EACO Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) - Guideline For Non-Industrial Workplaces

INDOOR AIR QUALITY
GUIDELINE
FOR NON-INDUSTRIAL WORKPLACES
INDOOR AIR QUALITY GUIDELINE
Table of Contents
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. I
DISCLAIMER.............................................................................................................................. I
ABOUT EACO ........................................................................................................................... II
1.0 GENERAL POINTS AND LIMITATIONS .....................................................................1.1
2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY ........................................................2.1

WHAT IS GOOD INDOOR AIR QUALITY? ..................................................................2.1
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS.............................................................................................2.2
VENTILATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................2.3
2.3.1 Mechanical Ventilation ................................................................................2.3
2.3.2 Natural Ventilation .......................................................................................2.4
2.3.3 Ventilation Considerations ........................................................................... 2.5
IAQ CONTAMINANTS..................................................................................................2.6
2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) .................................................................................2.7
2.4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ...............................................................................2.7
2.4.3 Particulate Matter (PM) ...............................................................................2.7
2.4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) .......................................................... 2.8
2.4.5 Formaldehyde .............................................................................................2.8
2.4.6 Ozone .........................................................................................................2.8
2.4.7 Bioaerosols .................................................................................................2.9
2.4.8 Radon .........................................................................................................2.9
COMFORT .................................................................................................................2.10
2.5.1 Thermal Comfort ....................................................................................... 2.10
2.5.2 Irritants ...................................................................................................... 2.11
2.5.3 Odours ...................................................................................................... 2.11
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................2.12
3.0 IAQ MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................3.1

IAQ MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS ...............................................................................3.1
3.1.1 Program Components .................................................................................3.1
MITIGATION STRATEGIES .........................................................................................3.2
3.2.1 Source Control ............................................................................................3.2
4.0 CONDUCTING AN IAQ ASSESSMENT ......................................................................4.1

HVAC ASSESSMENTS ................................................................................................4.2
PROACTIVE ASSESSMENTS .....................................................................................4.3
REACTIVE ASSESSMENTS ........................................................................................4.5
DEVELOPING A SAMPLING PLAN .............................................................................4.6
MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES ..................................................................................4.7
4.5.1 Active ..........................................................................................................4.7
4.5.2 Passive .......................................................................................................4.7
4.5.3 Direct-Reading Instruments ......................................................................... 4.7
5.0 HIRING AN IAQ PROFESSIONAL ..............................................................................5.1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Common Indoor Sources of IAQ Issues in Buildings ................................................. B.2
Table 2: Common Outdoor Sources of IAQ Issues ................................................................. B.5
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Exposure Pathway Links............................................................................................2.2
Figure 2: Simplified Schematic Diagram of Typical HVAC Components ...................................2.4
Figure 3: Key Steps to Conduct an IAQ Assessment ................................................................4.1
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................ A.1
APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF TYPICAL INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SOURCES ............. B.1
APPENDIX C: IAQ INDICATOR AND CONTAMINANT SUMMARY TABLE .................... C.1
APPENDIX D: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES...................................................................... D.1
APPENDIX E: LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................ E.1

Foreword
This guideline was prepared to assist employers, building owners, real estate management professionals,
constructors, contractors, and workers to better understand typical indoor air quality (IAQ) issues. This
includes an overview of industry best practices used in both the assessment of IAQ issues and
preventative measures. It is written in the context of non-industrial workplaces, such as offices, schools,
and commercial retail areas, and is primarily intended to address issues related to discomfort, irritation, or
annoyance rather than health hazards associated with higher risks and potential exposures governed
under regulated occupational exposure limits.
The guideline is intended to educate and inform those who need an introductory guide to resolve
perceived IAQ concerns, and to prevent them from occurring. This document examines comfort
parameters, irritants, typical indoor contaminants, and exposure pathways in such workplaces and
provides guidance regarding acceptable airborne concentrations and possible mitigation strategies.
IAQ problems can be very complex, and this guideline is not meant to provide a comprehensive solution
for all issues. In many cases, input from a multi-disciplinary team, which may include occupational
hygiene professionals, engineers, medical professionals and building ventilation experts may be required.
There are numerous provincial, federal, and international publications available from the private sector,
research groups, and various government entities. This guideline is intended to provide a concise
overview of practical approaches, rather than restate what is available in greater detail in the referenced
literature.
Disclaimer
The Environmental Abatement Council of Ontario (EACO) disclaims any liability or risk resulting from the
use of the approaches and recommendations discussed in the guideline. It is the user’s responsibility to
verify that the recommendations apply to specific workplaces and projects and that they comply with all
other applicable federal, provincial, and municipal acts, codes, and regulations. In addition, contaminants
and issues discussed may not be comprehensive or applicable to all situations. Users may need to seek
professional advice in some situations.
i
About EACO
The Environmental Abatement Council of Ontario (EACO) is a contractor-based organization serving the
environmental abatement industry. Our members represent our industry as a whole, including
contractors, consultants, engineers, suppliers, government officials, and others interested promoting safe
work practices and high standards of work. EACO’s purpose is to collect and disseminate information
regarding the health effects associated with exposure to asbestos, lead, mould, and other hazardous
materials in the construction industry. We achieve this by developing industry standard guidelines that are
recognized and utilized by provincial and municipal levels of government.
ii
General Points and Limitations
1.0 GENERAL POINTS AND LIMITATIONS
Sick building syndrome (SBS), building-related illnesses (BRI), and mass psychogenic illnesses (MPI)
were first identified in the 1970s when buildings started reducing ventilation rates to focus on energy
management. Similar issues have recently resurfaced as the cost of operating buildings increases and
designers shift to modern buildings that perform better and are “greener”. Modern buildings incorporate
significant IAQ components, which have helped raise awareness on the acceptability of the indoor
environment for occupants, focusing on sustainability, human health, and wellness.
This guideline intends to educate and inform those who need an introductory guide to manage, prevent,
and resolve IAQ issues. This guideline aims to provide consistent information regarding best practices for
managing IAQ concerns.
This document is not intended for industrial or residential facilities, but rather non-industrial workplaces,
such as offices, schools, and commercial retail areas, nor does it address air quality issues associated
with transmission of viruses.
This guideline is intended to accompany existing industry toolkits and reference materials, as well as
existing EACO guidelines, including the most recent editions of the following:
• EACO Emerging and Existing Pathogen Cleaning - Best Practices for Environmental Professional
Services
• EACO Mould Abatement Guidelines
• EACO Vermiculite Guideline
• EACO Lead Abatement Guideline
• EACO Pre-Construction Guideline
1.1
Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality
2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY
WHAT IS GOOD INDOOR AIR QUALITY?

Indoor air quality (IAQ), also known as IEQ (indoor environmental quality), and maintaining “acceptable”
IAQ is a highly complex subject that involves a variety of scientific disciplines and numerous
interconnected systems and parameters within the built indoor environment. The quality of indoor air
refers to both the composition of common contaminants in indoor air (i.e. the concentration of
bioaerosols, gases, vapours, and particulates) and other physical stressors, primarily thermal comfort,
noise, lighting, ergonomics, etc.
Definitions of technical terminology and additional information are available in Appendix A.
Several definitions have been proposed for what constitutes “acceptable” IAQ. One of the most widely
accepted is that of the American Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE), one of the leading authorities on IAQ and building occupant comfort and a primary contributor
of quantitative guidelines for IAQ and comfort. ASHRAE defines acceptable IAQ as follows:
air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as

determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority
(80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction –
ASHRAE Standard 62.1: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
As noted in the ASHRAE definition, the objective of maintaining acceptable IAQ is two-fold:
1. Conditions should be maintained to prevent exposure of building occupants to airborne contaminants

