MATH 2023 Tutorial 13 (T1A)

Surface integral and Stokes’ theorem

15/5/2023

1 Recap
Parametrized surfaces
• Let 𝐷 be a bounded region in ℝ2 .
• Parametrized surface: a vector function 𝐷 → ℝ3 ,
#»
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣), 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣)⟩,
one-to-one, and first order partial derivatives (e.g. #»
𝑟 𝑥 ) are bounded componentwise.
• Surface: the image of a parametrized surface.
• E.g. the graph of 𝑓 ∶ ℝ3 → ℝ has parametrization
𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑓(𝑢, 𝑣)⟩
in the domain of 𝑓, so it is a surface.
• Normal vector of #»𝑟 at (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ):
#» #»
#» , 𝑣 ) = 𝜕 𝑟 (𝑢 , 𝑣 ) × 𝜕 𝑟 (𝑢 , 𝑣 ),
𝑛(𝑢0 0
𝜕𝑢 0 0 𝜕𝑣 0 0
#» , 𝑣 ) ≠ #»
provided 𝑛(𝑢 0.
0 0

– Reason: if moved along fixed 𝑣0 , with if 𝑢 changes by 𝑢0 , #»

#»
𝑟 will be changed by 𝜕𝜕𝑢𝑟 (𝑢0 , 𝑣0 ).
Then take cross product.
• Smooth surface: 𝑛 #» ≠ #»
0 on 𝐷.

Surface area of surfaces

• Def (surface area): if surface 𝑆 is parametrized by #»
𝑟 , then
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖ ‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
Area(𝑆) ≔ ∬ d𝑆 = ∬ ‖ ×
‖ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 ‖ ‖ d𝐴 = ∬ ‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖
‖ ‖ d𝑢 d𝑣 .
𝑆 𝐷‖ ‖ 𝐷‖ ‖
– Reason: ‖ 𝜕 #» 𝜕 #» #» gives the area of small rectangles on 𝑆.
‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖ ‖=‖‖𝑛‖
𝑟 𝑟
‖
• d𝑆: surface element,
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
d𝑆 = ‖
‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖‖ d𝐴 .
‖ ‖

• E.g. if 𝑆 is the graph of 𝑓 ∶ ℝ3 → ℝ, then

Area(𝑆) ≔ ∬ ‖
‖⟨1, 0, 𝑓𝑢 ⟩ × ⟨0, 1, 𝑓𝑣 ⟩‖
‖ d𝐴 = ∬ ‖
‖⟨−𝑓𝑢 , −𝑓𝑣 , 1⟩‖
2 2
‖ d𝐴 = ∬ √1 + (𝑓𝑢 ) + (𝑓𝑣 ) d𝐴 ,
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

consistent with the definition given in Tutorial 9.

1
Surface integral
• Like line integrals, there are two types of surface integrals.
• For scalar functions and for vector fields.

Surface integral for scalar functions

• Def (surface integral for scalar function):
– Let surface 𝑆 ⊂ ℝ3 has parametrization #»
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) with domain 𝐷.
– 𝑓 ∶ ℝ3 → ℝ.
– The surface integral of 𝑓 over 𝑆 is
#» ‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖ #» ‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
∬ 𝑓 d𝑆 ≔ ∬ 𝑓( 𝑟 ) ‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖ d𝐴 = ∬ 𝑓( 𝑟 ) ‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖
‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ d𝑢 d𝑣 .
𝑆 𝐷 ‖ ‖ 𝐷 ‖ ‖

• Surface element (without direction):

‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
d𝑆 = ‖
‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖‖ d𝐴 .
‖ ‖
• Interpretation: the sum of quantities 𝑓 over the surface 𝑆.
• Independent of parametrization, i.e. all parametrization should give the same value.
• Remark:
– In dimension higher than 3, there is no “cross-product”.
– d𝑆 = (Area by small vectors) d𝐴.

Surface integral for vector fields

• Def (surface integral for scalar function):
– Suppose surface 𝑆 ⊂ ℝ3 has parametrization #» 𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) with domain 𝐷.
#» 3
– 𝐹 ∶ ℝ → ℝ3 a vector field.
#»
– Then the surface integral of 𝐹 over 𝑆 is
#» #» #» #» 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #» 𝑟
∬ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑆 ≔ ∬ 𝐹( 𝑟 ) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ) d𝐴 .
𝑆 𝐷

#»
• Interpretation: the sum of effective quantities (those normal to the surface 𝑆) of 𝐹 over
the surface 𝑆.
• Independent of parametrization.
• Sign of integral depends on orientation, i.e. which of
𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»𝑟
±( × ).
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
– Usually given by the problem.
– For closed surface, usually take outwards as positive.

2
Stokes’ theorem
• Stokes’ Theorem:
– Let 𝑆 be oriented, piecewise-smooth.
– 𝑆 bounded by a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth, positively oriented boundary curve
𝐶.
#»
– Let 𝐹 be 𝐶 1 componentwise.
– Then
#» #» #» #»
∮ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑟 = ∬ (∇ × 𝐹 )⋅ d 𝑆 .
𝐶 𝑆

• The orientation of 𝐶 is defined by the right-hand-rule.

– Positive orientation of 𝐶 is the direction which the right thumb is pointing in the positive
direction of 𝑆.

(a) Positive orientation (b) Negative orientation

Figure 1: Orientations of 𝐶 (Red), given the positive orientation of surface (Blue) is down-
wards (Green)

• It is Green’s Theorem, but out of the ℝ2 plane.

#»
• Also implies the surface integral of ∇ × 𝐹 over two surfaces are the same given same
boundary and orientation.

Interpretation of curl
• Interpretation of curl: the local circulation of a vector field at a fixed point.
• Different from global circulation.
• E.g. the vector field
#» 𝑦 𝑥
𝐹 =⟨ ,− , 0⟩
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
#» #»
in Fig. 2 appears to be clockwise, yet ∇ × 𝐹 = 0 except at the origin.

3
 Figure 2: Vector field ⟨𝑦/(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ), −𝑥/(𝑥2 + 𝑦2), 0⟩

• Reason: For a circle not containing the origin, the clockwise push is cancelled out by the
counterclockwise push.

4
2 Problems
1 (Ex 16.6, Q 22 & 24). Find a parametrization of
(a). The part of the cylinder 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 that lines above the 𝑥𝑦-plane and between the
planes 𝑦 = −4, 𝑦 = 4.
(b). The part of the ellipsoid 𝑥2 + 2𝑦2 + 3𝑧2 = 1 that lies to the left of the 𝑥𝑧-plane.

2 (Ex 16.6, Q 42). Find the area of the surface 𝑥 = 𝑧2 + 𝑦 that lies between the planes
𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑧 = 2.

3 (Fitzpartick, Ex 20.2, Q 3). Find the surface area of the conical set

𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∶ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0, 𝑧2 = ℎ2 (𝑟 2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 )}.

