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    Construction Materials and Testing 3

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    Aggregates are a combination of particles used in construction. They are classified as coarse or fine based on size. Key properties include shape, surface texture, strength and durability. Aggregates are tested for properties like abrasion resistance and reaction to moisture before being used in projects like foundations and pavements. Proper aggregate selection is important for constructing durable structures.

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    Construction Materials and Testing 3

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    Pocav
    35 views27 pages
    Aggregates are a combination of particles used in construction. They are classified as coarse or fine based on size. Key properties include shape, surface texture, strength and durability. Aggregates are tested for properties like abrasion resistance and reaction to moisture before being used in projects like foundations and pavements. Proper aggregate selection is important for constructing durable structures.

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    CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING 3

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    Aggregates are a combination of particles used in construction. They are classified as coarse or fine based on size. Key properties include shape, surface texture, strength and durability. Aggregates are tested for properties like abrasion resistance and reaction to moisture before being used in projects like foundations and pavements. Proper aggregate selection is important for constructing durable structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views27 pages

    Construction Materials and Testing 3

    Uploaded by

    Pocav
    Aggregates are a combination of particles used in construction. They are classified as coarse or fine based on size. Key properties include shape, surface texture, strength and durability. Aggregates are tested for properties like abrasion resistance and reaction to moisture before being used in projects like foundations and pavements. Proper aggregate selection is important for constructing durable structures.

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    of 27

    AGGREGATES

    AGGREGATES

    Aggregates are a combination of distinct parts gathered into a mass or a


    whole. Generally, in civil engineering, the term aggregate means a mass of
    crushed stone, gravel, sand, etc., predominantly composed of individual particles.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 2


    AGGREGATES

    There are three main uses of aggregates in civil engineering:


     as an underlying material for foundations and pavements,
     as riprap for erosion protection, and as
     ingredients in Portland cement and asphalt concretes

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 3


    AGGREGATES

    Due to the differences in the size of the aggregate particles,


    two terms are defined to facilitate the discussion of the
    general size characteristics of aggregates:
    • Coarse aggregates - aggregate particles that are retained on a 4.75 mm sieve.
    • Fine aggregates - aggregate particles that pass a 4.75 mm sieve.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 4


    SIEVE SIZES

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 5


    AGGREGATES

    The ability of aggregates to resist the damaging effect of loads is related to the
    hardness of the aggregate particles and is described as the toughness or
    abrasion resistance. The aggregate must resist crushing, degradation, and
    disintegration when stockpiled, mixed as either portland cement or asphalt
    concrete, placed and compacted, and exposed to loads.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 6


    PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

    1. Composition 8. Bulking of Sand


    2. Size & Shape 9. Fineness Modulus of Aggregate
    3. Surface Texture 10. Surface Index of Aggregate
    4. Specific Gravity 11. Deleterious Material
    5. Bulk Density 12. Crushing Value of Aggregate
    6. Voids 13. Impact Value of Aggregate
    7. Porosity & Absorption 14. Abrasion Value of Aggregate

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 7


    CLASSIFICATION OF AGGREGATES BASED ON DENSITY

    1. Lightweight
    2. Standard
    3. High Density

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 8


    AGGREGATE SOURCES

    Natural sources for aggregates include gravel pits, river run deposits, and rock quarries.
    Generally, gravel comes from pits and river deposits, whereas crushed stones are the result
    of processing rocks from quarries.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 9


    AGGREGATE SOURCES

    Manufactured aggregates can use slag waste from iron and steel mills and expanded
    shale and clays to produce lightweight aggregates. Heavyweight concrete, used for radiation
    shields, can use steel slag and bearings for the aggregate.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 10


    GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

    All natural aggregates result from the breakdown


    of large rock masses. Geologists classify rocks into
    three basic types: igneous, sedimentary, and
    metamorphic. Volcanic action produces igneous
    rocks by hardening or crystallizing molten material,
    magma.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 11


    GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

    Sedimentary rocks merge from deposits of


    disintegrated existing rocks or inorganic remains of
    marine animals. Wind, water, glaciers, or direct
    chemical precipitation transport and deposit layers
    of material that become sedimentary rocks, resulting
    in a stratified structure.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 12


    GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

    Metamorphic rocks form from igneous or


    sedimentary rocks that are drawn back into the
    Earth’s crust and exposed to heat and pressure,
    reforming the grain structure. Metamorphic
    rocks generally have a crystalline structure, with
    grain sizes ranging from fine to coarse.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 13


    EVALUATION OF AGGREGATE SOURCES

    Civil engineers select aggregates for their ability to meet specific project requirements,
    rather than their geologic history. The physical and chemical properties of the rocks
    determine the acceptability of an aggregate source for a construction project. These
    characteristics vary within a quarry or gravel pit, making it necessary to sample and test
    the materials continually as the aggregates are being produced.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 14


    PARTICLE SHAPE AND SURFACE TEXTURE

    The shape and surface texture of the individual aggregate particles determine how the
    material will pack into a dense configuration and also determines the mobility of the stones
    within a mix. There are two considerations in the shape of the material: angularity and
    flakiness.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 15


    PARTICLE SHAPE AND TEXTURE OF COARSE AGGREGATES

    The different shapes of coarse aggregates: angular, rounded, flaky, elongated, and flaky and
    elongated. Flakiness, also referred to as flat and elongated, describes the relationship
    between the dimensions of the aggregate.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 16


    PARTICLE SHAPE AND TEXTURE OF COARSE AGGREGATES

    The roughness of the aggregate surface plays an important role in the way the aggregate
    compacts and bonds with the binder material. Aggregates with a rough texture are more
    difficult to compact into a dense configuration than smooth aggregates.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 17


    PARTICLE SHAPE

    a.) angular d.) elongated


    b.) rounded e.) flaky and elongated
    c.) flaky

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 18


    CONCEPT OF FLAKINESS TEST

    Flat Elongated Flat and Elongated

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 19


    PARTICLE SHAPE AND TEXTURE OF FINE AGGREGATES

    The angularity and texture of fine aggregates have a very strong influence on the stability of
    concrete mixes. The higher the amount of void content, the more angular and the rougher
    will be the surface texture of the fine aggregate.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 20


    PARTICLE SHAPE AND TEXTURE OF FINE AGGREGATES

    Apparatus used to measure angularity and surface texture of fine aggregate

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 21


    SOUNDNESS AND DURABILITY

    The ability of aggregate to withstand weathering is defined as soundness and durability.


    Aggregates used in various civil engineering applications must be sound and durable,
    particularly if the structure is subjected to severe climatic conditions. Water freezing in the
    voids of aggregates generates stresses that can fracture the stones.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 22


    SOUNDNESS AND DURABILITY

    The soundness test (ASTM C88) simulates weathering by soaking the aggregates in either a
    sodium sulfate or a magnesium sulfate solution. These sulfates cause crystals to grow in the
    aggregates, simulating the effect of freezing. The test starts with an oven-dry sample
    separated into different sized fractions. The sample is subjected to cycles of soaking in the
    sulfate for 16 hours, followed by drying. Typically, the samples are subjected to five cycles.
    Afterwards, the aggregates are washed and dried, each size is weighed, and the weighted
    average percentage loss for the entire sample is computed.
    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 23
    SOUNDNESS AND DURABILITY

    The ability of aggregates to resist the damaging effect of loads is related to the hardness of
    the aggregate particles and is described as the toughness or abrasion resistance. The
    aggregate must resist crushing, degradation, and disintegration when stockpiled, mixed as
    either portland cement or asphalt concrete, placed and compacted, and exposed to loads.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO

    24
    ABRASION MACHINE

    Abrasion test (ASTM C131, C535) evaluates the aggregates’


    toughness and abrasion resistance. In this test, aggregates
    blended to a fixed size distribution are placed in a large steel
    drum with standard sized steel balls that act as an abrasive
    charge. The drum is rotated, typically for 500 revolutions. The
    material is recovered from the machine and passed through a
    sieve that retains all of the original material.

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO 25


    MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE AGGREGATE

    Wmoist : weight of moist aggregate

    Wdry : weight of dry aggregate

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO

    26
    MAIN DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
    PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

    ENGR. REY ARQUERO

    27

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