at concentrations that could be hazardous to their health
2. The composition and physical properties of indoor air should be maintained such that occupant
discomfort or irritation is minimized to the greatest extent possible
While it is possible to achieve the first objective through effective building management, differences in
human preferences and physiology mean it may be difficult to maintain the indoor building environment
under conditions that will ensure the comfort of every occupant. Therefore, ASHRAE’s benchmark is set
at ensuring the satisfaction of 80% of more of building occupants.
When building occupants raise concerns regarding their comfort, both facility management and the
occupants need to understand the challenges of satisfying the comfort preferences of all building
occupants. While facility managers/operators/owners should make every reasonable attempt to maximize
occupant comfort, including investigating solutions specific to the given individual expressing the
complaint, occupants should be equally aware that not everyone will be satisfied with the indoor
environment of the building, and should be prepared to work with management to find solutions
acceptable to all individuals.
2.1
EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
When building occupants report odours, concerns, or perceived symptoms as a direct result of IAQ
conditions, consider the following factors:
• One contaminant or more must be present at a concentration high enough to result in a detectable
odour or irritant (but not necessarily a hazard)
• A pathway by which the contaminant travels from its source
• Air pressure differentials that move the contaminant along the pathway
• The people affected (i.e. building occupant or receptor)
These IAQ factors are links in an exposure pathway, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Exposure Pathway Links
In theory, building occupants should only experience potential health effects due to the indoor
environment if all factors are present. In fact, to trigger exposure-related complaints, concerns, or
symptomatic responses, the contaminant must reach the building occupants, travelling from its source, or
generation point, to the areas of a building where people are present. A pathway therefore represents any
open trail along which air and consequently the contaminants may travel between a source and a
receptor. This can include stairwells, mechanical shafts, openings in ceilings and walls, etc.
In modern buildings, the most dominant pathway is the ductwork of the building’s heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC) system. The HVAC system provides a pathway between different rooms and
concealed areas associated with each room. However, an open pathway between a contaminant source
and building occupants is not enough for the contaminant to reach the occupants. There must also be a
driving force—air pressure—that moves the contaminant from the source to the occupants. Air always
moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. Therefore, air (and any contaminants it
may carry) will move along pathways from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure.
2.2
Air pressure differences in modern buildings are predominantly controlled by the operation of the HVAC
system, which uses fans and/or blowers to move air throughout the building. However, mechanical
movement in buildings, such as the piston-like movement of an elevator car within an elevator shaft, can
also generate strong air pressure differences.
Differences in air pressure between rooms can cause contaminants to move either towards or away from
occupants. It is therefore possible to take advantage of these air pressure differences in special use
areas like biohazard laboratories and clean rooms to intentionally control known airborne contaminants
and to minimize the exposure of building occupants to those contaminants.
VENTILATION SYSTEMS
The effective design, maintenance, and operation of the building’s ventilation system is critical to
achieving good IAQ. Ventilation systems are the primary pathway for outdoor air contaminants to enter a
building and the mechanism by which indoor contaminants are exhausted from the building. Ventilation
can be achieved by mechanical and/or natural means, and must consider the design, operation, and
maintenance of the system.
2.3.1 Mechanical Ventilation
Mechanical ventilation systems supply filtered, conditioned outdoor air to the building interior, and
exhaust indoor contaminants. These systems range in type and complexity, based on the size of the
building, local climate, occupancy, and use. Mechanical ventilation systems are designed to supply the
building with adequate outdoor air volumes to dilute indoor contaminants. HVAC systems typically include
the following components:
• Outdoor air intakes: louvres or grilles where outdoor air is drawn into the HVAC system
• Mixing plenums: where outdoor air is mixed with “return” indoor air and reconditioned for energy
efficiency
• Filtration systems: media panels, pocket or bag filters, ultraviolet (UV), and/or carbon filters
• Heating and/or cooling equipment: gas-fired heat exchangers, electric heat coils, chilled water cooling
coils, and/or refrigerant coils
• Chillers, boilers, and cooling towers
• Humidification/dehumidification equipment: spray, steam, ultrasonic, and/or evaporative humidifiers
• Supply fans
• Air handling unit internals, ductwork, and registers/diffusers
• Terminal units: fan coil units, variable air volume (VAV) units, heat pumps, and/or induction units
• Return air systems
• Exhaust systems
• Controls and sensors
A simplified HVAC system schematic is provided in Figure 2.
2.3
Figure 2: Simplified Schematic Diagram of Typical HVAC Components
Note:
Adapted from https://www.eex.gov.au/technologies/heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning/technology-background-heating-
ventiliation-and-air-conditioning.
Boilers (1) produce hot water or steam that is distributed to heat exchangers in the working space.
Distribution is done either by heating coils (2) which heat air as part of the ventilation system, or through
hot water pipes to radiators (3). Cooling equipment (4) chills water for pumping to cooling coils (5) or
cooling coils can be supplied with refrigerant (i.e. direct expansion, DX cooling, not shown). Treated air is
then blown over the chilled water coils into the area (6) to be cooled through the ventilation system. As
part of the refrigeration cycle in the chiller, heat must also be expelled (7) from the system via a cooling
tower or condenser. Pumps are used to circulate the chilled and hot water to the required areas
throughout the building. Stale air is extracted, usually using a fan, via separate ducts (8) and expelled
outside. Controls (9) are used to make components work together efficiently.
2.4
Some buildings rely on fenestration (i.e. arrangement of windows and doors) to provide ventilation.
Natural ventilation is generally perceived to be an air quality asset by building occupants. Some high-
performance building certification programs also support natural ventilation in areas where outdoor air
quality meets IAQ guidelines and is monitored hourly to verify its suitability. However, IAQ management is
difficult in naturally ventilated buildings, particularly in climates with temperature extremes or variable
outdoor air quality.
2.3.2 Ventilation Considerations
2.3.2.1 Design
The ability of a ventilation system to adequately dilute indoor contaminants and to supply thermally
comfortable air to occupants depends on its design. Design considerations should include placement of
outdoor air intakes, filtration efficiency, heating and cooling capacities, condensate removal, humidity
control, air flow rates, interior layout, fenestration, and the balancing of air supply, return and exhaust
systems. The design of the system should also consider occupancy levels and the varying nature of the
work and activities performed in the building.
2.3.2.2 Operation
How ventilation systems are operated, including set points and schedules, also directly impacts IAQ. For
example, heating and cooling systems are often operated seasonally, which limits the ability to condition
air as needed during the spring/fall seasons when temperatures fluctuate.
Conflicts can arise between the need to save energy and provide adequate ventilation. Efforts toward
conserving energy and reducing ventilation rates can lead to IAQ problems. Modern ventilation systems
therefore often employ complex building automation and monitoring systems that adjust HVAC operation
to achieve both good IAQ and reduce energy use.
2.3.2.3 Maintenance
All buildings should have a site-specific preventative maintenance program that describes the IAQ
performance goals for the building, the system design, and the manufacturer’s specifications.
Preventative maintenance tasks, such as inspecting air intake areas/plenums, changing filtration media,
cleaning heating and cooling coils, calibrating sensors, etc., should be clearly identified and completed
regularly to prevent potential air quality issues.
A preventative maintenance program should also include written documentation/record-keeping for work
performed on the systems, details of inspections, and logs of occupant complaints regarding air quality.
The complaint logs should include details regarding the HVAC system or zone associated with the
complaint and any corrective action undertaken.
2.5
IAQ CONTAMINANTS
When IAQ complaints are non-specific, assessing basic IAQ parameters can help identify or rule out a
cause. Basic IAQ parameters are easy to measure, therefore a significant quantity of data can be
collected quickly. They include thermal comfort factors like temperature and relative humidity, as well as
concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulates, and volatile organic compounds. As
complaints become more specific or significant, involve odours, or result in more serious health
complaints, a more detailed assessment of building systems and sources may be required to identify
other contaminants.
Contaminants can be non-hazardous substances that are commonly present in indoor air at low
concentrations and are therefore not a cause for concern. However, at higher concentrations, these non-
hazardous contaminants can affect human health. The concentration at which occupants are exposed to
a contaminant, or dose, is a result of the period over which they are exposed to that contaminant, or
duration, and how often they are exposed (i.e. daily, weekly, etc.), or frequency. The resulting dose is the
primary factor that determines if the substance is likely to present a hazard to the occupants.
Due to the variety of potential contaminants that can affect IAQ, the potential health effects can range
widely. These health effects can vary from mild irritation to rare cases of serious disease, such as
Legionnaire’s disease caused by exposure to Legionella pneumophila bacteria. The most common health
effects reported to be associated with poor overall IAQ include headaches, sore throat, nasal congestion,
watery eyes, and respiratory symptoms.
Individual sensitivity to chemicals and biological agents can also vary substantially. Some individuals may
exhibit extreme sensitivity or allergic-type reactions when exposed to chemical or biological substances
that cause no adverse reaction in most people. It can therefore be challenging to accommodate the
needs of such individuals due to their very low tolerances to specific substances.
Not only can people be affected by exposure to contaminants, but they themselves can be a common
source of contaminants in indoor building environments. For example, humans naturally exhale carbon
dioxide (CO2) and release hundreds of thousands to millions of biological particles per hour, including skin
cells, bacteria and other microbes, expelled mucous and water into the air when they sneeze. Occupants
can also be a source of odours linked to volatile organic compounds, including scents from personal care
products and perfumes.
Typical sources of indoor and outdoor contaminants in buildings are shown in the tables provided in
Appendix B. Further information on how to assess, measure, and monitor each parameter along with
comparative standards and guidelines is provided in Appendix C.
This section provides a summary of the key potential contaminants and indicators of IAQ.
2.6
2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odourless, colourless gas that results from human respiration, combustion
processes (e.g. cars, combustion appliances, etc.), and fermentation processes (e.g. winemaking,
brewing, etc.). Although not a toxic gas with respect to IAQ, CO2 can be used as an indicator of the
adequacy of the ventilation system and its ability to provide outdoor air to an indoor space. It is also used
as a surrogate measure for other contaminants or odours that may build up because of an inadequate
supply of outdoor air.
Build-up of CO2, together with temperature and relative humidity levels beyond recommended ranges,
can result in occupant discomfort and possibly negative health effects. Typical indoor CO2 levels range
between 500 and 800 parts per million (ppm) while outdoor levels are commonly measured between 300
and 500 ppm. Carbon dioxide concentrations consistently above 800–1,000 ppm generally results in
occupants experiencing symptoms such as itchy or sore eyes, drowsiness, and/or mild headaches. To be
of practical use as an IAQ indicator, the CO2 measurement requires the presence of a “normal” number of
occupants in any particular area. Exposure to much higher levels (>5,000 ppm) can cause dizziness,
headaches, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Higher CO2 levels may also indicate that
oxygen in air is being displaced, potentially leading to unconsciousness and death by asphyxiation (due
to lack of oxygen); however, this is typically not the focus of CO2 measurements during an IAQ
assessment.
2.4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless, toxic gas that is predominantly a by-product of
combustion. Sources of indoor CO include infiltration of vehicle exhaust, cigarette/tobacco smoke,
gas/wood/oil-fired (vented and unvented) appliances, and CO in outdoor air.
CO acts as an asphyxiant by blocking uptake of oxygen in the bloodstream. Symptoms of low-level