4 (Fitzpartick, Ex 20.2, Q 6). Show that

∬ (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) d𝑆 ,
𝑆

where
𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∶ 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0, 0 < 𝑧 < 3, 𝑧2 = 3(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )}.

5 (Ex 16.7, Q 8). Evaluate

∬ (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) d𝑆 ,
𝑆
where 𝑆 is the surface with vector equation
#»
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨2𝑢𝑣, 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ⟩, 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ≤ 1.

6 (Ex 16.7, Q 24). Evaluate

#» #»
∬ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑆 ,
𝑆
where
#»
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = −𝑥 ı ⃗ − 𝑦 ȷ ⃗ + 𝑧3 k⃗
and 𝑆 is the part of the cone 𝑧 = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 between the planes 𝑧 = 1 and 𝑧 = 3 with downward
orientation.

7 (Ex 16.7, Q 32). Evaluate

#» #»
∬ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑆 ,
𝑆
where
#»
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑦 ı ⃗ + (𝑧 − 𝑦) ȷ ⃗ + 𝑥 k⃗
and 𝑆 is the surface of the tetrahedron with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1).

5
8 (Fitzpartick, Ex 20.3, Q 6). Verify Stokes’ Theorem for
#»
𝐹 = ⟨3𝑦, −𝑥𝑧, 𝑦𝑧2 ⟩,

where 𝑆 is the surface fo the paraboloid

2𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

boudned by the plane 𝑧 = 2.

9 (Ex 16.8, Q 14). Find

#» #»
∮ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑟 ,
𝐶
where
#»
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ⟨𝑥3 − 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧2 ⟩,
and 𝐶 is the curve of the intersection of the paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 and the plane 𝑥 = 𝑧, in
the counterclockwise orientation.

Figure 3: 3D plot of Problem 9. Blue: 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ; Green: 𝑧 = 𝑥.

10 (Ex 16.8, Q 20). Let 𝐶 be a simple, closed, smooth curve that lies in the plane
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1. Show that the line integral

∮ 𝑧 d𝑥 − 2𝑥 d𝑦 + 3𝑦 d𝑧
𝐶

depends only on the area of the region enclosed by 𝐶 and not on the shape of 𝐶 or its location
in the plane.

6
3 Solutions
1. (a). Although it is tempting to represent the polar coordinates to represent the cylinder,
note that this would take two variables, and we still need one to represent 𝑦. So three
variables are needed, and this approach does not work.
Instead, observe that one variable must be reserved to 𝑦, as it is independent of 𝑥 and 𝑧. To
represent the circle in the cylinder, we would need to use the dependencies on 𝑥 and 𝑧. For
example, we can take
𝑧 = √9 − 𝑥 2 ,
as the circle above the 𝑥𝑦-plane.
The parametrization thus is
#»
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨𝑢, 𝑣, √9 − 𝑢2 ⟩, −3 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 3 and − 4 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 4.

(b). It may not be apparent on how to parametrize a ellipsoid, yet we know how to parametrize
a sphere. So we can first transform it into a sphere then parametrize it.
Observe that if we let
𝑦 𝑧
(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = (𝑥, , ),
√2 √2
then the equation becomes
𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐2 = 1,
which is the equation of a sphere.
To find a parametrization for a sphere, remember in the polar coordinates of triple integrals,
we use the triple (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜙) to represent the whole ℝ3 . For a fixed sphere though, 𝜌 is fixed, so
it can be represented by two variables. In details, we have

𝑎 = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃, 𝑏 = sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃, 𝑐 = cos 𝜙.

Transferring back to (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧), we have

1 1
𝑥 = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃, 𝑦= sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃, 𝑧= cos 𝜙.
√2 √3

One final concern is the range of the variables. Usually we have

0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋.

However, in this case, we are asked to parametrize the part of the sphere left to the 𝑥𝑧-plane
only, meaning 𝑦 ≤ 0. To do so we need to restrict 𝜃. Therefore, by replacing (𝜃, 𝜙) by (𝑢, 𝑣),
the parametrization is

#» 1 1
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨sin 𝑣 cos 𝑢, sin 𝑣 sin 𝑢, cos 𝑣⟩, 𝜋 ≤ 𝑢 ≤ 2𝜋 and 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝜋.
√2 √3

7
 (a) Plot of (a) (b) Plot of (b)

Figure 4: Plots of the surfaces by the parametrizations

2. Step 1: Find a parametrization.

The given surface is already in the form of a graph of 𝑦, 𝑧,

𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑧2 + 𝑦, 0≤𝑦≤2 and 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 2.

We can take the parametrization

#»
𝑟 (𝑦, 𝑧) = ⟨𝑧2 + 𝑦, 𝑦, 𝑧⟩.

Step 2: Calculate the surface element.

Taking derivatives
𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
= ⟨1, 1, 0⟩ and = ⟨2𝑧, 0, 1⟩,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
and their cross product is
𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»𝑟
× = ⟨1, −1, −2𝑧⟩.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
So
‖
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»𝑟‖
‖ 𝜕𝑦 × 𝜕𝑧 ‖ ‖ = √1 + 1 + 4𝑧2 = √2 + 4𝑧2 .
‖ ‖

Step 3: Compute the surface area.

The surface area is given by
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
Area(𝑆) = ∬ ‖
‖ 𝜕𝑦 × 𝜕𝑧 ‖‖ d𝐴
𝑆‖ ‖
2 2
= ∫ ∫ √2 + 4𝑧2 d𝑦 d𝑧
0 0
2
= 2 ∫ √2 + 4𝑧2 d𝑧 .
0

We will need to do trigonometric substitution to find the integral. Let

𝜋 𝜋
2𝑧 = √2 tan 𝜃, − <𝜃< ⟹ √2𝑧 d𝑧 = sec2 𝜃 d𝜃 .
2 2
8
Substituting the above to the integral,

arctan 2√2
Area(𝑆) = 2 ∫ sec3 𝜃 d𝜃 .
0

Find the integral of sec3 𝜃 requires integration by parts

∫ sec3 𝜃 d𝜃 = ∫ sec2 𝜃 sec 𝜃 d𝜃

= tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 − ∫ tan2 𝜃 sec 𝜃 d𝜃

= tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 − ∫(sec2 𝜃 − 1) sec 𝜃 d𝜃

= tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + ∫ sec 𝜃 d𝜃 − ∫ sec3 𝜃 d𝜃 ,

1
⟹ ∫ sec3 𝜃 d𝜃 = (tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + ln ||tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃||) + 𝐶 .
2
Thus
arctan 2√2
Area(𝑆) = [tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + ln ||tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃||]
0

= 2√2 ⋅ 3 + ln |||2√2 + 3|||

= 6√2 + ln (2√2 + 3).

