Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4

PROBLEM 1-3:
A concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and a total depth of 600 mm. It has a
total span of 6 m.
Concrete yield stress fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Steel yield stress fy = 413 MPa
Modular ratio n = 8
Modulus of elasticity of concrete = 25000 MPa.
fr = 0.62 λ fc'
l = 1.0 for normal weight concrete
l = 0.85 for sand lightweight concrete
l = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete
À Determine the cracking moment of the beam.
Á Determine the moment of inertia of a cracked transform section if it is
reinforced with 4 – 25 mmø with a covering of 70 mm.
 Find the instantaneous deflection of the beam if Ma = Mcr
⎛ M cr ⎞
3
⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3⎤
Ieffective =⎜ ⎟ Ig + ⎢1 - ⎜ cr ⎟ ⎥ Icr
⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ M a ⎠ ⎥ and carries a uniform load of 13 kN/m
⎣ ⎦
Note:
Ma
À When > 3 Use Ie = Icr
M cr
Ma
Á When < 1 Use Ie = Ig
M cr
Ma
 When > 1 but less than 3
M cr
Use Ie = Ie

⎛ M cr ⎞
3
⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3⎤
Use Ie = ⎜ ⎟ Ig + ⎢1 - ⎜ cr ⎟ ⎥ Icr
⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 1-3: cont.

Solution:
À Cracking moment of the beam:
M Y
fr = cr t
Ig
300(600)3 300
Ig =
12
N.A.
Ig = 5400 x 10 6 mm4

300
fr Ig
M cr =
Yt
300
0.62 27.5(5400)(10)6
M cr =
300
M cr = 58.52 kN.m

Á Moment of inertia of a cracked transform section:

π
As = (25)2 (4)
4 x
530
A s = 1963.50
N.A.

n A s = 8(1963.5) 530 - x nAs

n A s = 15708 mm2
70

Locate the neutral axis. 300

Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 1-3: cont.

(x)
300(x) = n A s (530 - x)
2
150 x 2 = 15708(530 - x)
150 x 2 = 15708(530 - x)
150 x 2 + 15708 x - 8325240 = 0
x 2 + 104.72 x - 55501.6 = 0
x = 188.98
530 - x = 341.02

Moment of inertia of the cracked section

300(188.98)3
Icr = + 15708(341.02)2
3
Icr = 2501.67 x 10 6 mm4

 Instantaneous deflection:
5 w L4
δ=
384 E Ie

⎛ M cr ⎞
3
⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3⎤
Ie = ⎜ ⎟ Ig + ⎢1 - ⎜ cr ⎟ ⎥ Icr
⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Ie = (1)3 Ig + 0

Ie = Ig

5(13000)(6)4 (1000)3
δ=
384(25000)(5400)106
δ = 1.63 mm
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 4-6:
Details of a rectangular column are as follows:
Column width along the x-axis = 250 mm
Column width along the y-axis = 600 mm
Reinforcement:
8 of 25 mm diameter bars distributed equally along the longer sides.
10 mm diameter ties spaced at 100 mm on centers.
Concrete 28th day compression strength, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
Reinforced steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
Assume that the compression steel yields.
Concrete cover to the centroid of bars = 70 mm

À Which of the following gives the location of the plastic centroid (mm) along the
geometric centroidal x-axis from the geometric centroidal y-axis?
Á Which of the following gives the nominal balanced load, Pb (kN), if the the depth of the
rectangular concrete compressive stress block a = 90.4 mm?
 Which of the following gives the nominal axial load (kN) that the column can carry at an
eccentricity of 200 mm along the x-axis from the centroidal y-axis?

Solution:
À Location of plastic centroid along the geometric centroidal axis from the geometric
centroidal y-axis y

Plastic centroid:
Along the x-axis to the geometric
centroidal y-axis = 0 x 600

70 55 55 70
250
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 4-6: cont.