exposure (e.g. low CO dose and short exposure duration) include headaches, dizziness, nausea,
weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. High-level exposure (e.g. higher CO dose and longer
exposure duration) can cause confusion, vomiting, loss of muscle coordination, unconsciousness, and
ultimately death due to insufficient blood oxygen level.
2.4.3 Particulate Matter (PM)
Particulate matter (PM) describes the solid and liquid particles that are suspended in air. Particle levels in
indoor air are greatly influenced by the presence of people and the intensity of their activity. Health effects
depend on the particle size and composition: particles that range between 0.1 and 10 micrometers (µm)
are most harmful to occupant health and IAQ. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a general term for small
particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less. Particulate matter (PM10) refers to small
particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less. Both particle sizes can enter deep into the lungs
when inhaled.
2.7
Elevated levels of particulate matter may cause allergic-like reactions such as dry eyes, nose and throat
irritation, and respiratory difficulties. Exposure to higher doses may be associated with heart attacks,
aggravated asthma, increased respiratory symptoms (e.g. irritation of the airways, coughing, or difficulty
breathing), and may even result in premature death for people with heart or lung disease.
2.4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemicals that easily evaporate indoors, under normal
atmospheric conditions of temperature and pressure. Thousands of products typically found in indoor
environments emit VOCs. Each individual compound is generally present in concentrations ranging from
single parts per billion (ppb) to a few hundred ppb.
VOCs can cause a wide variety of acute and chronic health effects depending on the concentration and
duration of exposure. VOCs typically act as a depressant on the central nervous system, leading to
nausea, headache, difficulty concentrating, feelings of intoxication, drowsiness, etc. Exposure to some
specific VOCs (e.g. benzene, formaldehyde) is linked to cancer in humans. Exposure to other VOCs at
high concentrations can also cause damage to liver and kidneys (e.g. organic solvents and heavy
metals). These compounds are typically found in industrial environments. To date, toxicity of low dose
exposure to many VOCs is unknown and potential interactions are poorly understood.
When assessing IAQ, the sum of the individual concentrations of all VOCs present—total volatile organic
compounds (TVOC)—is often used as a screening tool. An IAQ investigator should always attempt to
identify what sources are contributing to higher TVOC readings.
2.4.5 Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is a colourless, flammable gas with a strong odour. It is commonly found in indoor finishes
such as adhesives, paints, floor finishes, paper products, and manufactured wood products.
Formaldehyde is also a component of smoke (e.g. cigarette and wood burning fireplaces).
Exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde (or low concentrations for sensitive occupants) can
result in respiratory symptoms; eye, nose, and throat irritation; coughing; and wheezing. Formaldehyde
exposure is also linked to lung and nasopharyngeal cancer.
2.4.6 Ozone
Ozone is a naturally occurring gas generated from the reaction of oxygen with high-energy
electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) light. Examples of ozone-generating equipment
include UV disinfection systems, electric motors, electrical discharges, and water treatment equipment.
Ozone has a pungent odour that can be detected at low concentrations. Exposure to low ozone
concentrations can irritate the respiratory system. Exposure to high ozone concentrations can damage
the respiratory system and mucous membrane tissues.
2.8
2.4.7 Bioaerosols
Bioaerosols are airborne particles originating from microorganisms such as viruses, fungi (mould),
bacteria, and allergens (e.g. nematodes, amoeba, pollen, dander, and mites). The composition of
bioaerosols greatly varies depending on their source and from one indoor environment to another. They
include viable (living) and non-viable (dead) microorganisms, spores, skin cells, insect parts and
fragments, toxins, and particulate waste products.
Sources of bioaerosols include water-damaged materials, high humidity indoor areas, condensation from
air handling systems, cooling towers, damp organic material and porous wet surfaces, humidifiers, hot
water systems, outdoor excavations, plants, animal excreta, animals and insects, and food products.
Moulds require three things to grow: an appropriate food source, the appropriate temperature, and
moisture. In the indoor environment, moisture is the limiting factor for mould growth, and is the only factor
that can be effectively controlled to prevent mould growth. The most common symptoms of exposure to
moulds are irritation of mucous membranes or allergic responses. However, infection can occur, typically
in youth, elderly or the immunocompromised, or due to exposure to moulds from animal droppings.
Legionella is found in fresh or brackish water, coastal waters, lakes, rivers, mud, soil at the banks of water
courses, and in potting mixes. Legionella and other bacteria can grow in the biofilm in a multitude of warm
water sources such as cooling towers, hot tubs, showerheads, faucets, large plumbing systems, and
parts of air conditioning systems of large buildings. Legionnaires’ disease is contracted when aerosolized
mist containing the bacteria is inhaled. The term “Legionnaires’ disease” was coined in 1976 after a
respiratory disease affected many delegates attending the American Legion convention in Philadelphia.
The bacteria responsible for the disease was isolated and named Legionella pneumophila.
2.4.8 Radon
Radon is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless radioactive gas that is formed by the natural breakdown
of long-lived radioactive elements (e.g. uranium, thorium, actinium) in soil, rock, and water. These
materials can break down naturally into other radioactive particles called “radon progeny”. Radon-222 is
usually the isotope present in high enough concentrations to provide a significant dose. Uranium can be
found in granite, black shales, pegmatites, and Paleozoic sandstone.
Radon exposure is linked to greater potential for developing lung cancer. This risk increases with
exposure dose and duration, and is greatly increased for smokers at any dose. To maintain radon gas
concentrations and workers’ exposure as low as reasonably achievable, control measures/options can
include sealing major entry routes for radon gas (i.e. open sumps) and maintain or increase mechanical
ventilation.
2.9
COMFORT
Building occupants often report complaints regarding discomfort or irritation. Such complaints are often
based on individual preferences or sensitivities. A good example of this would be thermal comfort. While
addressing an individual concern on a building-wide scale (i.e. adjusting an HVAC system set
temperature), others may become uncomfortable and complain of the new temperature setting.
2.5.1 Thermal Comfort
Thermal comfort can substantially affect building occupants’ perceptions of IAQ and, therefore, their
overall comfort. Most IAQ complaints in office environments are due to perceptions of thermal comfort.
Such perceptions are highly subjective and vary from one individual to the next.
Air temperature control ranges and relative humidity (RH) play a significant role in comfort. Clothing,
worker activity level, metabolic rates, air movement, cultural norms, seasonal changes, and the
temperature of surrounding surfaces can also contribute to perceptions of thermal comfort.
Guidelines developed by the CSA Group recommend that indoor building temperatures range from
20 degrees Celsius (°C) to 23.5°C in the colder (winter) months and between 23°C and 26°C in the
warmer (summer) months (CSA 2017). ASHRAE guidelines suggest similar ranges (ASHRAE 2017). The
conditions at which most workers feel comfortable differ between winter and summer seasons because of
the amount and type of clothing worn as well as worker activity. Most building occupants feel most
comfortable at the mid-point of the ranges specified.
The temperature and relative humidity in a workspace should be as uniform as possible. The human body
can perceive a temperature differential of as little as 0.5ºC and variations in an indoor work environment
as little as 1ºC can create discomfort. Cooler areas in a workspace are typically perceived to be more
fresh and pleasant.
Relative humidity refers to the amount of moisture present in the air relative to the maximum amount of
moisture possible in the air at the current temperature. Based on ASHRAE (2016) and Health Canada
(1995) guidelines, a range of 25% to 60% is generally considered acceptable in occupied spaces. When
RH levels exceed 60%, occupants may complain of “muggy” air and may experience breathing difficulties.
RH below 25% is associated with increased discomfort due to drying mucous membranes and eyes,
associated irritation, and drying skin that can lead to chapping and irritation (ASHRAE 2017). Low RH
may also potentially contribute to respiratory illness (AIHA 2016) by weakening the body’s defense
mechanisms that rely on moist mucous membranes.
2.10
2.5.2 Irritants
Building occupants can find some airborne contaminants irritating at concentrations well below the
threshold at which the contaminant could present a potential health hazard. Common irritants include
perfumes or other scented products, pollen, dust, and VOCs that can off-gas from construction activities
or new building finishes. Symptoms of exposure to irritants include headaches, watery eyes, runny nose
or congestion, mild nausea, and mild allergic-type reactions. While irritants, by definition, are not
expected to cause long-term or serious health effects, they can impact the productivity and morale of the
affected occupant and can often be perceived as a health concern.
2.5.3 Odours
Odours in indoor building environments can originate from many different sources, including building
materials, building occupants, activities conducted within, or items stored in the building. Common
complaints include odours related to roofing work, new building construction or renovations, and entry of
sewer gases through (typically dry) plumbing fixtures.
The nature of odours, and their potential impact on IAQ, is often misunderstood.
Odours from various gases, vapours, or fumes can be detected or “smelled” by humans. Detecting an
odour can sometimes serve as an effective warning of hazardous conditions, although not every odour
indicates a hazard. Many objectionable odours or smells indicate the presence of non-hazardous
substances. Objectionable odours can often indicate the presence of potentially hazardous substances,
but at concentrations too low to present a hazard.
Due to the sensitivity of the human nose, the odour detection threshold (i.e. the lower concentration limit
at which an airborne substance can be detected by approximately 50% of the population) for many
potentially hazardous substances is orders of magnitude lower than the concentration at which that
substance is known to potentially cause harm to those exposed. Objectionable odours that do not indicate
the presence of hazardous concentrations of contaminants can cause irritation or annoyance to building
occupants, or may simply trigger occupant concerns when detected. In many cases, odours can be noted
at concentrations not detectable on scientific instruments. In other instances, humans cannot detect the
odour of hazardous substances until well beyond concentrations at which such substances can cause
harm. Therefore, in the context of IAQ, odours should be considered useful indicators of potential IAQ
problems, but are not diagnostic of a health hazard without further investigation.
2.11
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
This guideline provides information on the most common parameters that are encountered (or
considered) in IAQ assessments. Further guidance on additional, less common, contaminants can be
found in various publications, as referenced in Appendix D and Appendix E.
Other conditions within the indoor environment can contribute to occupants’ perception of poor IAQ and
can pose challenges to an investigator when determining if an IAQ issue truly exists. Some of these
conditions include:
• Excessive noise
• Improper lighting
• Poor workspace ergonomics
• Psychosomatic responses or disorders
Additional information on these physical and psychosocial factors, including causes, solutions, and
investigation strategies can be found in the IAQ Investigator’s Guide (AIHA 2016).
2.12
IAQ Management
3.0 IAQ MANAGEMENT
Basic management strategies can help prevent IAQ issues and can provide guidance on how to resolve
any IAQ concern.
IAQ MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

The objective of an IAQ Management Program (IAQMP) is to provide a consistent approach on how to
manage, prevent, and resolve IAQ issues to provide all occupants with a safe and comfortable
environment. For any program to be successful and effective, the building’s senior management must
provide adequate support and resources.
3.1.1 Program Components
The following components should be included in an IAQMP:
• Goals and objectives (or purpose)

• Scope and applicable guidelines
• Roles and responsibilities (of building management personnel, tenants, contractors, other
stakeholders)
• Procedures and protocols:
− HVAC assessments
− Proactive IAQ assessments
− Procedures to respond to IAQ concerns
− Preventative maintenance
− Management of change
− Water and moisture
• Education and training
• Document control (or record-keeping)
• Program review
• Definitions
• Applicable forms to be used
3.1.1.1 Typical Procedures and Protocols
A key element of the IAQMP is the proactive IAQ assessment, as described in Section 4.2. The proactive
IAQ assessment will identify actual and potential IAQ problems, as well as demonstrate the effectiveness
of the IAQMP.
The IAQMP should also include procedures or protocols to manage potential contaminant sources. These
protocols should be customized to the building function, occupancy type, and geographic locations, and
provide step-by-step instructions for those who must carry them out.
3.1
IAQ Management
Typical procedures or protocols can include the following:
• Preventative Maintenance:
− Review building mechanical systems and components at specified intervals to check that all
systems are operating at peak performance and according to manufacturer’s specifications.
• Housekeeping Program:
− Since particulates and contaminants can enter the indoor environment through internal sources or
by external pathways, an adequate housekeeping program can provide essential controls to limit
indoor contaminants.
• Remodelling and Renovation (Management of Change):
− Construction activities associated with remodelling and renovations can introduce several
contaminants into interior spaces without protocols to control their migration.
• Pest Control:
− Strategies for pest prevention and non-pesticide controls can eliminate or reduce the need for
pesticide application.
• Shipping and Receiving:
− A significant external pathway for contaminants can include the vehicle traffic in shipping and
receiving areas.
• Moisture and Mould Growth:
− Inspections, inventory of past water leaks/infiltration, and source sampling are the primary means
of determining whether mould contamination exists.
• Occupant Complaint System:
− This allows the end user to participate in the IAQMP and communicate concerns that will be
documented and addressed.
• Program Review:
− Ensure the elements of the program are implemented, effective, and regularly evaluated/updated
as needed.
MITIGATION STRATEGIES
3.2.1 Source Control
How a building functions and is managed can affect the quality of the indoor air. By implementing an
effective IAQMP, most issues and possible sources of contaminants can be mitigated or managed before
occupant complaints and/or symptoms arise.
However, IAQ concerns still occur, even in the best managed facilities. When this occurs, and a specific
source can be identified through the investigative process, the most effective solution will always be
eliminating the source or substituting with a non-hazardous equivalent. A secondary strategy may involve
isolating the source, which is optimally achieved using both physical separation and ventilation isolation
from occupied areas.
In situations where sources are not well defined, or are variable and periodic, improving comfort, odour,
and IAQ perception factors may also be effective in improving occupant perceptions.
3.2
IAQ Management
Administrative or policy-based changes may be implemented to improve IAQ. These changes may
include:
• Procuring new furnishings, cleaning products, etc.

