Principles of Vibration Control

Prof. Bishakh Bhattacharya

Lecture-15
Springs for Vibration Isolation

Welcome to the course on principles of vibration control. Today we are going to focus on
vibration isolation.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:21)

So vibration isolation we will look in to it from different elements point of view, so first of all
we will talk about, will give an introduction on vibration isolation. Then we will talk about
how difference springs can be used for vibration isolation and then we will talk about
dampers for the same purpose and some of the sub divisions of the dampers which are solid
dampers and high damping material. So essentially we are going to see how different
damping elements are useful for isolating the vibration.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:57)

Now when we talk about vibration isolations they are required for 2 broadly 2 different types
of cases. One case is that you have a noisy machine, let us say you have a washing machine
which is generating too much of a sound. So you have a noisy machine and the one to absorb
the vibration sounds etc of the machine. So that is one type. The other type is that you want to
isolate a sensitive equipment from the noisy environment.

So in one case you have a source of vibration and noise and you want to isolate that and in
the other case there is noise and vibration in the ambience and you want to isolate a precision
system from the effect of these noises. So these have the 2 different cases that in which
vibration isolations are required and these are generally given in the form of springs and
dampers. So let us see what are the different possibilities that are there for us.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:06)
Well for isolating elements we have pneumatic, we have hydraulic, electromagnetic,
electrodynamics, elasto damping type of materials. And particularly in the electrodynamics
damping category we have springs, we have dampers, and complex dynamics and damping
and stiffness matrix that we generally use in the elasto damping materials category.

There are other categories which after a point of time we will talk about active control i will
touch if you want them. Now first we will you know focus on the springs and then we will go
to the dampers in this category.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:51)

So let us first of all talk about the springs. Springs can be of many different types that most
common spring is the helical spring which you will see in day to day you know applications.
This are used for example in earthquake or vibration prone areas even below the
superstructure and they generally have a very high load bearing capacity and a quite an
effective low frequency vibration isolation.

Since earthquake happens you know it affect in the low frequency regime so this kind of
helical springs are quite good for that and if you look at the spring constant K it depends on
the share modules of the material, it depends on the wire diameter, very significantly d to the
power 4 and it also inversely varies with the coil diameter, the mean coil diameter that is D
here as has been showing here.
G d4
Spring constant , k =
8 D3 n
G – Shear modulus
d – Wire diameter
D – Coil diameter (mean)
n - No. of coils

And also the number of coils that means once you know that what is the free length once you
know the total number of coils and you will be knowing about the details of each, so using
this information you should be able to find out that what is this spring stiffness K. So this is
the helical spring and a this kind of springs in compression actually may vary significantly
they are stiffness properties, if the ends are not properly secured.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:29)

Now let us look into some of the applications of the helical springs as you can see here that is
the huge super structure and just below that inside this enclosures the springs are there. In
some cases there will be springs like you can see this springs in this case here. In some cases
this springs could be also with the dampers and here between the 2 images if you look at it in
this case it is squished more due to the effect of an earthquake.

So you now its shows that this is very effective. In some cases actually there are quite an
exotic additional springs like this U type spring as you can see here that is also added in some
cases to further enhance these isolation capability. In all these cases helical springs used for
the development of seismic isolator. So that earthquake resistant is possible in the system.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:27)

Let us look into some of the other springs like transversely loaded springs. Most of the times
we think that the spring is actually loaded like from the top, so generally we consider a spring
which is loaded form the top but in this case the figure is showing that we are not loading it in
axial manner. So this transfers] loading arrangement it is form that it offers actually higher
load carrying capacity provided you actually need to have a proper these things.

So that there is no constraints that takes place in the systems. So you need to have proper
guides in this spring reflection and this in this case also you will get an increased damping
because there will be friction between this spring surface and the support, so that will
enhance the damping, see there will be more frictions here in all these regions, so the
damping will be enhanced.

So in this case the spring constant depends on the helix angle, the elastic modulus E, wire
diameter gain is playing a crucial role, you can see all of them here, and then the coil
diameter is coming here in the denominator inversely proportional and the number of coils
also is coming into the picture. One thing you can see the difference between the last one is
that instead of the share modular's here the spring stiffness depends on the elastic modulus E.
π 2 En d 4 α
Spring constant , k = 3 2
3.74 D (1+ 8.86 sin α )
α - Helix angle
E – Elastic modulus
d – Wire diameter
D – Coil diameter (mean)
n - No. of coils

And in most of the materials E is much higher than G and as a result you get larger bearing
capacity and also good damping in transversely loaded spring elements.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:18)

Now there is another variety of spring element, that is particularly used for small linkages and
joints and this is known as a slotted spring element. This also extracts the advantage of
getting stiffness from the modulus young modulus of elasticity rather than shear modulus of
elasticity, to do that the spring is actually slotted, so this is the typically slotted spring where
these you know actually from the blanks it is directly made and the sizes are given here.