Á Nominal balanced load if the the depth of the rectangular concrete compressive stress
block a = 90.4 mm

C1 = A s' fy y eb

π
C1 = (25)2 (4)(415)
4
Pn
C1 = 814851 N

600
C2 = 0.85 fc' ab
Pb
C2 = 0.85(20.7)(90.4)(600)
C2 = 954353 N
90.4 mm

0.85 fc’
T = A s fy
T
π C2C1
T= (25)2 (4)(415)
4
T = 814851

∑Fv = 0
T + Pb = C1 + C2
814851 + Pb = 814851 + 954353
Pb = 954353 N
Pb = 954.35 kN
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 4-6: cont.

 Nominal axial load that the column can carry y e = 200 mm.
at an eccentricity of 200 mm along the x-axis
from the centroidal y-axis
C1 = A s' fy
π
C1 = (25)2 (4)(415)
4
C1 = 814851 N 600 Pn

C2 = 0.85 fc' ab
C2 = 0.85 fc' (0.85)(c)(600)
C2 = 0.85(20.7)(0.85)(c)(600) 70 55 55 70
C
C2 = 8973.45c
0.003

∑M o
a = 0.85 C
⎛ a⎞ o
T(55) + C1 (55) + C2 ⎜ 125 - ⎟ = Pn (200) 0.85 fc’
⎝ 2⎠
T
814851(55) + 814851(55)
C2
(
+ 8973.45c 125 - 0.85c
2 ) = 8973.45(200)c
55 55
C1

89633610 + 1121681.25c – 3813.71c2 a/2

125 - a/2
= 1794690c
c2 – 176.47c – 23503 = 0 125
c = 88.24
125
Pn = 8973.45(88.24) 55 55
Pn = 791772
Pn = 791.8 kN o
0.85 fc’

T
C2
C1
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 7-9:
A simply supported steel beam spans 9 m. It carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m,
beam weight already included.

Beam Properties
Area = 8530 mm2
Depth = 306 mm
Flange width = 204 mm
Flange thickness = 8.5 mm
Moment of inertia, Ix = 145 x 106 mm4
Modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa
À What is the maximum flexural stress in the beam?
Á To prevent excessive deflection, the beam is propped at midspan using a pipe column.
Find the resulting axial stress in the column. Outside diam. = 200 mm. Thickness = 10
mm. Height = 4 m.
 How much is the maximum bending stress in the propped beam?

Solution:
À Max. flexural stress in the beam w=10 kN/m
2
wL
M=
8
10(9)2 9m
M=
8
M = 101.25 kN.m.
85

153
MC
fb = N.A.
306
I
101.25 x 10 6 (153) 153
fb =
145 x 10 6 85

204
fb = 107 kPa
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 7-9: cont.
Á Resulting axial stress in the column
5wL4
δ1 =
384EI
w=10 kN/m
RL3
δ2 =
48EI
δ1 = δ 2
1=2
5wL4 RL3
=
384EI 48EI
R
5wL
=R
8
5(10)(9)
R= = 56.25 kN
8
R 56250
σ= = = 9.4 MPa
A π
⎡(200)2 - (180)2 ⎤
4 ⎣ ⎦

 Max. bending stress in the propped beam

∑Fv = 0
2R1 + 56.25 = 10(9)
w=10 kN/m
R1 = 16.875 kN
10(4.5)2
MB = - 16.875(4.5) A B C
2 4.5 4.5

MB = 25.31 kN.m.
R1 56.25 R1
MB C
fb =
I
25.31 x 10 6 (153)
fb =
145 x 10 6
fb = 26.7 MPa
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 10-12:
A rectangular footing 2.5 m. wide along the x-axis and 3 m. long parallel to the y-axis supports a
concentrically located column 0.6 m x 0.6 m in area.

Given: Footing ultimate loads.