Figure 5: Plot of 𝑥 = 𝑧2 + 𝑦, 0 ≤ 𝑦, 𝑧 ≤ 2

3. Step 1: Find a parametrization of S.

By rewriting the equation of the set as

ℎ 2 𝑥 2 + ℎ 2 𝑦2 + 𝑧 2 = ℎ 2 𝑟 2 ,

we realize that 𝑆 is an ellipsoid. Like we have done in Problem 1(b), by letting

𝑥 𝑦
(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) = ( , , 𝑧),
ℎ ℎ

9
which 𝑆 in the 𝑎𝑏𝑐-space is a sphere of radius ℎ𝑟. A parametrization for the surface in the
𝑎𝑏𝑐-space is
#»
𝑠 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨ℎ𝑟 sin 𝑣 cos 𝑢, ℎ𝑟 sin 𝑣 sin 𝑢, ℎ𝑟 cos 𝑣⟩,

so a parametrization for 𝑆 is
#»
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨𝑟 sin 𝑣 cos 𝑢, 𝑟 sin 𝑣 sin 𝑢, ℎ𝑟 cos 𝑣⟩.

Since we are only considering the portion of the ellipsoid in the first octant (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0),
𝜋 𝜋
0≤𝑢≤ and 0≤𝑣≤ .
2 2

Step 2: Calculate the surface element.

The partial derivatives of #»
𝑟 are

𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
= ⟨−𝑟 sin 𝑣 sin 𝑢, 𝑟 sin 𝑣 cos 𝑢, 0⟩ and = ⟨𝑟 cos 𝑣 cos 𝑢, 𝑟 cos 𝑣 sin 𝑢, −ℎ𝑟 sin 𝑣⟩.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Their cross product are

𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟 ⎡ ı⃗ ȷ⃗ k⃗ ⎤
× = det −𝑟 sin 𝑣 sin 𝑢 𝑟 sin 𝑣 cos 𝑢 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⎣ 𝑟 cos 𝑣 cos 𝑢 𝑟 cos 𝑣 sin 𝑢 −𝑟ℎ sin 𝑣⎦
= ⟨−𝑟 2 ℎ sin2 𝑣 cos 𝑢, −𝑟 2 ℎ sin2 𝑣 sin 𝑣, −𝑟 2 sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣⟩,

and
‖
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖ √ 4 2 4
‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖
4 2 2
‖ = 𝑟 ℎ sin 𝑣 cos2 𝑢 + 𝑟 4 ℎ2 sin 𝑣 sin 𝑢 + 𝑟 4 sin 𝑣 cos2 𝑣
‖ ‖
= 𝑟 2 sin 𝑣√ℎ2 sin2 𝑣 + cos2 𝑣
= 𝑟 2 sin 𝑣√ℎ2 + (1 − ℎ2 ) cos2 𝑣. (1)

Step 3: Compute the surface area.

Hence, the surface area is
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
Area(𝑆) = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 sin 𝑣√ℎ2 + (1 − ℎ2 ) cos2 𝑣 d𝑢 d𝑣
0 0
𝜋/2
𝜋
= 𝑟 2 ∫ sin 𝑣√ℎ2 + (1 − ℎ2 ) cos2 𝑣 d𝑣
2 0
1
𝜋
= 𝑟 2 ∫ √ℎ2 + (1 − ℎ2 )𝑡 2 d𝑡 . (𝑡 = cos 𝑣)
2 0

This integral is of the form √𝑥2 ± 𝑎 2 , so we should use trigonometric substitution. However,
the complication is that depending on the sign of 1 − ℎ2 , the integral is in different form.

10
Case 1: 1 − ℎ2 > 0 ⟺ ℎ < 1.
In this case the integrand is √ℎ2 + (1 − ℎ2 )𝑡 2 , 1 − ℎ2 > 0, so we let

𝜋 𝜋 ℎ
𝑡√1 − ℎ2 = ℎ tan 𝜃, − <𝜃< ⟹ d𝑡 = sec2 𝜃 d𝜃 .
2 2 √1 − ℎ 2
Then
√1−ℎ2
arctan
𝜋 ℎ ℎ
Area(𝑆) = 𝑟 2 ∫ ℎ sec3 𝜃 d𝜃 .
2 √1 − ℎ 2 0

Here I will just quote the integral of sec3 𝜃,

1
∫ sec3 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2 (sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + ln |sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥|) + 𝐶 .

Substituting this gives

√1−ℎ2
arctan
𝜋 ℎ2 ℎ
Area(𝑆) = 𝑟 2 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 + ln |sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥|]
4 √1 − ℎ2 [ 0

𝜋 2 ℎ 2 ⎛ √1 − ℎ 2 || 2 + √1 − ℎ2 ||⎞
= 𝑟 + ln || || (See Fig. 6a)
4 √1 − ℎ2 ⎝ ℎ2 | ℎ |⎠
𝜋 ⎛ ℎ2 1 + √1 − ℎ 2 ⎞
= 𝑟2 1 + ln .
4 ⎝ √1 − ℎ2 ℎ ⎠

Case 2: 1 − ℎ2 < 0 ⟺ ℎ > 1.

In this case the integrand is √ℎ2 − (ℎ2 − 1)𝑡 2 , ℎ2 − 1 > 0, so we let

𝜋 𝜋 ℎ
𝑡√ℎ2 − 1 = ℎ sin 𝜃, − ≤𝜃≤ ⟹ d𝑡 = cos 𝜃 d𝜃 .
2 2 √ℎ 2 − 1
Then
√ℎ2 −1
arcsin
𝜋 ℎ ℎ
Area(𝑆) = 𝑟 2 ℎ cos2 𝜃 d𝜃
2 √ℎ2 − 1 ∫0
√ℎ2 −1
arcsin
𝜋 ℎ2 ℎ 1 + cos 2𝜃
= 𝑟2 ∫ d𝜃
2 √ℎ 2 − 1 0 2
√ℎ2 −1
𝜋 ℎ2 sin 2𝜃 arcsin ℎ
= 𝑟2 𝜃 +
4 √ℎ 2 − 1 [ 2 ]0

𝜋 ℎ2 ⎛ √ℎ 2 − 1 √ℎ 2 − 1 ⎞
= 𝑟2 arcsin + (See Fig. 6b)
4 √ℎ 2 − 1 ⎝ ℎ ℎ2 ⎠
𝜋 ⎛ ℎ2 √ℎ 2 − 1 ⎞
= 𝑟2 1 + arcsin .
4 ⎝ √ℎ 2 − 1 ℎ ⎠