• Using “green” cleaning products
• Creating fragrance-free areas
• Expanding no smoking areas at entrances or designating the entire property as smoke-free
3.3
Conducting an IAQ Assessment
4.0 CONDUCTING AN IAQ ASSESSMENT
An IAQ assessment should follow a systematic approach to ensure that the common IAQ factors or
parameters are considered. IAQ assessments can be proactive (i.e. regularly scheduled for due
diligence or certification purposes) or reactive (i.e. in response to an occupant concern).
Figure 3 provides an overview of the IAQ assessment process. The process is further described in the
following sections.
Figure 3: Key Steps to Conduct an IAQ Assessment
4.1
HVAC ASSESSMENTS
Whether the assessment is proactive or reactive, an inspection or review of a building’s HVAC system is
integral to understanding the air quality of an indoor environment.
The goal of an HVAC assessment is to confirm that HVAC components are functioning as intended, the
system is adequate for the current use and occupancy of the space, and the system is free of internal
contamination which would potentially impact IAQ.
For proactive assessments, all main air handling equipment and a representative number of supplemental
and terminal systems should be inspected. Reactive assessments should include any air handling
equipment which serves the area of concern.
The following HVAC system elements should be reviewed as part of any IAQ assessment. Detailed
checklists for HVAC equipment and components are available from several sources outlined in
Appendix D and Appendix E and can also be developed or customized to be building specific, as needed.
Ventilation
Assessment Considerations
Component
• Proximity to contaminant sources, such as building exhausts cooling towers, stagnant
water and/or biofilms, vehicular exhaust sources, cigarette smoke, sanitary and storm
sewer manholes, or vents
Outdoor Air
Intakes • Blockages from nesting of birds or other pests in or near the air intake
• Cleanliness of intake louvres, grilles, or screens
• Damper settings (% open)
• Cleanliness
• Presence of standing water inside the condensate pans of the cooling coil condensate
Unit drainage system
Internals/Plenums
• Condition of internal insulation
• Mould
• Type of filtration (e.g. media, carbon, UV)
• Efficiency
Filtration Systems • Integrity of fit to prevent air bypass
• Particulate loading
• Adequate schedule for filter changes
• Type of system (e.g. gas, water, refrigerant)
• Cleanliness and condition of coils/exchangers
Heating/Cooling
• Condensate removal
Equipment
• System temperature
• Seasonal operation
• Type of system (e.g. evaporative, spray, steam, ultrasonic)
• Cleanliness and condition of bars/nozzles/evaporative media
Humidifiers
• Presence of standing water
• Water source (steam from domestic cold water, treated boiler water, etc.)
4.2
Ventilation
Assessment Considerations
Component
• Capacity is sufficient for application
• Constant or variable volume
Supply Fans
• Cleanliness and condition of fan inlet, housing, and frame
• Static pressure
• Cleanliness of ductwork internals
• Dust accumulation on diffusers, registers, and grilles
Ductwork, • Condition of internal insulation (if present)
Registers,
Diffusers • Blockages (fire dampers, fallen insulation)
• Leakage
• Mould
• Cleanliness
Terminal Units
• Filters
Return Air • Cleanliness of return air plenums and ductwork
Systems • Damper settings (% open)
(including open
ceiling void
return)
• Operating to reduce contaminant sources such as washrooms, cooking facilities,
Exhaust Systems parking areas, etc.
• Damper settings (% open)
• Set points for temperature/humidity
• Carbon dioxide or VOC-based demand ventilation sensors and set points
Controls and
• Calibration of sensors
Sensors
• Thermostats
• Confirm any seasonal adjustments to settings
PROACTIVE ASSESSMENTS
The objective of a proactive IAQ assessment is to assess indoor environmental conditions in the building
and to identify potential problems or risks that may exist with respect to indoor air quality. Assessments
help identify any variations in air quality with time and provide confirmation that the quality of the air being
supplied by the air handling units is satisfactory.
Proactive IAQ assessments are often undertaken on an annual or semi-annual basis, depending on the
building’s requirements. The assessments provide a record of site conditions for the property manager or
tenant to reference in the event of subsequent occupant concerns. The assessments include a review of
conditions of HVAC equipment and measurements collected within occupied areas of the building to
identify issues that may affect air quality. This routine check can help avoid serious IAQ problems.
The following are the recommended steps for conducting a proactive IAQ assessment.
4.3
1. Interview with building management, and where possible, with building occupants and/or workplace
joint health and safety committee representatives to gather information regarding:
a. Building construction age
b. HVAC design, maintenance, operations, and settings
c. Recent or current renovation work or re-configuring of tenant spaces
d. Occupancy levels
e. IAQ complaints or concerns reported
f. Historical leaks or mould remediation work completed
g. Cleaning practices and products used
2. A walkthrough visual inspection of each floor to identify any of the following that may potentially affect
IAQ:
a. Any noticeable odours
b. Evidence of any renovation work or re-configuring of tenant spaces
c. Indications of occupant discomfort (e.g. fans, heaters, humidifiers)
d. Evidence of leaks or mould growth (e.g. stained ceiling tiles, carpet staining)
e. Housekeeping items (e.g. dust accumulation on surfaces, or dust accumulation or staining on air
supply and return vents, unusual waste accumulation, presence of plants, aquariums)
f. Indications of pests
g. Chemical storage areas
h. Presence of floor drains
i. Operational shading for windows
j. Operational windows
k. Location of air supply and return vents relative to occupants
l. Location of loading docks (e.g. vehicle traffic)
3. A walkthrough visual inspection of mechanical spaces to identify HVAC components that may
potentially affect IAQ (see Section 4.1)
4. A review of the building exterior to determine adjacent contaminant sources and pathways for
contaminants to affect the indoor environment:
a. Location of outdoor air intakes
b. Smoking areas near building entrances
c. Adjacent construction activities
d. High vehicle traffic areas
e. Neighbouring facilities
5. Collection of IAQ samples (using approved passive or active air sampling methodologies) or
instantaneous “spot” measurements (using direct-reading instruments):
a. Refer to Section 2.4 for a preliminary list of potential parameters to sample or measure
b. Select representative locations on each occupied floor (i.e. open office areas, private offices,
meeting spaces within each ventilation zone)
c. Where instantaneous measurements are elevated or outside of the recommended ranges, further
investigation of the area should be conducted to identify a potential source of the measurement
4.4
d. Collection of outdoor reference IAQ measurements
REACTIVE ASSESSMENTS
The objective of a reactive IAQ assessment is to address a specific issue or concern, often as a result of
an occupant complaint. Occupant concerns may range from non-specific symptoms such as headaches,
fatigue, and odours, to potentially serious health and safety concerns. In any case, building occupants
should request an investigation into the nature and origin of the concern.
Like proactive assessments, the reactive assessment includes a review of conditions of HVAC equipment
and measurements collected within occupied areas of the building but are specific to the type and area of
concern. If occupants are experiencing acute symptoms, or for more immediate concerns, follow the
applicable emergency procedures.
The following are the general recommended steps for conducting a reactive IAQ assessment in non-
emergency situations. Once information has been gathered regarding the concern, this process can be
further refined so it is applicable to the specific situation:
1. Interview with knowledgeable stakeholders including, but not necessarily limited to, building facility
management, tenants, and joint health and safety committee representatives to gather information
regarding:
a. The nature and timing of the IAQ concerns
b. Any symptoms reported by occupants
c. The timing and the duration of the symptoms (are they experienced only when in the building)
d. Existing water leaks or mould concerns
e. Historical leaks or mould remediation work completed
f. Cleaning practices and products used
g. Occupancy levels at the time of the IAQ concern
h. Any changes in occupancy levels
i. HVAC design, maintenance, operations, and settings
2. Review existing records that could supplement the investigation, including:

a. Construction and design drawings
b. Any previous IAQ reports
c. Incident reports
3. A walkthrough visual inspection of the area of concern to gather additional insight into the nature of
the concern or to identify any of the following that may potentially impact IAQ:
a. Any noticeable odours
b. Evidence of any renovation work or re-configuring of tenant spaces
c. Indications of occupant discomfort (e.g. fans, heaters, humidifiers)
d. Evidence of leaks or mould growth (e.g. stained ceiling tiles, carpet staining)
e. Housekeeping items (e.g. dust accumulation on surfaces, or dust accumulation or staining on air
supply and return vents, unusual waste accumulation, presence of plants, aquariums)
4.5
f. Indications of pests
g. Chemical storage areas
h. Presence of floor drains
i. Operational shading for windows
j. Operational windows
k. Location of air supply and return vents relative to occupants
l. Location of loading docks (e.g. vehicle traffic)
4. A walkthrough visual inspection of HVAC system servicing the area(s) of concern to gather additional
insight into the nature of the concern or to identify any component that may potentially affect IAQ (see
Section 4.1)
5. To supplement the gathered information and visual observations, a sampling plan may be required.
DEVELOPING A SAMPLING PLAN

An air sampling or monitoring plan may be required to allow for a qualitative and quantitative perspective
of the concern. The objective of any air sampling plan is to identify contaminants suspected to be present
and their respective concentrations, which may reveal useful patterns for determining potential causes.
When selecting a sampling methodology, consider the following:
• Most applicable guideline limit