So with respect to the size ratio you get a coefficient n and then you have this coefficient, you
have the coiled diameter, all other things then you can get the spring constant and you can see
here that it is directly proportional to the modulus of elasticity and it has a high accuracy in a
small outline of a size you can get so that is all it is very popular particularly for the link
developments etc.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:28)

One application you can see here that this is the typical slotted spring system and it is used in
this type of you knows link connections in hinges etc. So this is the second type of spring.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:46)

The third type of spring is that where we actually play with the coiled diameter. So in earlier
2 cases coil diameters were constant. But here the coil diameter is variable and it can be
variable like in this manner or it can be variable like a corset shaped or it can be variable and
the pitch also can vary in this case which is not varying but here the pitch itself is varying as
you can see the pitch here and pitch here is not same.

So you can bring non linearity it in many ways, you can by varying the coil diameter also by
varying the variable pitch. Now such systems are usually done in such a manner that they
actually with respect to different frequency level of excitation they work well and however,
sometimes they are actually susceptible to sub or super hormonic vibrations and isolators
with high damping are generally used to alleviate this type of a problem. So this is a statically
non linear coil spring system.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:04)

The other very useful spring system is known as Belleville spring system. Now you can see
that there are actually 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Belleville springs like washer type of an arrangement that
they are and in the Belleville spring there are many parameters you can control, one is of
course the base diameter, and then this angle and which is generally between 2 degree to 6
degree and then this D by d ration the which is 2 to 3 and then of course the height.

So you can play with so many parameters, in fact one can find out the load deflection
relationship for each system and if you look at it here also you are getting the modulus of
elasticity for stiffness, but here additionally what you are getting is a complex expression
with respect to the reflection of the load deformation relationship and that if I try to actually
see in certain regimes.
The load - deflection characteristic is given by the following non-linear relationship.

P=
πEt
6(D−d )2 [( )δ
] D
δ h0 − ( h0 −δ )+ t 2 ln , where δ is the deflection
2 d
(Refer Slide Time: 11:11)

For example when the height to thickness ration is 0.4 you would see that this almost it is like
a liner system. But you change the height to thickness ration to 2.4 you will see that this is
behaving in a completely non linear manner and behave in more like a hardening spring.
Again if you vary the h by t ratio below a certain level you may also get it you know some of
the other type of deformations here. So thus by varying these h by t ratio you can get different
types of load deformation relationship in such a system.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:55)

Now keeping this point in mind it is actually used in nitinol washer and springs as you can
see here that nitinol helical spring and this is a nitinol washers. In this cases it is done
intentionally because what you can do is that the h by t ratio being important in terms of
showing the linear relationship or the harden relationship and you can vary the h by t ratio by
passing a small current in each one of them.

If you pass a current then there will be phase change in the nitinol because it is shape memory
material and then because of this phase change you would observe that the h will be changing
the height will be changing and as the height will be changing the geometric parameters will
change and the same system will behave like a hardening spring etc. so you can actually
effectively using for various types of seismic isolation systems.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:58)

So that is Belleville spring, now another type of a material which is also used more like even
though it is used as an isolator but its stiffness and damping both are equally important in this
type of cases because there are interlayer damping that takes place in it at this are known as
wire mesh material. In such a system actually there are 2 stiffness's the dynamic stiffness and
the static stiffness.

So the static stiffness is you can simply obtain through quasi static load deformation
relationship but then if you also know the material parameter and ratio of vibration amplitude
to the height you can find out the dynamics stiffness and this is a highly non linear material
but it is very effective for vibration isolation in machine foundations particularly for
applications like you know hospital floors or for applications like some marine machines are
to be isolated noisy machines wire mesh material are very good used for such cases.
A very similar material like wire mesh is actually the failed material but in this case it is made
generally of nylon or rubber fibre. And in this case the dynamics stiffness is given by this
relationship where you have again 3 material parameters N, M, and A1. Now how does the
wire mesh material look like.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:34)

This is a typical wire mesh type of a thing and you can see that this used as an isolator
element or machine foundation, so that means if there is some vibration here it will not be
transmitted to the base. So base will remain vibration free that is the idea of using the wire
mesh damper for machine foundation.
A
k dyn =k static (1+ )
a0.5
a - ratio of the vibration amplitude to element height
A - material parameter
1 A
k dyn = (M + 0.51 )
N a
(Refer Slide Time: 14:58)

Now we have seen so many verities right we have seen these kind of felt pads or coil bases
then we have seen metallic variations, there are also some variations like air spring, and
rubbers have not discussed them but these do exist as a good you know type of spring for
vibration isolation and each one of them has a typical area in which they work and this is
generally define with respect to the level of displacement.

If the displacement amplitude is quite small then it is cork or felt pad, if it is more then rubber
even more metal, it is the maximum then the air springs are used, something like 250 mm
kind of a displacement. So depending on the level of amplitude of displacement the isolators
are actually chosen.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:58)
Now we will consider the vibration isolation of a single degree of freedom system and this is
subjected to an isolator which is a generalized spring element that means it is not a pure
spring but it is a spring + damper. Such kind of a system has a stiffness which is complex
stiffness. So that means it will you know observe bear the load by being displaced but as well
as it will work partially like a damper.

