ASSIGNMENT-3

SPORTS- BASKETBALL

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
FEC-2
SPORTS II
(S1-S2)
SKILLS OF BASKETBALL
OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE SKILLS
Submitted to: Submitted by:
COACH AJAY KUMAR SUHANI MITTAL
2K22/B8/42

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The Birthplace of Basketball
Basketball is built into the fabric of
Springfield College. The game was
invented by Springfield College instructor
and graduate student James Naismith in
1891, and has grown into the worldwide
athletic phenomenon we know it to be
today.

Where Basketball Originated

It was the winter of 1891-1892. Inside a gymnasium at Springfield College
(then known as the International YMCA Training School), located in
Springfield, Mass., was a group of restless college students. The young men
had to be there; they were required to participate in indoor activities to burn
off the energy that had been building up since their football season ended.
The gymnasium class offered them activities such as marching, calisthenics,
and apparatus work, but these were pale substitutes for the more exciting
games of football and lacrosse they played in warmer seasons.

James Naismith, the Person Who Invented

Basketball

The instructor of this class was James Naismith, a

31-year-old graduate student. After graduating from
Presbyterian College in Montreal with a theology
degree, Naismith embraced his love of athletics and
headed to Springfield to study physical education—
at that time, a relatively new and unknown
academic discipline—under Luther Halsey Gulick,
superintendent of physical education at the College
and today renowned as the father of physical
education and recreation in the United States.

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As Naismith, a second-year graduate student who had been named to the
teaching faculty, looked at his class, his mind flashed to the summer session
of 1891, when Gulick introduced a new course in the psychology of play. In
class discussions, Gulick had stressed the need for a new indoor game, one
“that would be interesting, easy to learn, and easy to play in the winter and by
artificial light.” No one in the class had followed up on Gulick’s challenge to
invent such a game. But now, faced with the end of the fall sports season and
students dreading the mandatory and dull required gymnasium work,
Naismith had a new motivation.

Two instructors had already tried and failed to devise activities that would
interest the young men. The faculty had met to discuss what was becoming a
persistent problem with the class’s unbridled energy and disinterest in
required work.

During the meeting, Naismith later wrote that he had expressed his opinion
that “the trouble is not with the men, but with the system that we are using.”
He felt that the kind of work needed to motivate and inspire the young men he
faced “should be of a recreative nature, something that would appeal to their
play instincts.”

Before the end of the faculty meeting, Gulick placed the problem squarely in
Naismith’s lap.

“Naismith,” he said. “I want you to take that class and see what you can do
with it.”

So Naismith went to work. His charge was to create a game that was easy to
assimilate, yet complex enough to be interesting. It had to be playable
indoors or on any kind of ground, and by a large number of players all at
once. It should provide plenty of exercise, yet without the roughness of
football, soccer, or rugby since those would threaten bruises and broken
bones if played in a confined space.

Much time and thought went into this new creation. It became an adaptation
of many games of its time, including American rugby (passing), English rugby
(the jump ball), lacrosse (use of a goal), soccer (the shape and size of the
ball), and something called duck on a rock, a game Naismith had played with
his childhood friends in Bennie’s Corners, Ontario. Duck on a rock used a ball
and a goal that could not be rushed. The goal could not be slammed through,
thus necessitating “a goal with a horizontal opening high enough so that the
ball would have to be tossed into it, rather than being thrown.”

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Naismith approached the school janitor, hoping he could find two, 18-inch
square boxes to use as goals. The janitor came back with two peach baskets
instead. Naismith then nailed them to the lower rail of the gymnasium
balcony, one at each end. The height of that lower balcony rail happened to
be ten feet. A man was stationed at each end of the balcony to pick the ball
from the basket and put it back into play. It wasn’t until a few years later that
the bottoms of those peach baskets were cut to let the ball fall loose.

Naismith then drew up the 13 original rules, which described, among other
facets, the method of moving the ball and what constituted a foul. A referee
was appointed. The game would be divided into two, 15-minute halves with a
five-minute resting period in between. Naismith’s secretary typed up the rules
and tacked them on the bulletin board. A short time later, the gym class met,
and the teams were chosen with three centers, three forwards, and three
guards per side. Two of the centers met at mid-court, Naismith tossed the
ball, and the game of “basket ball” was born.

The Year Basketball was Invented

Word of the new game spread like wildfire. It was an instant success. A few
weeks after the game was invented, students introduced the game at their
own YMCAs. The rules were printed in a College magazine, which was
mailed to YMCAs around the country. Because of the College’s well-
represented international student body, the game of basketball was
introduced to many foreign nations in a relatively short period of time. High
schools and colleges began to introduce the new game, and by 1905,
basketball was officially recognized as a permanent winter sport.

The rules have been tinkered with, but by-and-large, the game of “basket ball”
has not changed drastically since Naismith’s original list of “Thirteen Rules”
was tacked up on a bulletin board at Springfield College.

Where was Basketball

Invented?
There’s been some confusion over the
precise nature of the official relationship
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between Springfield College and the YMCA, as it relates to James Naismith
and the invention of basketball.
The confusion stems in part from changes in the School’s name in its early
history. Originally the School for Christian Workers, the School early in its
history had three other names which included “YMCA”: the YMCA Training
School, the International YMCA Training School, and, later still, the
International YMCA College. The College didn’t officially adopt the name
“Springfield College” until 1954, even though it had been known informally as
“Springfield College” for many years.

But by whatever name, since its founding in 1885 Springfield College has
always been a private and independent institution. The College has enjoyed a
long and productive collaboration with the YMCA, but has never had any
formal organizational ties to the YMCA movement.