• Available sampling methodologies (and their minimum detection limit)
• Ease of use
• Costs
At a minimum, the sampling plan should include the chosen methodology and the published guideline,
standard, or regulation to which the results will be compared. This will determine how the samples will be
collected and analyzed.
Additionally, site-specific factors should be considered when developing a sampling plan:
1. Physical sample locations:

a. Pre-determined “affected” and “unaffected” areas
b. Include samples at outdoor air intakes
c. Target worst-case conditions or conditions for typical occupancy
2. Time of sample collection:

a. Morning and/or afternoon to provide comparative data
b. Continuous monitoring to determine patterns and temporal variations
3. Receptor or source measurement:

a. Sampling at the breathing zone of occupants (standing or sitting)
4.6
b. At locations where there may be potential emissions from a specific process or piece of
equipment
MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES
Most general IAQ assessments adopt a standard set of core parameters to sample which are related to
common potential sources of contamination. These include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, particulate
matter, VOCs, formaldehyde as well as temperature and relative humidity. However, these may not be
appropriate in every situation. An initial inspection and professional judgment must be exercised to
determine potential sources and contaminants.
When developing the sampling strategy for an IAQ investigation, multiple sampling methodologies are
available for the potential parameters. The viability or practicality of the chosen method of sampling and
analysis must consider factors such as cost, time, availability of resources, and the limitations of the
equipment and analysis.
4.5.1 Active
Active sampling involves drawing a known volume of air through a sampling media/collector by means of
a pump over a known period of time, such that the contaminants are trapped in the media that is then
analyzed by a specified analytical method. Results are then provided with a unit of air contaminants per
volume of air.
4.5.2 Passive
Passive air sampling involves the diffusion of gases or vapours (only) through a device with a static air
space or permeable membrane. The contaminants are trapped in the sampling media then analyzed by a
specified analytical method. Results provide a unit of air contaminants per unit volume of air, based on
the amount of time the device is unsealed and a set sampling rate provided by the manufacturer of the
device.
4.5.3 Direct-Reading Instruments
The goal of the investigation can determine how direct-reading instruments will be used in the overall
sampling plan. In cases where the sampling is being conducted to meet the requirements of a prescriptive
guideline, occupational exposure limit, sustainability certification, internal procedure or project
specification, the sampling methodology may have specific requirements that limit the use of direct-
reading instruments.
4.7
However, if the contaminant of concern and the potential source(s) are unknown, a direct-reading
instrument can be a valuable screening tool to identify elevated concentrations of a specific contaminant
or group of contaminants. If a specific airborne contaminant is known, a direct-reading instrument can
also be useful for a preliminary or limited investigation. If an investigation requires real-time data to
identify the source of a contaminant or how concentrations are distributed over a geographical area at the
time of the investigation, the direct-reading instrument will be most appropriate. These instruments can
also provide data on contaminant spikes or peaks with reference to the time and location they occurred.
Direct-reading instruments require precise application and maintenance for the results to be meaningful
and reliable. The equipment will require calibration annually and/or prior to each use, in accordance with
the manufacturer’s specifications and may have specific selectivity, interferences, or sensitivity to
environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity.
4.8
Hiring an IAQ Professional
5.0 HIRING AN IAQ PROFESSIONAL
For situations where the source cannot be identified, and the occupant complaint cannot be resolved or is
more serious, hiring an IAQ professional or consultant may be necessary.
A third-party often provides an independent and objective evaluation and allows for the involvement of a
professional with the necessary technical expertise and experience to provide a solution.
For most issues, mechanical engineers and industrial/occupational hygienists will provide the appropriate
body of knowledge to do a thorough assessment. Additional experience or certification may be required
for specific investigations involving asbestos, mould, radon, sustainability certification, soil vapours,
lighting, acoustic design, etc.
When evaluating the qualifications of a third-party IAQ professional, consider the following:
1. Will the project be conducted by a Professional Engineer, Registered Occupational Hygienist (ROH),
or Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH)?
2. Does the consultant team have prior experience with work of a similar type and scale?
3. Do the technicians who will perform the assessment have experience and training?
4. Does the consultant have insurance? This includes errors and omissions, professional liability, and
personal injury insurance.
5. Does the consultant have a written planned assessment approach?
6. Can the consultant provide client references for past work?
Additional factors to consider verifying the consultant’s experience and subject matter expertise include:
• Purpose of proposed sampling for the specific parameters listed in the proposal
• How the results will be compared against the specific limits
• Approved sampling method (“validated”) method (e.g. OSHA or NIOSH method) to be used
• Use of accredited laboratories, such as American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), Industrial
Hygiene Laboratory Accreditation Program (IHLAP), Canadian Association for Laboratory
Accreditation (CALA), Canadian National Radon Proficiency Program (C-NRPP), etc.
• Type of equipment that will be used for the sampling and air monitoring
There are currently no provincial or federal requirements for consultants providing professional IAQ
services. However, several professional associations publish consultant’s directories. The following
resources are provided to assist in selecting qualified consultants. It remains the responsibility of the
individual using these directories to verify a consultant’s competencies and qualifications.
5.1
Hiring an IAQ Professional
American Industrial Hygiene Association: https://www.aiha.org/publications-and-

resources/Pages/Consultants-Listing.aspx
Canadian National Radon Proficiency Program: https://c-nrpp.ca/find-a-professional/
Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists: http://www.crboh.ca/
Occupational Hygiene Association of Ontario: https://www.ohao.org/index.php/consultantsdirectory
Environmental Abatement Council of Ontario:

http://www.eacoontario.com/EACO_members_consultants.htm
Professional Engineers of Ontario: http://www.peo.on.ca/index.php?ci_id=1798&la_id=1
5.2
APPENDICES
Appendix A Definitions
Appendix A DEFINITIONS
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH): A professional association of

industrial hygienists and practitioners of related professions whose goal is to advance worker protection
by providing timely, objective, scientific information to occupational and environmental health
professionals.
American Nation Standards Institute (ANSI): A US-based organization that oversees the creation,
promulgation, and use of thousands of norms and guidelines that directly affect businesses in nearly
every sector. ANSI is actively engaged in accreditation, assessing the competence of organizations
determining conformance to standards.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE): A global

professional association seeking to advance heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration
systems design and construction.
Allergens: A substance that causes an allergic reaction.
BOMA BEST: A national green building certification program launched by BOMA Canada in 2005 to
address an industry need for realistic standards for energy and environmental performance of existing
buildings based on accurate, independently verified information.
Building-Related Illnesses: Disorders or illnesses that affect an occupant and are suspected to be
caused by exposure to substances in modern, airtight buildings.
Bioaerosols: Biological particles that are airborne, such as:
• Viruses: An infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat. Viruses
are too small to be seen by light microscopy and can only multiply inside the living cells of a host.
• Fungi: Unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms that feed on organic matter.
Fungi include moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.
• Bacteria: Unicellular microorganisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any
other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are typically a few micrometres in length and have
several shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals.
• Nematodes: Also known as roundworms, nematodes are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad
range of environments.
• Amoeba: A type of cell or organism that can alter its shape.
• Pollen: A fine to coarse powdery substance comprising pollen grains, which are the male portion of
seed plants that produce male gametes (sperm cells).
• Dander: Material shed from the body of humans and various animals that have fur, hair, or feathers.
A.1
• Mites: Tiny arthropods, less than 1 mm in length, that have a simple, unsegmented body plan. Mites
have adapted to many different environments: some species live in water, many live in soil as
decomposers, and others live on plants, sometimes creating galls (abnormal growths). Some mite
species are predators or parasites.
Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC): A not-for-profit, national organization that has been working
since 2002 to advance green building and sustainable community development practices in Canada. The
CaGBC is the licence holder for the LEED green building rating system in Canada and supports the
WELL Building Standard and GRESB (Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark) in Canada.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Group: A global organization dedicated to safety, social good,
and sustainability. The CSA Group is a leader in developing standards and in testing, inspection, and
certification around the world including Canada, the U.S., Europe, and Asia.
Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH): An industrial hygiene practitioner who has become certified through
the American Board of Industrial Hygienists (ABIH). A CIH maintains workplace health and safety by
identifying, evaluating, and controlling exposure to chemical, physical, ergonomic, and biological hazards.
Contaminant: A polluting or poisonous substance that makes something impure. Contaminants can be
present in various forms, such as:
• Fumes: Solid particles formed by condensation from the gaseous state (e.g. lead fume).
• Gases: Formless fluids usually produced by chemical processes involving combustion or by the
interaction of chemical substances. Gases will completely fill the space into which it is released (e.g.
carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide).
• Mists: State of matter with definite volume but no definite shape, like water. The routes of entry for
liquids could be ingestion and skin contact. If finely dispersed, liquids become a mist and can be
inhaled.
• Particulate Matter: Solid or liquid particles in the air with a diameter of 10 micrometers (µm) or less.
Displayed as PM10, where the subscript number indicates the diameter of the particle.
• Smoke: A substance made up of small particles of carbonaceous matter in the air, resulting mainly
from the burning of organic material, such as wood or coal.
• Vapours: Gaseous form of a material normally encountered in a liquid or solid state at normal room
temperature and pressure (e.g. paint thinners, acetone).
Diesel Particulate Matter: Gaseous exhaust produced by a diesel type of internal combustion engine,
plus any contained particulates. Its composition may vary with the fuel type or rate of consumption, or
speed of engine operation and type of engine. Diesel particulate matter primarily consists of carbon
dioxide, water, and nitrogen.
Ergonomics: Application of psychological and physiological principles to the engineering and design of
products, processes, and systems.
A.2
Filtration Efficiency: A measure of how efficiently a filter removes airborne particles from the air stream
as the particles pass through the filter. The most common rating system for comparing air filters is the
MERV Rating (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value), developed by ASHRAE. This rating is recognized as
an industry standard, both domestically and internationally.
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC): The technology of indoor and vehicular
environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC
system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics,
fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC.
Irritant: A substance that causes slight inflammation or other discomfort to the body.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED): The most widely used green building rating
system in the world. LEED includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of green buildings, homes, and neighbourhoods that aims to help building owners and
operators be environmentally responsible and use resources efficiently.
Mass Psychogenic Illness (MPI): Also known as mass sociogenic illness, MPI is the spread of illness
signs and symptoms affecting members of a group, originating from a nervous system disturbance
involving excitation, loss, or alteration of function, whereby physical complaints that are exhibited
unconsciously have no corresponding cause (e.g. reports of headaches, nausea, and fainting triggered by
an odour).
Metabolic Rates: The rate of energy expenditure per unit time by humans at rest.
Negative Pressure: Generated and maintained by a ventilation system that removes more exhaust air
from the room than air is allowed into the room.
Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL): A restriction on the amount and length of time a worker is exposed
to airborne concentrations of hazardous biological or chemical agents. Three types of OELs have been
defined:
• 8-hr occupational exposure limit (TWA): the time-weighted average airborne concentration of a
biological or chemical agent to which a worker may be exposed in a standard work day.
• 15-minute or short-term exposure limit (STEL): the maximum airborne concentration of a biological or
chemical agent to which a worker may be exposed in any 15-minute period.
• Ceiling limit (C): the maximum/peak airborne concentration of a biological or chemical agent to which
a worker may be exposed at any time.
Odour Detection Threshold: The lower concentration limit at which an airborne substance can be
detected or “smelled” by approximately 50% of the population.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH): Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen,
composed of multiple aromatic rings.
A.3
Professional Engineer: An individual who has fulfilled education and experience requirements and
passed rigorous exams, allowing them to offer engineering services directly to the public, including: any
act of planning, designing, composing, evaluating, advising, reporting, directing, or supervising (or the
managing of any such act) that requires the application of engineering principles and concerns the
safeguarding of life, health, property, economic interests, the public welfare or the environment, or the
managing of any such act.
Psychosomatic Responses or Disorders: A disease or disorder that involves both mind and body.
Some physical diseases may be particularly prone to be made worse by mental factors such as stress
and anxiety.
Registered Occupational Hygienist (ROH): An occupational hygiene practitioner who has become
certified through the Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists (CRBOH). An ROH
maintains workplace health and safety by identifying, evaluating, and controlling exposure to chemical,
physical, ergonomic, and biological hazards.
Sick Building Syndrome (SBS): A condition affecting office workers, typically marked by feeling
generally unwell or with flu-like symptoms, headaches, irritation of eyes, nose and throat, and respiratory
problems, attributed to unhealthy or stressful factors in the working environment such as poor ventilation.
Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC): A grouping of a wide range of organic chemical compounds.
Using TVOC simplifies reporting when these compounds are present in ambient air or emissions.
Units of Measurement:
• Parts per billion (ppb): the number of units of mass of a contaminant per 1,000 million units of total
mass.
• Parts per million (ppm): the number of units of mass of a contaminant per million units of total mass.
• Milligram per cubic meter of air (mg/m3)
• Microgram per cubic meter of air (µg/m3)
Ventilation: The act or process of ventilating; circulation of air in a room with good ventilation; a system
or means of providing outdoor air.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC): Organic chemicals that have a high vapour pressure at standard
room temperature. Their high vapour pressure results from a low boiling point, which causes large
numbers of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter
the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility.
WELL Building Standard: The first rating system to focus exclusively on the ways that buildings, and
everything in them, can improve our comfort, drive better choices, and generally enhance, not
compromise, our health and wellness. This rating system is delivered by the International WELL Building
Institute™ (IWBI™).
A.4
Appendix B Summary of Typical Indoor and Outdoor Sources
Appendix B SUMMARY OF TYPICAL INDOOR AND