Now there are 2 ways in which a spring can also show this kind of a damping behaviour, if
the spring is made of rubbery material then it will have a complex elastic modulus and hence
that complex elastic modulus the imaginary part of it actually shows the damping. Because if
you remember that we plotted basically with respect to temperature the 2 modulus of
elasticity E prime and D double prime, okay.

So E prime is the glass modulus and we have seen that from the glassy region it goes down
like this, so this is the glassy region. E double prime which is actually the loss modulus that
varies on the hand in this manner, so the point where these transitions is happening is roughly
it is the same point where you will see that the maximum peak is of the E double prime, so
this is the E double prime. And this is the E prime.

So the last modulus also maximizes along the temperature which is known as the glass
transition temperature. So this actually contributes to the last part of the damping. Now
springs like transversely loaded spring could dissipate energy due to the friction between the
spring and outer surface and the supporting frame. Whereas in this case it is not friction
induced loss.

But in this case the loss is happening because of the rearrangement or the motion of the
chains you know atomic chains which are there inside a polymeric material.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:17)

Now let us consider a simple problem where we have a mass here and we have a spring but
this spring is having a stiffness which is K *. The * denotes that this is a complex spring, that
means the spring with complex stiffness. So that is why we are using the * symbol to it. Now
suppose this is subjected to a, you now a kind of a harmonic excitation okay, so at the base
you have x1(t) and here it is x(t).
c
1+ jω
k )
k ¿ =k + jωc=k ¿

1+ j
2c
2 √ km k
¿k ¿
√
mω
)

¿ k (1+ j2 Ωζ )
c ω
Where, ζ = , Ω =
Cc √ k /m

Now let us say this is a generic definition because here we have considered both the stiffness
of the spring as well as the loss due to the viscoelastic part of it.
The EOM of a system with mass 'm' and isolator k*, subjected to a harmonic excitation
x(t) = X e jωt could be written as
x
(¿¿ 1−x )=0
m x́ +k ¿ ¿
 ( k ¿ −m ω2 ) X 1=k ¿ X
Hence,
X1 k¿
= ¿
X k −mω 2
The transmissibility could be written as

| ||
X1
|| k (1+ j 2 Ωζ )
|
¿
k
T= = ¿ 2
= 2
X k −m ω k ( 1+ j 2 Ωζ ) −mω

|√
2
¿| 1+ j 2 Ωζ
2
1−Ω + j 2 Ωζ
=
1+ ( 2 Ωζ )
2
( 1−Ω2 ) + ( 2 Ωζ )2
(Refer Slide Time: 20:27)

(Refer Slide Time: 23:55)

T=
| k (1+ j η)
k ( 1+ j η ) −m ω2 |
|√
2
¿| 1+ j η
2
1−Ω + j η
=
1+ ( η )
2
( 1−Ω2 ) + ( η )2

So that is the transmissibility corresponding to low damping natural rubber or solid dampers.
Now let us look at another case.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:23)

If it is high damping material, in that case the K real is not constant, it is a function of
frequency
For e.g., Synthetic rubber
1+ j
¿ �)
k =k ω ¿
Where k ω = k1Ω
ω
Ω= (Note: This type of material shows frequency dependent stiffness)
ω1

ω1 =
√ k1
m
 T=
| k 1Ω(1+ j η)
k 1Ω ( 1+ j η ) −m ω2 |
1+ j η ) Ω
¿

¿=
√ 1+ ( η )2

¿
¿¿
2
( 1−Ω2 ) + ( η )2

So high damping material you can see that in this particular case, it is the omega and the eta
which is directly controlling the transmissibility of the system.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:05)

Now if we try to actually plot this so we have discussed damping plot, we have type 1
damper, we have type 2 damper. So if we plot this for a frequency ratio value let say from 0.1
to 10 if we plot this 0.1 to 10 and then we will see that for all the cases when omega equals to
0 it always in variably from unity. You can even check it. If you check it in a last system if
you check it you just you now you can just put the omega ratio omega to be 0.

And in that case you would see that this omega will be 0, so this will be square root of 1+zeta
square over 1+eta square meaning there by that the transmissibility will be unity. So all
transmissibility is actually start from unity. So and the same thing happens for the type 1
damper also. From there at omega equals to 1 then excitation frequency equals the first
fundamental natural frequency.
You are going to variably see the peak. After that the changes important because this is what
is showing the decay ration how it is decay, now here we can see that a type 1 damper is
actually decaying much faster than a type 2 damper. So some configurations are good for
high frequency damping particularly in this case type 1 is better than the type 2 damper for
isolated design.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:46)

So this is where we will put an end and in the next lecture will learn about active vibration
control. Thank you.