11
Case 3: ℎ = 1.
In this case, the integrand is just √ℎ2 = ℎ = 1, so
𝜋
Area(𝑆) = 𝑟 2 .
2
Note that in this case, 𝑆 is just the sphere of radius 𝑟, so this value, which is one-eighth of
the surface area of the sphere, makes sense.
In conclusion,
𝜋 2
⎧
⎪ 𝑟 if ℎ=1
⎪
⎪ 2
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 𝜋 2⎛ ℎ2 1 + √1 − ℎ 2 ⎞
𝑟 1+ ln if ℎ>1
Area(𝑆) = ⎨ 4 ⎝ √ 1 − ℎ 2 ℎ ⎠
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 𝜋 ⎛ ℎ2 √ℎ 2 − 1 ⎞
⎪
⎪
⎪ 𝑟2 1 + arcsin if ℎ < 1.
⎩4 ⎝ √ℎ 2 − 1 ℎ ⎠

ℎ ℎ
1 √ℎ2 − 1
𝜃 𝜃
√ℎ 2 − 1 1
(a) Case 1 (b) Case 2

Figure 6: Trigonometric ratios

(a) ℎ = 2, 𝑟 = 1 (b) ℎ = 0.5, 𝑟 = 1

Figure 7: Ellipsoids, at different ℎ

Remark 1. In Eq. (1), one can write

‖
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖‖ = 𝑟 2 sin 𝑣 cos 𝑣√ℎ2 tan2 𝑣 + 1.
‖ ‖

12
Proceeding in this way, you should obtain an integral of the form
ℎ2 ∞ 1
∫ d𝑠 .
4 0 (𝑠 + ℎ2 − 1)2
2

Nonetheless, you still need to separately consider the cases ℎ > 1 and ℎ < 1.
Another thing to note is that for the case ℎ > 1, you may obtain
𝜋 ℎ 2 ⎛ √ℎ 2 − 1 𝜋 1 ⎞
Area(𝑆) = + − arctan .
4 √ℎ 2 − 1 ⎝ ℎ 2 2 √ℎ 2 − 1 ⎠
Even though this form is different form what we have shown, they are indeed the same. This
is due to the following identities
1 𝜋 𝑥
arctan = − arctan 𝑥 and arctan 𝑥 = arcsin .
𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2

Remark 2. As observe from this example, the formula for general ellipsoid is complicated
in a sense that it is case-dependent and contains inverse trigonometric functions. An
approximation formula, given by Thomsen (2004), for general ellipsoid
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
+ + =1
𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑐2
is
𝑟 𝑎 𝑝 𝑏 𝑝 + 𝑏 𝑝 𝑐𝑝 + 𝑎 𝑝 𝑐𝑝
Area(𝑆) ≈ 4𝜋√ , 𝑝 ≈ 1.6075.
3
In our problem,
1 1
𝑎=𝑏= and 𝑐 = 2 2 ,
𝑟 2 ℎ𝑟
so the approximation of our desired area (need to divide by 8) is
𝜋√ 𝑝
𝑝 1 + 2𝑥
.
2 3
By plotting the exact and the approximation formula in Fig. 8, we can see that the two
formulae give very close results.
In addition, as ℎ → 0+ , the area approaches 𝜋𝑟 2 /4, since the surface is getting closer to two
ellipses, which the area of an ellipse is 𝜋𝑎𝑏.
𝑦

𝜋
2

𝜋
4

𝑥
0 1

Figure 8: Exact vs approximation at 𝑟 = 1. Blue: exact; Orange dashed: approximation.

13
4. This is a surface integral of a scalar function.
Step 1: Find parametrization.
Since we are working with 𝑧 > 0, we can take

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = √3√𝑥2 + 𝑦2 .

So a simple parametrization is
#»
𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, √3√𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ⟩.

We defer establishing the domain of the parametrization to later parts.

Step 2: Calculate the surface element.
We can take partial derivatives of #»
𝑟 then take cross product, but since the surface here is a
graph, we know

‖
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖ 2
‖ 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑦 ‖
2
‖ = √1 + (𝑓𝑥 ) + (𝑓𝑦 )
‖ ‖
√
√ ⎛ √3𝑥 ⎞2 ⎛ √3𝑦 ⎞2
= √1 + +
√ ⎝ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⎠ ⎝ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⎠

3𝑥2 + 3𝑦2
= √1 +
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
= 2.

Step 3: Evalutate the integral.

We have
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
∬ 𝑥 + 𝑦 d𝑆 = ∬ (𝑥 + 𝑦 )‖ 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑦 ‖
2 2 2 2 ‖ ‖ d𝐴 = 2 ∬ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 d𝐴 .
𝑆 𝐷 ‖ ‖ 𝐷
For this problem, it is easier to work with polar coordinates. From the domain of 𝑧,

0 < 𝑧 = √3√𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = √3𝑟 < 3 ⟹ 0 < 𝑟 < √3.

Moreover, for 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0, we need

𝜋
0≤𝜃≤ .
2
Be reminded that when changing the integrating variables from (𝑥, 𝑦) to (𝑟, 𝜃),

d𝑥 d𝑦 = 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃 ,

hence
𝜋/2 √3
∬ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 d𝑆 = 2 ∬ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 d𝐴 = 2 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 ⋅ 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃
𝑆 𝐷 0 0

1 4 √3
= 𝜋[ 𝑟 ]
4 0
9𝜋
= ,
4

14
as required.

(a) Viewed from first octant (b) Viewed from top

Figure 9: Plot of 𝑧2 = 3(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ). Blue: whole domain; Red: Restricted to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 > 0.

5. This is a surface integral of a scalar function.

Step 1: Find the parametrization.
This time the parametrize was given by the problem
#»
𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨2𝑢𝑣, 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ⟩, 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ≤ 1.

Step 2: Calculate the surface element.

Differentiating #»
𝑟 gives

𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
= ⟨2𝑣, 2𝑢, 2𝑢⟩ and = ⟨2𝑢, −2𝑣, 2𝑣⟩.
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Thus

𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟 ⎡ ı⃗ ȷ⃗ k⃗ ⎤
× = det 2𝑣 2𝑢 2𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⎣2𝑢 −2𝑣 2𝑣 ⎦
= ⟨8𝑢𝑣, 4(𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 ), −4(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )⟩,

and
‖
‖ 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟‖
‖ 𝜕𝑢 × 𝜕𝑣 ‖‖ = √64𝑢2 𝑣 2 + 16(𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 )2 + 16(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2
‖ ‖
= 4√4𝑢2 𝑣 2 + (𝑢4 − 2𝑢2 𝑣 2 + 𝑣 4 ) + (𝑢4 + 2𝑢2 𝑣 2 + 𝑣 4 )
= 4√2𝑢4 + 4𝑢2 𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 4
= 4√2(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ).

15
Step 3: Evaluate the integral.
After replacing the integrand by the parametrization, the surface integral is

2 + 𝑦2 ) d𝑆 = 2 ‖ #» #» ‖
2 − 𝑣 2 )2 ]‖ 𝜕 𝑟 × 𝜕 𝑟 ‖ d𝐴
∬ (𝑥 ∬ [(2𝑢𝑣) + (𝑢 ‖ 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 ‖
𝑆 𝑆 ‖ ‖
3
= 4√2 ∬ (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) d𝐴 .
𝑆

It is apparent that polar coordinates is the easier approach. The domain of integration is

𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ≤ 1 ⟹ 𝑟 ≤ 1.

