consistency to

a common

marker

F. Rate of

drying

1. The ink

easily dries up

2. The ink

does not fade

easily when

dries up

35
 Documentations

May 3 - June 28, 2023

The picture presented above shows the final mixture.

36
 The was cleaned on the picture shown above.

The roots and unnecessary parts of the grass were removed.

37
 The crabgrass was crushed to get its extract.

The extract was ready to transfer its container.

The picture shows how the researchers conducted the survey.

38
39
 Curriculum Vitae

Name: Isasi, Khrizelle D.

Address: Osmeña St. Poblacion I. Camiling, Tarlac

Age: 15 years old

Sex: Female

Birthday: July 26, 2007

Birthplace: Tarlac, Tarlac

Mother’s Name: Maria Epifania B. Dimayuga

Father’s Name: Baltazar M. Isasi

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Cell No: 09165956765

Educational Background

Grade school: Camiling West Central Elementary School

Address: Caarosipan Palimbo, Camiling Tarlac

School Year: 2018

Highschool: Bilad High School STE Curriculum

Address: Osmeña St. Poblacion I. Camiling, Tarlac

School Year: 2022 - 2023

40
Name: Sumaoang, Anna Trisha C.

Address: Brgy. Tambugan, Camiling, Tarlac, Purok 4

Age: 16 years old

Sex: Female

Birthday: March 21, 2007

Birthplace: Camiling, Tarlac

Mother’s Name: Annabel Casulla Sumaoang

Father’s Name: Sany Nayve Sumaoang

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Cell No: 09318992501

Educational Background

Grade school: Tambugan Elementary School

Address: Brgy. Tambugan, Purok 1

School Year: 2018 - 2019

Highschool: Bilad High School STE Curriculum

Address: Osmeña St. Poblacion I. Camiling, Tarlac

School Year: 2022-2023

41
Name: Tariza G. Talosig

Address: Del Pilar st. Pob B

Age: 16 years

Sex: Female

Birthday: January 13, 2007

Birthplace: Malolos, Bulacan

Mother’s Name: Rowena G. Talosig

Father’s Name: Rito P. Talosig

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Cell No: 09812749461

Educational Background

Grade school: Camiling West Central Elementary School

Address: Caarosipan Palimbo, C.T

School Year: 2018

Highschool: Bilad High School STE Curriculum

Address: Osmeña St. Poblacion I. Camiling, Tarlac

School Year: 2022-2023

42
Name: Julie Ann R. Valido

Address: Pindangan 2nd Camiling, Tarlac

Age: 15 years old

Sex: Female

Birthday: July 19, 2007

Birthplace: Camiling, Tarlac

Mother’s Name: Agnes R. Valido

Father’s Name: Franckie B. Valido

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Cell No: 09669934397

Educational Background

Grade school: Pindangan 2nd Elementary School

Address: Pindangan 2nd Camiling, Tarlac

School Year: 2018

Highschool: Bilad High School STE Curriculum

Address: Osmeña St. Poblacion I. Camiling, Tarlac

School Year: 2022-2023

43
Name: Tangonan, Raymond

Address: Brgy. Libueg, Camiling, Tarlac, Purok 5

Age: 16 years old

Sex: Male

Birthday: January 21, 2007

Birthplace: Camiling, Tarlac

Mother’s Name: Carmona Tangonan

Father’s Name: Randy Tangonan

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Cell No: 09854724258

Educational Background

Grade school: Libueg Elementary School

Address: Brgy. Libueg

School Year: 2018 - 2019

Highschool: Bilad High School STE Curriculum

Address: Osmeña St. Poblacion I. Camiling, Tarlac

School Year: 2022-2023

44
Name: Rirao, John Hendrik D.

Address: Brgy. Cayaoan, Poblacion B, Camiling, Tarlac

Age: 16 years old

Sex: Male

Birthday: July 20, 2006

Birthplace: St. Nino Hospital, Camiling, Tarlac

Mother’s Name: Hildegard D. Rirao

Father’s Names: Joel Fronda Rirao

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Cell No: 09602569954

Educational Background

Grade school: Camiling Central Elementary School

Address: Camiling, Tarlac

School year: 2018

High school: Bilad High School STE Curriculum

Address: Osmeña St. Poblacion I. Camiling, Tarlac

School year: 2022- 2023

45
Name: Alezandra Ellaine I. Torres

Age: 15 years old

Sex: Female

Birthday: August 22, 2007

Birth Place: Pindangan 1st Camiling, Tarlac

Mother’s name: Arlene Ibarra

Father’s name: Rene Torres

Cellphone: 09635189948

Educational Background

Pre-school: Pindangan 1st Elementary School

Address: Pindangan 1st Camiling, Tarlac

School year: 2012-2019

Grade School: Pindangan 1st Elementary School

Address: Pindangan 1st Camiling, Tarlac

School year: 2013-2019

High School: Bilad High School - STE

Address: Brgy. Poblacion I Camiling, Tarlac

School year: 2019-2023

46