OUTDOOR SOURCES
B.1
Table 1: Common Indoor Sources of IAQ Issues in Buildings
Source Typical Contaminants of Concern Key Contributing Factors Possible Preventative/Control Measures
Parking Garages CO, CO2, soot, particulates, vehicle • Insufficient ventilation • Increase exhaust and outdoor air ventilation rates
emissions including diesel exhaust • Poor CO controls • Calibrate CO sensors
Loading Docks / Shipping and Diesel exhaust, CO, CO2 • Insufficient ventilation • Increase outdoor air ventilation in area
Receiving • Air intakes located near • Require engine shut-off during unloading
vehicles • Relocate building air intakes away from source
• Pressurize building relative to outdoor environment
Mechanical Areas with CO • Damaged or • Perform regular visual inspections of combustion appliances
Combustion Appliances (e.g. improper/insufficient • Perform regular monitoring for CO concentrations (or install fixed
fossil fuel fired boilers/heaters, exhaust ventilation for CO monitors)
portable generators) appliances
• Remove from service and perform immediate repairs if issues
found
Indoor Construction / Formaldehyde, VOCs, objectionable • Off-gassing of VOCs from • Ensure qualified person reviews safety data sheets for paints
Renovation Areas odours, particulates, diesel particulate newly-installed building and finishes prior to use
matter finishes (e.g. paint, • Depressurize work area relative to rest of building during work
furniture, carpeting, wall
and floor coverings, etc.) • Use fast-drying, low-VOC emitting paints and finishes
• Cutting, drilling, grinding, • Conduct work during unoccupied hours
etc. of building materials • Minimize spray-application of paints and finishes
without sufficient dust • Increase outdoor air ventilation to entire building during and after
suppression/control/ work
isolation measures
• Use walk-off "sticky" mats
• Use of diesel-powered lifts
or other construction • Isolate work areas where dust (particulates) will be generated
equipment indoors and place under negative pressure during work, or use cutting or
grinding tools with purpose-built, HEPA-filtered exhaust
• Exfiltration of construction ventilation at working surface of tool
generated contaminants to
occupied areas • Use electrically powered construction equipment indoors
Office Areas – Humidifiers and Bioaerosols (airborne mould, • Insufficient cleaning/ • Restrict/ban use of personal humidifiers
Aquariums bacteria), high relative humidity sterilization of interior • Implement requirements for regular inspection and cleaning
surfaces
B.2
Office Areas – Windows that Temperature and relative humidity • Occupant-adjustable • Consider preventing windows from being opened by non-
Open fluctuations windows can circumvent mechanical staff
building ventilation system
design and contribute to
existing occupant comfort
issues or create new ones
Office Areas – People-Related Objectionable odours, VOCs • Insufficient outdoor air • Ensure outdoor air ventilation meets recommended parameters
Sources ventilation for number of based on occupancy (CO2 levels commonly a proxy)
occupants • Restrict use of scented products within the workplace
• Use of scented products
including perfumes, lotions,
etc.
Office Areas – Plants Airborne mould, bacteria • Large numbers of indoor • Implement regular maintenance on plants and potting soil
plants
Office Areas – Air Cleaners Ozone • High localized levels of • Ensure adequate ventilation in the area
ozone can result from use
of certain types of
electrostatic cleaners
Food Preparation Areas Objectionable odours, high • Insufficient isolation of • Negatively pressurize kitchen areas relative to other areas of the
temperatures and relative humidity cooking areas from rest of building while ensuring sufficient volume of makeup air is
building provided
• Increase outdoor air ventilation to areas affected by food odours
Pools High relative humidity • Insufficient isolation from • Negatively pressurize pool areas relative to other areas of the
rest of building building while ensuring sufficient volume of makeup air is still
provided
• Increase outdoor air ventilation rates
Water-Impacted Areas Mould • Leaks from mechanical • Maintain mechanical systems and building envelope to prevent
systems, indoor pools or leaks from occurring
water features or building • Dry materials that become wet as soon as possible to reduce
envelope including roof potential for mould growth
• Failure to rapidly identify • Obtain professional assistance if mould is visually identified
leaks and remove or dry
damaged materials • Use water-resistant building materials in construction
B.3
Animal Nested / Roosted Areas Pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria/ • Unsealed entry points into • Identify and seal potential animal entry points
fungi/viruses), allergens building • Retain a professional to assess and clean animal-related
• Build-up of fecal matter, materials upon discovery in order to minimize disturbance /
skin, hair, fur, etc. potential for contaminants to enter building
• Establish an integrated pest management program
Janitorial Areas VOCs, objectionable odours • Application of janitorial • Use low-VOC emitting janitorial products where possible
products (e.g. cleaners, • Select low-VOC emitting products with low-VOC certifications
floor polishes) that emit intended for indoor usage (not those intended for prevention of
high concentrations of environmental damage)
VOCs
Trash Storage Areas Objectionable odours • Build-up of trash due to • Provide dedicated exhaust for trash storage areas
insufficient frequency of • Place trash storage areas under negative pressure relative to
removal rest of building
• Trash storage areas • Maintain a cooler temperature in the area
insufficiently ventilated or
not sufficiently isolated from
rest of facility
Other Specific Generation Source-specific contaminants (often • Use of various products in • Control measures will vary depending on source
Sources within Buildings (e.g. including objectionable odours and area within inadequate • Obtain professional assistance when establishing controls
laboratories, restaurants, repair VOCs) ventilation
shops, etc.)
B.4
Table 2: Common Outdoor Sources of IAQ Issues
Source Typical Contaminants of Concern Key Contributing Factors Possible Control Measures
Construction Work Activities Particulates, CO, CO2 • Work conducted close to • Pressurize building relative to outdoors
building perimeter, • Install more effective filtration at air handling units
including:
• Increase frequency of filter replacement as needed
• Cutting, grinding,
refinishing, etc. of • Temporarily shut down and seal air intakes nearest work, or
concrete, brickwork or relocate air intake point further from work area
other finishes • Minimize use of heavy equipment near building perimeter
generating large
quantities of airborne
particulates
• Use of heavy
construction equipment
near building perimeter
Contaminated Soils, Source-specific soil gases/vapours • Soil gases/vapours may • Maintain inventory of known USTs and replace when beyond
Underground Storage Tanks (e.g. hydrocarbons, other VOCs, etc.) enter building through manufacturer-specified service lifespan
(USTs) penetrations • Relocate any air ducts running through soil beneath building
• Depressurize soil relative to building, seal foundation and
penetrations in foundation
• Coordinate with a qualified professional to assess and remediate
suspected soil gas/vapour intrusion issues or leaking USTs
Weather Temperature and relative humidity • Seasonal weather changes • Consider installing/updating building automation system and
fluctuations temperature/RH sensors to automatically respond to changes in
outdoor temperature and RH conditions
Forest Fires Smoke (particulates, PAHs, soot) • Entry of smoke into the • Pressurize building relative to outdoors, install better filtration at
building during an event air handling units, consider installing revolving doors or airlock
doors near source if necessary, replace filters more frequently
B.5
Vehicle Emissions CO, CO2, soot • High levels of nearby • Enforce “no idling” policies near building
vehicle traffic (including on • Design parking lots and roadways to keep vehicles away from
roadways/highways) doors, windows, and air intakes
• Install devices to prevent opening of windows near sources of
• Idling vehicles near building
vehicle emissions
• Pressurize building relative to outdoors, install better filtration at
air handling units, consider installing revolving doors or airlock
doors near source if necessary
Smoking Formaldehyde, CO, VOCs • Smoking near building • Ban smoking on property or within a given radius of entry doors
and air intakes
• Pressurize building relative to outdoors
• Consider installing revolving doors or airlock doors near source if
necessary
Animal Nested / Roosted Areas Pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria/ • Unsealed entry points into • Retain a professional to assess and clean animal-related
fungi/viruses), allergens building materials upon discovery in order to minimize disturbance /
• Build-up of fecal matter, potential for contaminants to enter building
skin, hair, fur, etc. • Discourage animals from occupying locations on building exterior
(e.g. install spikes on possible roosting areas)
• Establish integrated pest management program
Location of Building Air Intake Objectionable odours, VOCs • Exhaust from heavy • Generally, a professional will be required to assess and develop
commercial tenants (e.g. a strategy for resolving the issue
drycleaners, photo • Relocate air intakes/exhausts away from source
processing, laundry) or
food preparation areas /
tenants (e.g. kitchens,
restaurants) in multi-unit
commercial or residential /
commercial buildings may
re-enter the building if air
exhausts and intakes are
not properly designed
Standing Water on Roof Near Objectionable odours, • Poor roof drainage can • Design/re-design roof to prevent ponding
Air Intakes microorganisms (e.g. mould, bacteria) result in ponding that can • Regularly inspect roof
encourages microorganism
growth, and subsequent
entry of microbial
contamination into building
B.6
Aerosolization of Building Water Legionella bacteria • Insufficient control of water • Complete a risk assessment of building system
(e.g. at cooling towers) quality, combined with • Inspect and maintain building systems as recommended
aerosolization at cooling • Conduct sampling as required
towers, and potential entry
into building via air intakes
Nearby Facilities Objectionable odours, VOCs, CO, • Emissions from nearby • Pressurize building relative to outdoors, install better filtration at
particulates industrial/manufacturing, air handling units, increase frequency of filter replacement, locate
public works (e.g. air intakes as far from source as possible
incinerator, utility, water
treatment) or commercial
(e.g. dry cleaning, auto
body shop, gas station,
restaurant) facilities or
agricultural lands can affect
quality of air entering
building
B.7
Appendix C IAQ Indicator and Contaminant Summary Table
Appendix C IAQ INDICATOR AND CONTAMINANT