Therefore, the integral becomes

3
∬ (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) d𝑆 = 4√2 ∬ (𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ) d𝐴
𝑆 𝑆
2𝜋 1
= 4√2 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 3 ⋅ 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃
0 0
1 1
= 8√2𝜋[ 𝑟 5 ]
5 0
8√2
= 𝜋.
5

Figure 10: Plot of surface given by #»

𝑟 (𝑢, 𝑣) = ⟨2𝑢𝑣, 𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 ⟩

Remark 3. Actually, observe that

(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 )2 − (𝑢2 − 𝑣 2 )2 = 4𝑢2 𝑣 2

⟹ 𝑧 2 − 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑧 2 .

Thus the surface given by this parametrization is the circular cone.

6. This is a surface integral of a vector field.

16
Step 1: Find a parametrization.
The surface we are integrating over is

𝑧 = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ,

which is a graph, so we can take the parametrization

#»
𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ⟩.

The domain for #»

𝑟 is
1 ≤ 𝑧 = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ≤ 3. (2)

Step 2: Calculate the normal vector.

Like integrating a scalar function, we need to differentiate the parametrization #»
𝑟,

𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝑥 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝑦
= ⟨1, 0, ⟩ and = ⟨0, 1, ⟩.
𝜕𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Their cross product is

⎡ ı⃗ ȷ⃗ k⃗ ⎤
#»
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 #» 1 0 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
× = det ⎢
⎢ ⎥
√𝑥2 +𝑦2 ⎥ = ⟨− ,− , 1⟩. (3)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 ⎢ 𝑦 ⎥ √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
0 1
⎣ √𝑥2 +𝑦2 ⎦

Different from the integral of scalar functions, we only need the vector, not its norm. Another
issue is the orientation. We are specifically asked to consider the downward orientation, yet
the vector in Eq. (3) is pointing upward as the 𝑧-component is postive. Hence we shall take

𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝑥 𝑦
× =⟨ , , −1⟩,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 √𝑥2 + 𝑦2
as the normal vector.
Step 3: Evaluate the integral.
The integrand is

#» 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝑥 𝑦
𝐹 ( #»
𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦)) ⋅ ( × ) = ⟨−𝑥, −𝑦, (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )3/2 ⟩ ⋅ ⟨ , , −1⟩
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
−(𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) − (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )2
= .
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Again, doing integral in polar coordinates simplifies the calculation. The domain of integra-
tion in Eq. (2) becomes
1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 3.

17
Hence
2
#» #» (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑦2 )
∬ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑆 d𝑆 = − ∬ d𝑥 d𝑦
𝑆 𝐷 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2𝜋 3 2
𝑟 + 𝑟4
= −∫ ∫ ⋅ 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃
0 1 𝑟
1 1 3
= −2𝜋[ 𝑟 3 + 𝑟 5 ]
3 5 1
35 1 1
= −2𝜋(9 + − − )
5 3 5
1712
=− 𝜋.
15

#» #»
(a) Without vector field 𝐹 (b) With vector field 𝐹

Figure 11: Plots of 𝑧 = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 . Orange: 𝑧 = 3; Purple: 𝑧 = 1

7. This is a surface integral of a vector field. The complication here is that the thetrahedron
has 4 faces, and to find the total integral we need to consider each face then add the integrals
over each of them up.
In addition, since the surface is a boundary of a solid, the outwards directions are considered
as the positive orientation.
In the following I will not list out the steps, but mention which surface are being integrated.
One should be reminded that the procedures for calculating surface integrals are
1. Find a parametrization;
2. Calculate the normal vector;
3. Evaluate the integral.
Surface 𝑆1 : (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 0).
This surface is a triangle on the 𝑥𝑦-plane. A parametrization is

𝑟#»1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, 0⟩, 0≤𝑥≤1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 − 𝑥.

Then
𝜕 𝑟#»1 𝜕 𝑟#»1
= ⟨1, 0, 0⟩ and = ⟨0, 1, 0⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑟#» 𝜕 𝑟#»
⟹ 1 × 2 = ⟨0, 0, 1⟩.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

18
But this is upwards-pointing, so we take
𝜕 𝑟#»1 𝜕 𝑟#»1
× = ⟨0, 0, −1⟩.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The integral is
#» #» 𝜕 𝑟#»1 𝜕 𝑟#»1
∬ 𝐹( 𝑟1 ) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑦 × 𝜕𝑥 ) d𝐴 = ∬ ⟨𝑦, −𝑦, 𝑥⟩ ⋅ ⟨0, 0, −1⟩ d𝐴
𝑆1 𝑆1
1 1−𝑥
=∫ ∫ −𝑥 d𝑦 d𝑥
0 0
1
= ∫ −𝑥 + 𝑥2 d𝑥
0
1
1 1
= [− 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ]
2 3 0
1
=− .
6

Surface 𝑆2 : (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1).

This is a triangle on the 𝑦𝑧-plane, and a parametrization is
𝑟#»2 (𝑦, 𝑧) = ⟨0, 𝑦, 𝑧⟩, 0≤𝑦≤1 and 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 − 𝑦.
Then
𝜕 𝑟#»2 𝜕 𝑟#»2
= ⟨0, 1, 0⟩ and = ⟨0, 0, 1⟩,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝑟#» 𝜕 𝑟#»
⟹ 2 × 2 = ⟨1, 0, 0⟩.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
But this is inwards-pointing, so we take
𝜕 𝑟#»2 𝜕 𝑟#»2
× = ⟨−1, 0, 0⟩.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
The integral is
#» #» 𝜕 𝑟#»2 𝜕 𝑟#»2
∬ 𝐹( 𝑟2 ) ⋅ ( × ) d𝐴 = ∬ ⟨𝑦, 𝑧 − 𝑦, 0⟩ ⋅ ⟨−1, 0, 0⟩ d𝐴
𝑆2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑆2
1 1−𝑦
=∫ ∫ −𝑦 d𝑧 d𝑦
0 0
1
= ∫ −𝑦 + 𝑦2 d𝑥
0
1
1 1
= [− 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 ]
2 3 0
1
=− .
6

Surface 𝑆3 : (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1).

This is a triangle on the 𝑥𝑧-plane, and a parametrization is
𝑟#»3 (𝑥, 𝑧) = ⟨𝑥, 0, 𝑧⟩, 0≤𝑧≤1 and 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 − 𝑧.