Axial load, Pu = 1500 kN Concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
Moment about the y-axis, My = 180 kN.m. Steel, Fy = 415 MPa
Effective depth of footing = 350 mm

À Find the max. punching shear stress (MPa) due to

the axial load only.
Á What is the maximum wide beam shear stress (MPa) d/2 0.60 d/2
due to the given footing loads?
 How much additional moment (kN.m.) can the footing
carry without causing uplift of the footing? 3m 0.95 0.6+d

Solution:
À Punching shear stress due to the axial load only 0.6+d=0.95

Pu 1500
qu = = = 200 kPa
A 2.5(3) 2.50

Vu = qu [(3)(2.5) - (0.95)(0.95)]
0.60
Vu = 200 ⎡⎣ 7.5 - (0.95)2 ⎤⎦
3m 0.60
Vu = 1319.5 kN

Vu 1319500
υp = = = 1.17 MPa
øbo d 0.85(4)(950)(350)
2.50

Pu
Á Max. wide beam shear stress due to the given footing loads Mu
Pu 6M u
fmax = +
bd bd2
1500 6(180) d=350 mm
fmax = +
2.5(3) 3(2.5)2
2.50 m
fmax = 257.6 kPa
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 10-12: cont.

Pu 6M u
fmin. = - P u =1500 kN d=0.35 0.60

bd bd 2

1500 6(180) M u =180 kN.m.

fmin. = -
2.5(3) 3(2.5)2 0.60

fmin. = 142.4 kPa 0.60 3m

y 115.20
=
1.9 2.5 f min
2.5
y = 87.55 f max
2.50 m Pu
Mu
h = 87.55 + 142.4
h = 229.95

⎛ 229.95 + 257.6 ⎞
Vu = ⎜ ⎟⎠ (3)(0.6) = 438795
⎝ 2 142.4
142.4 257.6
y 115.20
Vu 438795
υ=
1.9 0.60
= = 0.49 MPa
øbd 0.85(3000)(350) 2.50

h
257.6

 Additional moment can the footing carry without causing uplift of the footing 0.60
Pu 6M u
fA = - (no uplift of the footing) P u =1500
bd bd 2

1500 6M u Mu
0= -
3(2.5) 3(2.5)2
M u = 625 kN.m.

Additional moment without causing uplift of footing: A

∆M = 625 – 180
∆M = 445 kN.m.
2.50
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 13-15:
After frame analysis resulting bending moments at working loads of a beam are as follows:
MDL = 110 kN.m. MLL = 65 kN.m. MEQ = 50 kN.m.
Given:
Concrete compressive strength, fc’ = 28 MPa Reinforcing steel yield strength, fy = 415 MPa
Required strength U =1.32 DL + 0.55 LL + 1.1 EQ Balanced steel ratio, rb = 0.0288
Concrete cover to centroid of reinforcement = 70 mm

À Using a beam 250 mm wide, find the required total beam depth (mm) if this beam is to be designed as
singly reinforced.
Á Using a beam with dimension b x h = 300 mm x 600 mm, calculate the minimum number of 20 mm ø
bars required?
 Using a beam with dimension b x h = 250 mm x 500 mm reinforced with 3 – 25 mm ø bars, find the
resulting nominal bending strength Mn (kN.m.).

Solution:
À Total depth of beam if it is designed as singly reinforced
Mu = 1.32 DL + 0.55 LL + 1.1 EQ
Mu = 1.32(110) + 0.55(65) + 1.1(50) = 236 kN.m.

rmax = 0.75 rb
rmax = 0.75(0.0288) = 0.0216

The ratio r for singly reinforced rectangular section must be equal to or less than rmax. It is common
practice to assume a value of r between ½ rmax and ½ rb.
1
ρ = 0.0108 ρ fy
2 max ω=
1 fc '
ρ = 0.0144
2 b 0.0126(415)
ω=
0.0108 + 0.0144 28
Use ρ =
2 ω = 0.1867
ρ = 0.0126

Mu = ø fc’ bd2 w(1 – 0.59w)

236 x 106 = 0.90(28)(250)d2 (0.1867)[1 – 0.59(0.186)]
d = 475 say 480
Total depth = 480 + 70 = 550 mm
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 13-15: cont.