SUMMARY TABLE
C.1
This table is not a comprehensive or complete list of IAQ contaminants, standards, and guidelines. EACO provides available information to assist the reader in making decisions when evaluating a space. The reader should consult the
appropriate source of the suggested limits for applicability.
IAQ Indicator or Contaminant Suggested Limits Reference Source(s) Common Sampling/Monitoring Strategies Other Notes
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Outdoor concentration + (x) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2016 • Direct-reading instrument (handheld or • Typical indoor CO2 concentrations: 500–800 ppm
ppm Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air fixed to structure), with 1 ppm resolution • Tasteless, odourless, colourless gas
Value of x depends on specific Quality
• Used as a surrogate measure of other contaminants in indoor air
type of indoor environment as well
as size and occupancy, and can • Outdoor concentration + 700 ppm represents a general guideline
be determined as per for unadapted sedentary workers
ASHRAE 62.1 • ASHRAE Standard 62.1 provides equations for calculating ideal
As a general guideline, x = CO2 limits for specific environments, where warranted. Refer to
700 ppm will dilute odours from Table and Section 6.2.2.1 of ASHRAE 62.1 for further details.
human bioeffluents to a level that • Levels exceeding suggested limits may indicate a problem with
will satisfy a substantial majority of overcrowding or inadequate outdoor air ventilation rates
unadapted, sedentary occupants
of a space. • Common sources of CO2 include human respiration, combustion
processes (e.g. cars, combustion appliances, etc.), and
fermentation processes (winemaking, brewing, etc.)
As CO2 concentrations increase, National Research Council of Canada -
occupant satisfaction decreases Construction Technology Update
and perception of poor air quality No. 64, Indoor Air Quality and Thermal
and incidence of reported physical Comfort in Open-Plan Offices, 2005
effects increases. At 650 ppm, the
number of complaints is relatively
limited. Complaints occur much
more frequently > 1,000 ppm.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 25 ppm (1 hour average [hr avg.]) Health Canada Residential Indoor Air • Direct-reading instrument (handheld or • Typical indoor CO concentrations are < 2 ppm
10 ppm (24 hr avg.) Quality Guidelines fixed to structure), with 0.1 ppm resolution • Tasteless, odourless, colourless gas
11 ppm (8 hr avg.) Health Canada Exposure Guidelines for • High concentrations can result from poorly located air intakes,
Residential Indoor Air Quality migration of air from adjacent spaces with combustion sources,
smoking, vehicle exhaust entering building, poorly vented
9 ppm or no greater than 2 ppm Canada Green Building Council: LEED combustion appliances
above outdoor concentration ID+C: Commercial Interiors, Credit 3.2:
Indoor Air Quality Assessment • Levels above 5 ppm suggest the presence of unvented combustion
source or vehicle exhaust indoors. Source(s) should be identified
< 9 ppm International Well Building Institute: and rectified
WELL Building Standard v1 – Air Quality
Standards
Values >5 ppm suggest Health Canada: Indoor Air Quality in

presence of poorly vented Office Buildings, A Technical Guide
combustion sources
Particulate Matter Maintain concentrations as low Health Canada Residential Indoor Air • Direct-reading instrument with particle size • Typical indoor PM2.5 concentrations are 5–10 µg/m³
Fine Suspended (PM2.5) as possible, and lower indoors Quality Guidelines section capability • Indoor levels exceeding outdoor levels indicate indoor activities or
than outdoors • Active air sampling via pre-weighted systems are a source of PM2.5
15 µg/m³ Canada Green Building Council: LEED polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters using size-
ID+C: Commercial Interiors, Credit 3.2: selective impactor/cyclone (e.g. US EPA
Indoor Air Quality Assessment, Method IP-10)
International Well Building Institute:
WELL Building Standard – Air Quality
Standards
C.2
Particulate Matter 50 µg/m³ ASHRAE 62.1 • Direct-reading instrument providing PM10 • Typical indoor PM10 concentrations are 5–30 µg/m³
Respirable (~PM10) values (as proxy for respirable PM) • ACGIH (2019) offers a 3 mg/m3 guideline limit. This limit is not
• Active air sampling via pre-weighed PVC appropriate for non-industrial applications and should only be
filters using size-selective impactor / applied to types of particulate matter that (per ACGIH 2019 TLVs
cyclone (e.g. US EPA Method IP-10) and BEIs):
o Lack a published OEL or ACGIH TLV
o Are insoluble or poorly soluble
o Have low toxicity
*TLV = Threshold limit value
BEI = Biological exposure indices
50 µg/m³ Canada Green Building Council: LEED
ID+C: Commercial Interiors, Credit 3.2:
Indoor Air Quality Assessment
Standards
Total Volatile Organic 1 mg/m3 (target level) or approx. Health Canada: Indoor Air Quality in • Direct-reading instrument (photoionization • Typical TVOC concentrations are 50–350 ppb
Compounds (TVOCs) 440 ppb Office Buildings, a Technical Guide detectors [PID] with detection limit in the • Thousands of products typically found in indoor environments emit
5 mg/m3 (action level) or approx. ppb range for TVOCs) VOCs
2200 ppb • Active air sampling via sorbent tube • An IAQ Investigator should always attempt to identify what sources
(analysis via EPA Method TO-17, for a are contributing to TVOC readings. If sources could present a
specific list of VOCs) hazard at levels below TVOC reading, consider additional
500 µg/m³ Canada Green Building Council: LEED
• Air sampling via Summa ® canister substance-specific testing
ID+C: Commercial Interiors, Credit 3.2:
(analysis via EPA Method TO-15, for a • TO-15 and TO-17 methods test for a specific list of VOCs, whereas
specific list of VOCs) open characterization includes any VOC the lab can detect and
WELL Building Standard – Air Quality • Open characterization via sorbent tube or identify
Standards Summa® canister (includes any VOC the
lab can detect and identify)
Formaldehyde 40 ppb (8 hr. avg.) Health Canada Residential Indoor Air • Direct-reading instrument equipped with • Typical formaldehyde concentrations are 10-40 ppb
100 ppb (1 hr. avg.) Quality Guidelines passive electrochemical sensor • Colourless, flammable gas with strong odour
27 ppb Canada Green Building Council: LEED • Passive sampling badges/dosimeters (US • Should be kept at concentrations as low as possible due to
ID+C: Commercial Interiors, Credit 3.2: EPA Method TO-11 and ASTM D5197, US carcinogenic nature
Indoor Air Quality Assessment, EPA Method TO-11, ASTM D5197, OSHA
52, OSHA 1007)
WELL Building Standard – Air Quality • Active air sampling with silica gel
Standards cartridges (NIOSH 2016, EPA IP-6, ASTM
D 5197, NIOSH 2016, NIOSH 2541)
Mould Identifiable promoters of fungal Health Canada Fungal Contamination in • Active air sampling via spore trap • Moulds are a large group of microorganisms forming a subset of
growth require correction, and any Public Buildings: A Guide to Recognition sampling (for non-viable airborne spores) the Kingdom Fungi of living matter
visible fungi require removal and Management • Active air sampling via Andersen/N-16 or • In the indoor environment, moisture is the limiting factor for mould
Address any water damage to Health Canada Residential Indoor Air RCS (Reuter Centrifugal Sampler) (for growth, and is the only factor that can be effectively controlled to
building materials within 48 hrs to Quality Guidelines culturable viable airborne spores) prevent mould growth
prevent mould growth; remove any • Tape-lift sampling or bulk sample • Acceptability of airborne spore levels is based on comparison to
visible or concealed mould collection (for microscopic identification of outdoor (and sometimes indoor) reference samples. Although
fungal elements to determine surface exceptions often apply, spore types should generally be similar to
growth) reference samples, concentrations should be lower than in
reference samples, and overall sample makeup should be similar to
reference samples
• Retain a skilled and experienced IAQ professional to interpret
mould air sampling results
C.3
• Remediation of mould should be carried out by a qualified
contractor, typically supervised by a qualified third-party mould
consultant, following the EACO Mould Abatement Guidelines
Radon <200 Bq/m3 (annual average, in Health Canada – • Alpha-track radon detectors • Typical radon concentrations are <200 Bq/m3
lowest occupied level of building) • Guide for Radon Measurements in • Electret Ion Chambers • Tasteless, odourless, colourless gas
Public Buildings • Continuous (real-time) radon monitors • Measurements for comparison against Health Canada standard
• Guide for Radon Measurements in • Measurements for comparison against should be of at least 91 days, and are recommended to be
Residential Dwellings (Homes) Health Canada standard should be of at completed during the heating season (fall-winter)
Canadian Guidelines for the least 91 days, and are recommended to • Radon measurement and mitigation professionals are certified by
Management of Naturally be completed during the heating season the Canadian National Radon Proficiency Program (C-NRPP)
Occurring Radioactive Materials (fall-winter)
(NORM)
4 pCi/L (148 Bq/m3) (in lowest WBI's WELL Building Standard v1 Air
occupied level of project) Quality Standards (adopted from US
EPA radon standard)
Exposures as low as reasonably General principle of radiation
achievable (ALARA) management. Radon is a form of
radiation and therefore no threshold
exists at which harm cannot occur from
exposure. Efforts should be made to
maintain exposure to radon at levels as
low as reasonably achievable (ALARA).
Temperature Summer: 23°C -26°C* CSA Standard Z412 – Office • Direct-reading instrument • Humans can perceive temperature differences of as little as one
Winter: 20°C -23.5°C* Ergonomics degree Celsius
*at 50% RH
ASHRAE Standard 55 provides ASHRAE Standard 55
multiple additional methods for
determining appropriate
temperature limits
Relative Humidity (%RH) >25% Health Canada – Indoor Air Quality in • Direct reading instrument • High humidity can result in condensation on surfaces, and possible
Office Buildings: A Technical Guide mould growth
<60% ASHRAE Standard 62.1
C.4
Legionella Goal is zero detectable Legionella OSHA Legionella guidelines Water sampling and subsequent laboratory • A bacterium that can grow in stagnant and low-flow hot, cold and
Cooling tower: <10 CFU/mL PWGSC MD 15161-2013 Control of analysis of samples, either by culturing or process water systems if not properly maintained/treated
Legionella in Mechanical Systems qPCR analysis • Temperature significantly influences bacterial growth: can survive
Potable: <10 CFU/mL
ASHRAE Standard 188 The WHO recommends that swabs be taken in and multiply between 25-45 degrees Celsius
Humidifiers: <1 CFU/mL conjunction with water samples from sites
Open Water systems: <10 AIHA Legionella Guidelines • Human exposure typically occurs when bacteria aerosolized via
where biofilms are likely to form
CFU/mL WHO Legionella Guidelines showers, fountains, cooling towers, etc.
International Organization for Standardization
Humidifiers: <1 CFU/mL OSHA Technical Manual • Can cause severe flu-like/pneumonia-like symptoms, can cause
(ISO) 11731:”Detection and Enumeration of
death
Legionella”
CDC “Procedures for the Recovery of • Generally, most dangerous to elderly, young or
Legionella from the Environment” immunocompromised individuals
Ozone 20 ppb (8 hr. avg.) Health Canada - Residential Indoor Air • Direct reading monitor with metal oxide • Typical ozone concentrations are <100 ppb
Quality Guidelines semiconductor sensor • Colourless gas with characteristic odour
120 ppb (1 hr. avg) Health Canada - Residential Indoor Air • Passive sampling badges/dosimeters • Common indoor sources include electric motors, photocopiers,
Quality Guidelines • Active air sampling with treated glass-fibre portable and fixed "air cleaning devices"
0.075 ppm (75 ppb) Canada Green Building Council: LEED filters
• Can be transported into building from outdoor sources via HVAC
ID+C: Commercial Interiors, Credit 3.2: (e.g. during thunderstorms)
51 ppb International Well Building Institute:
Standards
C.5
Appendix D Additional Resources
Appendix D ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
D.1
American Industrial Hygiene Association https://www.aiha.org