19
Then
𝜕 𝑟#»3 𝜕 𝑟#»3
= ⟨1, 0, 0⟩ and = ⟨0, 0, 1⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝑟#» 𝜕 𝑟#»
⟹ 3 × 3 = ⟨0, −1, 0⟩.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
This is outwards-pointing, as required. Thus the integral is
#» #» 𝜕 #»𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
∬ 𝐹( 𝑟3 ) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑧 ) d𝐴 = ∬ ⟨0, 𝑧, 𝑥⟩ ⋅ ⟨0, −1, 0⟩ d𝐴
𝑆3 𝑆3
1 1−𝑧
=∫ ∫ −𝑧 d𝑥 d𝑧
0 0
1
= ∫ −𝑧 + 𝑧2 d𝑧
0
1 1 1
= [− 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ]
2 3 0
1
=− .
6

Surface 𝑆4 : (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).

This surface is no longer contained in any coordinate planes. By substitution, one can easily
determine the equation of the plane to be
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.
To integrate over this surface, we treat it as a graph of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦),
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 and 𝑟#»(𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)⟩.
4

Then
𝜕 𝑟#»4 𝜕 𝑟#»4
= ⟨1, 0, −1⟩ and = ⟨0, 1, −1⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑟#» 𝜕 𝑟#»
⟹ 4 × 4 = ⟨1, 1, 1⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
which is outwards-pointing. The domain of integration is the triangle on the 𝑥𝑦-plane
0≤𝑦≤1 and 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 − 𝑦.
Thus the integral is
#» #» 𝜕 𝑟#»4 𝜕 𝑟#»4
∬ 𝐹( 𝑟4 ) ⋅ ( × ) d𝐴 = ∬ ⟨𝑦, 1 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦, 𝑥⟩ ⋅ ⟨1, 1, 1⟩ d𝐴
𝑆4 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑆4
1 1−𝑦
=∫ ∫ 1 − 𝑦 d𝑥 d𝑦
0 0
1
= ∫ (1 − 𝑦)2 d𝑦
0
1 3 1
=[ 𝑦 − 𝑦2 + 𝑦
3 ]0
5
= .
6

20
By adding up the integral over each of the surfaces,
#» #» 4 #» #» 1 1 1 5 1
∬ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑆 = ∑ ∬ 𝐹 ⋅ d 𝑆 = − 6 − 6 − 6 + 6 = 3 .
𝑆 𝑖=1 𝑆𝑖

(a) 𝑆4 (b) 𝑆1 (bottom) and 𝑆2 (left) (c) 𝑆2 (left) and 𝑆3 (right)

Figure 12: Plot of the tetrahedron

Remark 4. Although I presented the solution in a way that the domain of the parametriza-
tion is determined before integration, it should be determined by whichever order is easier
to compute.

8. The Stokes’ Theorem tells us that for 𝑆 an oriented, piecewise-smooth surface, with
#»
a simple, closed, piecewise-smooth boundary 𝐶 with positive orientation. Then if 𝐹 is a
vector field having continuous partial derivatives on an open set containing 𝑆, then
#» #» #» #»
∫ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑟 = ∬ (∇ × 𝐹 )⋅ d 𝑆 .
𝐶 𝑆
#»
For 𝐹 = ⟨3𝑦, −𝑥𝑧, 𝑦𝑧2 ⟩ and 𝑆 a paraboloid, the requirements are satisfied, so Stokes’ Theo-
rem should apply.
Since the orientation is not explicitly given, we will take the upwards-pointing direction
as the positive orientation, and so the boundary has the counterclockwise direction as
positive.
Surface integral.
Step 1: Find a parametrization.
We can easily rewrite 𝑧 as a graph of 𝑥, 𝑦, so we can take
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑟#»1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, ⟩, 0≤𝑧= ≤ 2.
2 2

Step 2: Calculate the normal vector.

Differentiating gives
𝜕 𝑟#»1 𝜕 𝑟#»2
= ⟨1, 0, 𝑥⟩ and = ⟨0, 1, 𝑦⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑟#» 𝜕 𝑟#»
⟹ 1 × 2 = ⟨−𝑥, −𝑦, 1⟩.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

21
This normal vector is upwards-pointing, as desired.
Step 3: Compute the curl.
The given vector field is
#»
𝐹 = ⟨3𝑦, −𝑥𝑧, 𝑦𝑧2 ⟩.
Thus

⎡ ı⃗ ȷ⃗ k⃗ ⎤
#» 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐹 = det ⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑘 ⎥
= ⟨𝑥 + 𝑧2 , 0, −𝑧 − 3⟩.
⎣3𝑦 −𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧2 ⎦

Step 4: Evaluate the integral.

#»
Under the parametrization 𝑟#»1 , ∇ × 𝐹 is
2
#» 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
∇ × 𝐹 = ⟨𝑥 + ( ) , 0, − − 3⟩.
2 2

Before working on the integral, notice that the integration domain is a circle, so working in
polar coordinates is easier. The domain in polar coordinates is

𝑟2
0≤ ≤2 ⟺ 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 2.
2

Hence the surface integral is

#» #» #» 𝜕 #» 𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
∬ (∇ × 𝐹 )⋅ d 𝑆 = ∬ (∇ × 𝐹 ) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑦 ) d𝐴
𝑆 𝑆
2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
= ∬ ⟨𝑥 + ( ) , 0, − − 3⟩ ⋅ ⟨−𝑥, −𝑦, 1⟩ d𝐴
𝑆 2 2
2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
=∬ −𝑥2 − 𝑥( ) − − 3 d𝐴
𝑆 2 2
2𝜋 2
𝑟5 𝑟2
= − ∫ ∫ (𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 + + 3)𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃
0 0 4 2
2𝜋 2
𝑟6 𝑟3
= − ∫ ∫ (𝑟 3 cos2 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 + + 3𝑟) d𝑟 d𝜃
0 0 4 2
2𝜋 2
1 𝑟7 𝑟4 3
= − ∫ [ 𝑟 4 cos2 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 + + 𝑟 2 ] d𝜃
0 4 4⋅7 8 2 0
2𝜋
32
= − ∫ 4 cos2 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 + 2 + 6 d𝜃
0 7
2𝜋
32
= − ∫ 2(1 + cos 2𝜃) + cos 𝜃 + 8 d𝜃
0 7
2𝜋
32
= −[10𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + sin 𝜃]
7 0
= −20𝜋.

22
Line integral.
Step 1: Find a parametrization.
It is clear that the boundary of the surface is the circle 𝑟 = 2. If we want the line to traverse
in the counterclockwise direction, we can take

𝑟#»2 (𝑡) = ⟨2 cos 𝑡, 2 sin 𝑡, 2⟩, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋.

The tangent vector of 𝑟#»2 is

𝑟#»2 ′ (𝑡) = ⟨−2 sin 𝑡, 2 cos 𝑡, 0⟩.

Step 2: Evaluate the line integral.