Á Min. number of 20 mm ø bars if b = 300 mm and h = 600 mm

d = 600 – 70 = 530
C = 0.85 fc’ ab
C = 0.85(28)(a)(300) = 7140a
0.85fc

(
M u = øC d - a2 ) a C=0.85fc ab

236 x 10 = 0.90(7140)a 530 - a2

6
( ) d=530
36725.80 = 530a - 0.5a 2 (d-a/2)

a 2 - 1060a + 73451.60 = 0 As
1060 ± 910.9
a= = 74.5
2 b=300
C = A s fy
7140(74.50) = A s (415)
A s = 1281.75
No. of 20 mmø bars
π
(20)2 N = 128.2
4
N = 4.08 say 4 bars
Use 4 – 20 mm ø bars

 Nominal bending moment if b = 250 mm, h = 500 mm and is reinforced with 3 – 25 mm ø bars
π
A s = (25)2 (3) = 1473 mm2 0.85fc
4
C=T a C

0.85 fc ' ab = A s fy
430
0.85(28)(a)(250) = 1473(415) (d-a/2)

a = 102.74 mm
(
M n = A s fy d - a2 ) 70
3-25 mm ¿
T=AS fy

(
M n = 1473(415) 430 - 102.74
2 ) 250

M n = 230 kN.m.
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 16-18:
A two-span beam, subjected to shear and flexure only is reinforced as follows:
At supports: A B C
Top bars . . . . . . . 5 – 25 mmø
Bottom bars . . . . 3 – 25 mmø 2.5 m
D E F
At midspan:
Top bars . . . . . . . 3 – 25 mmø
2.5 m
Bottom bars . . . . 3 – 25 mmø
G H I
Lateral ties = 10 mmø
2.5 m
Material strength: J K L
Concrete fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Steel, fy (main bars) = 415 MPa 6m 6m
Steel, fy (lateral ties) = 275 MPa

Dimensions: Beam, b x h = 350 x 450 mm Effective depth = 375 mm Slab = 100 mm

À What is the nominal shear capacity of the beam, Vn (kN) at the supports, if the lateral ties consists of
three legs (3) spaced at 100 mm on center?
Á At midspan where shear is minimum, what is the theoretical max. spacing of two legs of lateral ties?

 Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam at the supports in kN.m.?

Solution:
À Nominal shear capacity of the beam
A v fy d
S=
Vs
π
(10)2 (3)(275)(375)
100 = 4
Vs Vu
Vs + Vc =
Vs = 242.98 kN ø
1 Vs + Vc = Vn
Vc = f ' bd
6 c Vn = 242.98 + 114.7
1 Vn = 357.7 kN
Vc = 27.5 (350)(375)
6
Vc = 114.7 kN
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4
PROBLEM 16-18: cont.

Á Spacing of lateral ties at midspan where shear is minimum

Min. area of lateral ties required :
bw S
Av =
3fy
π 350(S)
(10)2 (2) =
4 3(275)
S = 370 mm

 Ultimate moment capacity of the beam at the supports

Assumed rectangular beam since slab at the top is not capable of resisting tensile stresses.
Min. area of lateral ties required :
π
A s = (25)2 (5) = 2454.4 mm2
4
A 2454
ρ= s = = 0.0187 5-25 mm ø
bd 350(375)
T=A S f y
ρmax = 0.75ρb
0.75(0.85)fc ' β (600)
ρmax = (d-a/2)
fy (600 + fy )
d=375
0.75(0.85)(27.5)(0.85)(600)
ρmax = a C
415(600 + 415)
ρmax = 0.021 b=350 0.85fc’

ρ < ρmax (no need for compression bars)

C=T
0.85fc 'ab = A s fy
0.85(27.5)(a)(350) = 2454.4(415)
a = 124.50 mm
a
(
M u = øA s fy d -
2
)
124.5
M u = 0.90(2454)(415) 375 - ( 2
)
M u = 286.7 kN.m.
Refresher – DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Quiz 4

STUDY THE FOLLOWING PRACTICAL QUESTIONS

PROBLEM 19:
Is the critical stress required to initiate failure.
a) Hardness
b) Ductility
c) Plastic strain
d) Strength ü

PROBLEM 20:
Is the resistance of a material to penetration.
a) Strain
b) Hardness ü
c) Strength
d) Plastic strain

PROBLEM 21:
Is the permanent strain that accompanies fracture.
a) Stress
b) Strength
c) Hardness
d) Ductility ü

PROBLEM 22:
Is the energy for failure by fracture.
a) Hardness
b) Roughness
c) Toughness ü
d) Strength