PYTHON FUNCTIONS

1.)Slicing of a string:

Syntax: stringname[start:end:step]

Default start=0 and step=1 the end value isn’t included.

2.len()

The nom of elements/characters in the string is returned as an integer value.

Syntax:len(stringname)

3.)split()

Break the string at the specified delimeter and returns a list of substrings.

Syntax: stringname.split(separator,[max no. of splits])

max no. of splits is optional and by default = -1 i.e. no limit on no. of splits also by default separator is
whitespace.

4.)count()

To count the no. of substrings in a string.

Syntax: stringname.count(substring,start,end)

Start and end are optional.

5.)capitalize()

To return the exact copy of string with first letter in capital.

Syntax: stringname.capitalize()

6.) title()

Returns the string with first letter of each word in uppercase while rest in lowercase.

Syntax: stringname.title()

7.)isalpha()

Returns true if string has only alphabets else returns false.

Syntax: stringname.isalpha()

8.)isalnum()

Returns true if all characters are alpha numeric i.e. either ‘a’ to ‘z’ or 0-9.

Syntax: stringname.isalnum()

9.)isdigit()
Returns true only if all characters in the string are digits.

Syntax: stringname.isdigit()

10.)islower()

Returns true when all characters in the string are in lowercase.

Syntax: stringname.islower()

11.)isupper()

Returns true when all characters in the string are in uppercase.

Syntax: stringname.isupper()

12.)lower()

Returns a string converted to lowercase.

Syntax: stringname.lower()

13.)upper()

Returns a string converted to uppercase.

Syntax: stringname.upper()

14.)replace()

Replaces all occurrences of old substring with the new substring.

Syntax:stringname.replace(‘old string’,New string')

15.)find()

Returns the index of the first occurrence of the searched substring if found, else return -1.

Syntax: stringname.find(‘substring’,start,end)

Start and end are optional.

16.)index()

Returns the index of the searched substring if found, else raises and error called value error.

Syntax: stringname(substring,[start],[end])

17.)strip()

Returns the string after removing spaces.

a)from the left- lstrip()

b)from the right- strip()

c)from the both sides- strip()

18.)istitle()

Returns True if all the substrings of the string have first letter capital, else returns False.

Syntax: stringname.istitle()

19.)isspace()

Returns True if the string consists of only space, else returns False.

Syntax: stringname.isspace()

20.)join()

Returns the string in which the string elements are joined by a string separator.

Syntax: separator.join(string)

Where the separator is of string type.

21.) partition()

Splits the given string using the separator and returns a tuple with 3 parts:-

a)substring before the separator

b)the separator

c) substring after the separator

Syntax: stringname.partition(‘separator’)

22.)swapcase()

Returns a string swapping the cases.

Syntax: stringname.swapcase()

23.)startswith()

Returns True if string starts with the substring sub, else returns False.

Syntax: stringname.startswith(sub)

24.)endswith()

Returns True if the string ends with the substring sub, else returns False.

Syntax: stringname.endswith()

25.)reverse()

Reverses the order of elements in a list by replacing the reversed list’s elements with the original
elements in the existing list.
Syntax: listname.reverse()

26.)sort()

Returns a list having all elements arranged in descending order or ascending order.

Syntax: listname.sort() for ascending

listname.sort(reverse=True) for descending

27.)pop()

Removes an element from the list by passing the index of an element.

Syntax: listname.pop(index)

Default index=-1

28.)remove()

Removes the first occurrence of the element by passing the value from the function and if not found
raises an exception.

Syntax: listname.remove(element)

29.)del()

Used to remove the element from the list.

del listname[x]:xth element is deleted

del listname: deletes the whole list

del listname[a:b]:deletes elements from a to bth place.

30.)clear()

Removes all elements of a list and returns an empty list.

Syntax: listname.clear()

31.)count() for list

Returns the count of element passed as a parameter.

Syntax: listname.count(element)

32.)max()

Returns the element with the max. value of the list.

Numeric: Mathematical comparison

String: ASCII value comparison

Syntax: max(listname)
33.)min()

Returns the element with the min. value from the list.

Between strings, comparison is each index wise.

Syntax: min(listname)

34.)sum()

Returns the summation of all numeric elements of the list. If any element is string, it will raise VALUE
ERROR.

Syntax: sum(listname)

35.)append()

Adds an item to the end of the existing list.

Syntax: listname.append(item)

36.)extend()

Adds multiple elements in the form of a list to the existing list.

Syntax: listname.extend(list)

37.)insert()

Inserts an item at a given position.

Syntax: listname.insert(index,element)

38.)sorted()

Returns a new sorted list with sorted elements in it.

Syntax: sorted(listname, reverse=True) for descending order

And reverse=false or not specified for ascending order.

39.)tuple()

Creates tuples from different types of values.

Creating an empty tuple:tuple()

Creating tuple from a string:tuple(string)

40.)len(dictionary)

Returns the count of key-value pairs.

41.)get()

Item(value) with the given key Is procured if the key exists, else raise a NameError
Syntax: dictionaryname.get(key,[default])

42.)items()

Returns all of the items in the dictionary as a sequence of (key,value) tuples in no particular order.

Syntax: dictionaryname.items()

43.)keys()

Returns all the keys in the dictionary as a list.

Syntax: dictionaryname.keys()

44.)values()

Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary.

Syntax: dictionaryname.values()

45.)fromkeys()

A new dictionary is created from a sequence containing all the keys and a common value.

Syntax: dict.fromkeys(keys,value[])

46.)setdefault()

Inserts a new key:value pair only if the key doesn’t already exist but if the key exists then it’s current
value is returned.

Syntax: dictionaryname.setdefault(key,value)

47.)update()

Merges the key:value pairs from the new dictionary into the original dictionary and overrides any items
with the same keys already there.

Syntax: dictionaryname.update(other dictionary)

48.)copy()

A copy of the dictionary is made.

Syntax: dictionary name.copy()

49.)pop()

Removes and returns the dictionary element associated to the passed key.

Syntax: dictionaryname.pop(key,value)

50.)popitem()

Removes and returns a (key,value) pair from the dictionary.

51.)clear()

Removes all elements from the dictionary.

Syntax: dictionaryname.clear()

52.)sorted()

Returns a sorted list of the dictionary keys.

Syntax: sorted(dictionaryname,[reverse=False])

53.)max(),min(), sum()

Gives maximum key, minimum key or sum of the key from the dictionary.

Syntax: max(dictionaryname)

min(dictionaryname)

sum(dictionaryname)