Using the parametrization 𝑟#»2 ,
2𝜋
#» #» #» #» #»
∮ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑟2 = ∫ 𝐹( 𝑟2 (𝑡)) ⋅ 𝑟2 ′ (𝑡) d𝑡
𝐶 0
2𝜋
= ∫ ⟨6 sin 𝑡, −4 cos 𝑡, 8 sin 𝑡⟩ ⋅ ⟨−2 sin 𝑡, 2 cos 𝑡, 0⟩ d𝑡
0
2𝜋
= ∫ −12 sin2 𝑡 − 8 cos2 𝑡 d𝑡
0
2𝜋
= − ∫ 4 sin2 𝑡 + 8 d𝑡
0
2𝜋
= − ∫ 2(1 − cos 2𝑡) + 8 d𝑡
0
2𝜋
= −[10𝜃 − sin 2𝑡]0
= −20𝜋.

In conclusion, we verified the conclusion of Stokes’ Theorem indeed holds in this case.

#» #»
(a) Without ∇ × 𝐹 (b) With ∇ × 𝐹

Figure 13: Plot of surfaces. Blue: 2𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ; Purple: 𝑧 = 2

23
 (a) Viewed from first octant (b) Viewed from top
#»
Figure 14: Plot of boundary and vector field 𝐹

9. We present the solution for three methods.

1. Taking surface integral over 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ;
2. Taking surface integral over 𝑧 = 𝑥;
3. Compute the line integral directly.
Method 1: Taking surface integral over 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 .
The idea is to use Stokes’ Theorem to transform the line integral to a surface integral. However
before that, we still need to assert that the condition for Stokes’ Theorem are satisfied. This
#»
is easy in this problem, since 𝐹 is clearly 𝐶 1 , and 𝐶 is simple, closed and smooth. The
only thing is the orientation of the surface, which positive is upwards-pointing given 𝐶 is
counterclockwise.
Step 1: Find a parametrization.
The surface is a graph, so we can take

𝑟#»1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ⟩.

To further establish the integration domain, by equating the plane 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 and 𝑧 = 𝑥, we

get
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑥. (4)
By rewriting as
1 2 1
(𝑥 − ) + 𝑦2 = ,
2 4
we realize the domain as a circle centered at ( 12 , 0) with radius 12 . If we use polar coordinates
on Eq. (4), we obtain
𝑟 2 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑟 = cos 𝜃.
Moreover, for this line to start and end at 𝑟 = 0, − 𝜋2 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋2 . Thus the domain is
𝜋 𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ cos 𝜃 and − ≤𝜃≤ .
2 2
24
Step 2: Calculate the normal vector.
Taking derivatives,

𝜕 𝑟#»1 𝜕 𝑟#»1
= ⟨1, 0, 2𝑥⟩ and = ⟨0, 1, 2𝑦⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑟#» 𝜕 𝑟#»
⟹ 1 × 1 = ⟨−2𝑥, −2𝑦, 1⟩.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
This is upwards-pointing, as desired.
#»
Step 3: Compute the curl of 𝐹 .
Remember
#»
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ⟨𝑥3 − 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧2 ⟩.
Its curl is given by

⎡ ı⃗ ȷ⃗ k⃗ ⎤
#» 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐹 = det ⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ⎥ = ⟨1, −1, 𝑦⟩.
⎣𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 + 𝑧 ⎦
3 2

Step 4: Evaluate the integral.

The integral is

#» #» 𝜕 𝑟#»1 𝜕 𝑟#»1
∬ (∇ × 𝐹( 𝑟1 )) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑦 ) d𝐴 = ∬ ⟨1, −1, 𝑦⟩ ⋅ ⟨−2𝑥, −2𝑦, 1⟩ d𝐴
𝑆 𝑆

= ∬ −2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦 d𝐴
𝑆

= ∬ −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 d𝐴
𝑆
𝜋/2 cos 𝜃
=∫ ∫ (−2𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 3𝑟 sin 𝜃) ⋅ 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃
−𝜋/2 0
𝜋/2
1 3 cos 𝜃
=∫ [ 𝑟 ]0 ⋅ (−2 cos 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃) d𝜃
−𝜋/2 3
𝜋/2
2
= ∫ − cos4 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos3 𝜃 d𝜃
−𝜋/2 3
2 𝜋/2
= − ∫ cos4 𝜃 d𝜃 ,
3 −𝜋/2

since sin 𝜃 cos3 𝜃 is odd.

As usual, cos4 𝜃 can be expressed as

1 + cos 2𝜃 2
cos4 𝜃 = ( )
2
1
= (1 + 2 cos 2𝜃 + cos2 2𝜃)
4
1 1 + cos 4𝜃
= [1 + 2 cos 2𝜃 + ]
4 2
1 3 1
= ( + 2 cos 2𝜃 + cos 4𝜃).
4 2 2

25
Substituting this back to the integral,

#» #» 𝜕 𝑟#»1 𝜕 𝑟#»1 1 𝜋/2 3 1

∬ (∇ × 𝐹( 𝑟1 )) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑦 ) d𝐴 = − 6 ∫ 2 + 2 cos 2𝜃 + 2 cos 4𝜃 d𝜃
𝑆 −𝜋/2
𝜋/2
1 3𝜃 1
= − [ + sin 2𝜃 + sin 4𝜃]
6 2 8 −𝜋/2
1 3
=− ⋅ 𝜋
6 2
𝜋
=− .
4

Therefore, by Stokes’ Theorem,

#» #» #» #» 𝜋
∮ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑟 = ∬ ∇ × 𝐹⋅ d 𝑆 = − 4 .
𝐶 𝑆

Method 2: Taking surface integral over 𝑧 = 𝑥.

In this problem, we are given that 𝐶 lies on two surfaces, one is 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , considered
above. The other one is 𝑧 = 𝑥. By Stokes’ Theorem, the integral of the curl over the surface
on 𝑧 = 𝑥 bounded by 𝐶 should also give the required line integral.
Step 1: Find a parametrization.
This is even easier, which we can take

𝑟#»2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥⟩.

The domain, in polar coordinate, is the same as before

𝜋 𝜋
0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ cos 𝜃 and − ≤ .
2 2
This is the same since in the two surfaces, we are both parametrizing by 𝑥, 𝑦. If we use
another parametrization, the domain could be different.
Step 2: Find the normal vector.
Taking derivatives,

𝜕 𝑟#»2 𝜕 𝑟#»2
= ⟨1, 0, 1⟩ and = ⟨0, 1, 1⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑟#» 𝜕 𝑟#»
⟹ 2 × 2 = ⟨−1, 0, 1⟩.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

This is upwards-pointing, as desired.

#»
Step 3: Compute the curl of 𝐹 .
This had been calculated in the last method,
#»
∇ × 𝐹 = ⟨1, −1, 𝑦⟩.

Step 4: Evaluate the integral.