Consultants Listing
Canadian Construction Association http://www.cca-acc.com/

Mould Guidelines for the Canadian
Construction Industry
CSA Group Office Ergonomics – An https://store.csagroup.org/

application standard for workplace
ergonomics (CAN/CSA-Z412-17).
EACO Mould Abatement Guidelines http://www.eacoontario.com/
EACO Members - Consultants http://www.eacoontario.com/
Health Canada Guide for Radon https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/publications.html

Measurements in Public Buildings:
Workplaces, Schools, Day Cares,
Hospitals, Care Facilities, Correctional
Centres
Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en https://www.irsst.qc.ca/en/institute/organization

santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST)
Guide for the prevention of microbial
growth in ventilation systems
New York City Department of Health and https://www1.nyc.gov/

Mental Hygiene Guidelines on
Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in
Indoor Environments
Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario https://www.ohcow.on.ca/

Workers (OHCOW) Office Ergonomics
Handbook
Occupational Hygiene Association of https://www.ohao.org

Ontario Consultants Directory
D.1
US EPA Text Modules for the Indoor Air https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq

Quality Building Education and
Assessment Model
Well Building Institute (WBI) WELL https://standard.wellcertified.com/air/air-quality-standards

Building Standard Air Quality Standards
WorkSafe BC Indoor Air Quality: A Guide https://www.worksafebc.com/en

for Building Owners, Managers, and
Occupants
World Health Organization (WHO) WHO http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-

guidelines for indoor air quality: selected health
pollutants
D.2
Appendix E LIST OF REFERENCES
Alberta Health Services (AHS). Environmental public health indoor air quality manual: A guide for
environmental public health professionals. 2012.
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLVs and BEIs Based on the
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological Exposure Indices. 2019.
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). The IAQ Investigator’s Guide, 3rd ed. 2016.
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA). Recommendations for the Management, Operating,
Testing, and Maintenance of HVAC Systems: Maintaining Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in
Non-Industrial Employee Occupancies through Dilution Ventilation. 2004.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / Institute of Inspection Cleaning and Restoration
Certification (IICRC). ANSI/IICRC S500-2015 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional
Water Damage Restoration. 2015.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National
Association (SMACNA). ANSI/SMACNA No. 008-2008 IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings
under Construction. 2008.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Indoor Air Quality
Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction, and Commissioning. 2009.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). ASHRAE

Standard No. 55-2013, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. 2013.

Standard No. 55-2017, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. 2017.

Standard No. 62.1-2016, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. 2016.

Standard No. 170-2013, Ventilation of Health Care Facilities. 2013.

Standard No. 180-2012 Standard Practice for Inspection and Maintenance of Commercial
Building HVAC Systems. 2012.
ASTM International. ASTM D6245-12 Standard Guide for Using Indoor Carbon Dioxide Concentrations to
Evaluate Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation. 2012.
E.1
Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC). LEED ID+C: Commercial Interiors, Credit 3.2: Indoor Air
Quality Assessment.
Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC). Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)
Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction, v4. 2017.
Canadian Standards Association (CSA). CSA Standard Z204-94, Guidelines for Managing Indoor Air
Quality in Office Buildings. 1994 (Withdrawn).
Canadian Standards Association (CSA). CSA Standard Z412-17, Office ergonomics — An application
standard for workplace ergonomics. 2017.
Health Canada. Canadian Guidelines for the Management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
(NORM). 2011.
Health Canada. Exposure Guidelines for Residential Indoor Air Quality, A Report of the Federal-Provincial
Advisory Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health. 1995.
Health Canada. Fungal Contamination in Public Buildings: A Guide to Recognition and Management.
1995.
Health Canada. Guide for Radon Measurements in Public Buildings. 2016.
Health Canada. Guide for Radon Measurements in Residential Dwellings (Homes). 2017.
Health Canada. Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings: A Technical Guide, A Report of the
Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health. 1995.
Health Canada. Office Air: A Worker’s Guide to Air Quality in Offices, Schools, and Hospitals, A Report of
the Federal-Provincial Advisory Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health. 1995.
International Well Building Institute: WELL Building Standard – Air Quality Standards.
National Research Council of Canada. COPE Project Research Reports.
Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.R.O. 1990, Regulation 833: Control of Exposure to Biological or
Chemical Agents, as amended.
Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC). MD 15161 – 2013 Control of Legionella in
Mechanical Systems, Standard for Building Owners, Design Professionals, and Maintenance
Personnel. 2016
United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Section III,
Chapter 7: Legionnaires Disease, OSHA Technical Manual, OSHA Instruction TED 01-00-015
[TED 1-0.15A]. 2015.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Indoor Air Quality Building Education and
Assessment Model (I-BEAM). 2002.
E.2
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). National Ambient Air Quality Standard.
WorkSafe Alberta. Indoor Air Quality Tool Kit, Government of Alberta Employment and Immigration.
August 2009.
E.3

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INDOOR AIR QUALITY

ABOUT EACO ........................................................................................................................... II

1.0 GENERAL POINTS AND LIMITATIONS .....................................................................1.1

2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY ........................................................2.1

3.0 IAQ MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................3.1

4.0 CONDUCTING AN IAQ ASSESSMENT ......................................................................4.1

5.0 HIRING AN IAQ PROFESSIONAL ..............................................................................5.1

APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................ A.1

APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF TYPICAL INDOOR AND OUTDOOR SOURCES ............. B.1

APPENDIX C: IAQ INDICATOR AND CONTAMINANT SUMMARY TABLE .................... C.1

APPENDIX D: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES...................................................................... D.1

APPENDIX E: LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................ E.1

General Points and Limitations

1.0 GENERAL POINTS AND LIMITATIONS

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY

WHAT IS GOOD INDOOR AIR QUALITY?

Definitions of technical terminology and additional information are available in Appendix A.

air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as

1. Conditions should be maintained to prevent exposure of building occupants to airborne contaminants

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

These IAQ factors are links in an exposure pathway, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Exposure Pathway Links

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

2.3.1 Mechanical Ventilation

A simplified HVAC system schematic is provided in Figure 2.

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

Figure 2: Simplified Schematic Diagram of Typical HVAC Components

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

2.3.2 Ventilation Considerations

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

2.4.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

2.4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

CO acts as an asphyxiant by blocking uptake of oxygen in the bloodstream. Symptoms of low-level

2.4.3 Particulate Matter (PM)

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

2.4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

2.5.1 Thermal Comfort

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality

3.0 IAQ MANAGEMENT

IAQ MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

3.1.1 Program Components

The following components should be included in an IAQMP:

• Goals and objectives (or purpose)

3.1.1.1 Typical Procedures and Protocols

Typical procedures or protocols can include the following:

• Procuring new furnishings, cleaning products, etc.

Conducting an IAQ Assessment

4.0 CONDUCTING AN IAQ ASSESSMENT

Figure 3: Key Steps to Conduct an IAQ Assessment

Conducting an IAQ Assessment

Conducting an IAQ Assessment

Conducting an IAQ Assessment

Conducting an IAQ Assessment

d. Collection of outdoor reference IAQ measurements