26
The integral is

#» #» 𝜕 𝑟#»2 𝜕 𝑟#»2
∬ (∇ × 𝐹( 𝑟2 )) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑦 ) d𝐴 = ∬ ⟨1, −1, 𝑦⟩ ⋅ ⟨−1, 0, 1⟩ d𝐴
𝑆 𝑆

= ∬ −1 + 𝑦 d𝐴
𝑆
𝜋/2 cos 𝜃
=∫ ∫ (−1 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃) ⋅ 𝑟 d𝑟 d𝜃
−𝜋/2 0
𝜋/2 cos 𝜃
𝑟2 1 3
=∫ [ 2 + 3 𝑟 sin 𝜃]0 d𝜃
−
−𝜋/2
𝜋/2
1
= ∫ − cos2 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos3 𝜃 d𝜃
−𝜋/2 2
1 𝜋/2 1 + cos 2𝜃
=− ∫ d𝜃 , (sin 𝜃 cos3 𝜃 is odd)
2 −𝜋/2 2
1 sin 2𝜃 𝜋/2
= − [𝜃 +
4 2 ]−𝜋/2
𝜋
=− .
4

Therefore, by Stokes’ Theorem,

#» #» #» #» 𝜋
∮ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑟 = ∬ ∇ × 𝐹⋅ d 𝑆 = − 4 .
𝐶 𝑆

In general, Stokes’ Theorem tells us that when doing surface integral of the curl of a vector
field, we can consider another surface, as long as this and the original surface shares the
same boundary and orientation. It facilitates us to consider a surface that is easier the
integrate over. However, it does not assert such a relation for general vector fields.
Method 3: Compute the line integral directly.
Step 1: Find a parametrization of the line.
We have shown that the intersection of the plane is the polar equation

𝑟 = cos 𝜃.

Using this on the polar coordinates for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 = 𝑥, we obtain a parametrization of the
line
1
𝑟#»3 (𝑡) = ⟨𝑟 cos 𝑡, 𝑟 sin 𝑡, 𝑟 cos 𝑡⟩ = ⟨cos2 𝑡, sin 2𝑡, cos2 𝑡⟩,
2
with
𝜋 𝜋
− ≤𝑡≤ .
2 2
You can check that the orientation of this parametrization is counterclockwise.
Step 2: Calculate the line element.
Taking derivative,

𝑟#»3 ′ (𝑡) = ⟨− sin 2𝑡, cos 2𝑡, − sin 2𝑡⟩.

27
Step 3: Evaluate the line integral.
Recall that
#»
𝐹 = ⟨𝑥3 − 𝑧, 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧2 ⟩,
so under the parametrization 𝑟#»(𝑡), 3

#» 1 1
𝐹 ( #»
𝑟 3 (𝑡)) = ⟨cos6 𝑡 − cos2 𝑡, sin 2𝑡 cos2 𝑡, sin 2𝑡 + cos4 𝑡⟩.
2 2
The integrand is
#»
𝐹 ( 𝑟#»(𝑡)) ⋅ 𝑟#»′ (𝑡)
3 3
1 1
= ⟨cos6 𝑡 − cos2 𝑡, sin 2𝑡 cos2 𝑡, sin 2𝑡 + cos4 𝑡⟩ ⋅ ⟨− sin 2𝑡, cos 2𝑡, − sin 2𝑡⟩
2 2
1 1 1
= − sin 2𝑡(cos6 𝑡 − cos2 𝑡 + cos2 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 − cos4 𝑡) − sin2 2𝑡.
2 2 2
However, notice that the first term is odd.
The integral thus is,
𝜋/2
#» #» #» #» #»
∮ 𝐹⋅ d 𝑟 = ∫ 𝐹 ( 𝑟3 (𝑡)) ⋅ 𝑟3 ′ (𝑡) d𝑡
𝐶 −𝜋/2
𝜋/2
1 1 1
=∫ − sin 2𝑡(cos6 𝑡 − cos2 𝑡 + cos2 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 − cos4 𝑡) − sin2 2𝑡 d𝑡
−𝜋/2 2 2 2
𝜋/2
1
= − ∫ sin2 2𝑡 d𝑡 (The first term is odd)
2 −𝜋/2
1 𝜋/2
= − ∫ 1 − cos 4𝑡 d𝑡
4 −𝜋/2
𝜋/2
1 1
= − [𝑡 − sin 4𝑡]
4 4 −𝜋/2
𝜋
=− .
4

In conclusion, all three methods gives the same value, which is guaranteed by Stokes’
Theorem.

10. The desciption of the problem already suggested us using Stokes’ Theorem, as we want
a double integral to calculate area.
Remember that the given line integral is equivalent to
#»
∫ ⟨𝑧, −2𝑥, 3𝑦⟩⋅ d 𝑟 ,
𝐶

so the vector field to be integrated is

#»
𝐹 = ⟨𝑧, −2𝑥, 3𝑦⟩.
#»
This is clear that 𝐹 is 𝐶 1 , so Stokes’ Theorem applies. The curl of this vector field is

⎡ ı⃗ ȷ⃗ k⃗ ⎤
#» 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ × 𝐹 = det ⎢ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ⎥ = ⟨3, 1, −2⟩.
⎣ 𝑧 −2𝑥 3𝑦⎦

28
The surface has a parametrization
#»
𝑟 (𝑥, 𝑦) = ⟨𝑥, 𝑦, 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦⟩,
so
𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
= ⟨1, 0, −1⟩ and = ⟨0, 1, −1⟩,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 #»
𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
⟹ × = ⟨1, 1, 1⟩.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Since no instructions on the orientation is given, we just take the direction given by the
above normal vector as positive.
By Stokes’ Theorem,
#» 𝜕 #» 𝑟 𝜕 #»
𝑟
∫ 𝑧 d𝑥 − 2𝑥 d𝑦 + 3𝑦 d𝑧 = ∬ (∇ × 𝐹 ) ⋅ ( 𝜕𝑥 × 𝜕𝑦 ) d𝐴
𝐶 𝑆

= ∬ ⟨3, 1, −2⟩ ⋅ ⟨1, 1, 1⟩ d𝐴

𝑆

= 3 ∬ d𝐴 .
𝑆

This shows that the given line integral depends only on the area of the region bounded by 𝐶.

4 Demos
Interactive 3D plots created in Math3D are availbale below.

Recap
• Orientation of surface and boundary
#»
• Vector field with curl 0

Problems
1(a). https://www.math3d.org/PvS3VxIfT
1(b). https://www.math3d.org/6dkT5CK7Y
2. https://www.math3d.org/l7csRHcEq
3. https://www.math3d.org/2rr25RSox
4. https://www.math3d.org/s4xnNQYfr
5. https://www.math3d.org/tw3wSPnzq
6. https://www.math3d.org/5Vx8AAxk1
7. https://www.math3d.org/E9JJhbNPX
8. https://www.math3d.org/pUv7wAHhL
9. https://www.math3d.org/keWJdPmpM

29