The confusion has been compounded by a small sign on the corner of the
building where basketball was invented. The building stood at the corner of
State and Sherman streets in Springfield, Massachusetts. The sign, carrying
the words “Armory Hill Young Men’s Christian Association,” is visible in old
photographs of the building that have circulated online. This has led some to
believe, erroneously, that the Armory Hill YMCA owned the building, and that
James Naismith was an employee of the YMCA.

However, in 2010, some historic YMCA documents and Springfield College

documents from the period were rediscovered. These documents prove
conclusively that the gymnasium in which Naismith invented basketball was
located not in a YMCA but in a building owned and operated by the School for
Christian Workers, from which today’s Springfield College originated. The
building also included classrooms, dormitory rooms, and faculty and staff
offices for the institution. The Armory Hill YMCA rented space in the building
for its activities, and used the small sign to attract paying customers.

James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, was an instructor in physical

education at the College. It was Luther Halsey Gulick, Naismith’s supervisor
and the College’s first physical education director, who challenged Naismith
to invent a new indoor game for the School’s students to play during the long
New England winter. There is currently no evidence to suggest that either
man ever worked for the Armory Hill YMCA, per se.

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 Olympic Games
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques) are
the leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports
competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate
in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's
foremost sports competition with more than 200 teams, representing
sovereign states and territories, participating. The Olympic Games are
normally held every four years, and since 1994, have alternated between the
Summer and Winter Olympics every two years during the four-year period.
Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games (Ancient Greek:
Ὀλυμπιακοί Ἀγῶνες), held in Olympia, Greece from the 8th century BC to the
4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Games in Athens in
1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement (which
encompasses all entities and individuals involved in the Olympic Games) with
the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority.
The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries
has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these
adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and
ice sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with disabilities, the Youth
Olympic Games for athletes aged 14 to 18, the five Continental games (Pan
American, African, Asian, European, and Pacific), and the World Games for
sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games. The IOC also endorses
the Deaflympics and the Special Olympics. The IOC has needed to adapt to a
variety of economic, political, and technological advancements. The abuse of
amateur rules by the Eastern Bloc nations prompted the IOC to shift away
from pure amateurism, as envisioned by Coubertin, to the acceptance of
professional athletes participating at the Games. The growing importance of
mass media has created the issue of corporate sponsorship and general
commercialisation of the Games. World wars led to the cancellation of the
1916, 1940, and 1944 Olympics; large-scale boycotts during the Cold War
limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Olympics; and the 2020 Olympics
were postponed until 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs),
National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organising committees for each
specific Olympic Games. As the decision-making body, the IOC is
responsible for choosing the host city for each Games, and organises and
funds the Games according to the Olympic Charter. The IOC also determines
the Olympic programme, consisting of the sports to be contested at the
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Games. There are several Olympic rituals and symbols, such as the Olympic
flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. Over 14,000
athletes competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics and 2018 Winter Olympics
combined, in 35 different sports and over 400 events. The first, second, and
third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold, silver, and
bronze, respectively.
The Games have grown so much that nearly every nation is now represented;
colonies and overseas territories are allowed to field their own teams. This
growth has created numerous challenges and controversies, including
boycotts, doping, bribery, and terrorism. Every two years the Olympics and its
media exposure provide athletes with the chance to attain national and
sometimes international fame. The Games also provide an opportunity for the
host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.

DRIBBLING
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What Is Dribbling in Basketball?
In basketball, dribbling is a fundamental skill in which a player uses one hand
to continuously bounce the ball on the court. Dribbling helps you control the
ball, advance it toward the hoop, and create distance between you and your
defender. In basketball parlance, dribbling is known as ball handling, and a
player advancing the ball by dribbling is known as a ball handler. On a
basketball squad, the offensive player most responsible for dribbling is
typically the point guard, a position that requires exemplary ball-handling
skills.

Why Is Dribbling an Essential Skill to Learn?

Dribbling is an essential skill for basketball players to learn because it allows
you to advance the ball up the court toward your hoop to score a point, which
is the game’s primary objective. Players with proper dribbling technique can
deter defensive players from stealing the ball, create fast-break opportunities,
and dribble away from a defender to open up a clean look at the basket.

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6 Essential Dribbling Drills to Improve Your
Game

The best way to improve your dribbling skills and become a better ball
handler is to practice a series of basketball drills focused on the art of
dribbling. Here are six dribbling drills for players of any level:

• 1. Hand placement practice: You need to use your whole hand

to dribble a basketball properly. Slapping the ball with the palm of your
hands will not give you enough control, and solely using your fingertips
to tap the ball will not give you enough power to advance it down the
court. For proper hand placement, focus on spreading your fingers to
make contact with the top and the side of the ball, allowing the upper
part of your palm to contact the ball for maximum power. Practice
proper hand placement as often as you can to build muscle memory.

• 2. Low dribbling: This stationary dribbling drill involves

establishing a low center of gravity and using an intense dribbling action
that some coaches call "pounding." Low dribbling allows you to maintain
control of the ball with your dribbling hand. Practice low dribbling with
each of your hands to improve your overall ball control.

• 3. Crossover dribbling: This variation on stationary dribbling

involves passing the ball back and forth between your left hand and
right hand. Players use this technique to protect the ball from their
defender. When practicing crossover dribbling, keep the ball low and
pound it into the court. As your ability improves, increase the speed of
your crossover dribbles.

• 4. Running while dribbling: Many ball-handling drills focus on

player speed. A great ball handler must be able to race up and down
the court without losing control of their dribble. If you can build up your
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 speed without losing control, you’re in a better position to master the
fast break, allowing you to score before your opponents have a chance
to get into a defensive position. Practice running and dribbling the
length of the court before training. Practice with each hand to build
dexterity.

• 5. Protective dribbling: While open court dribbling requires

speed, squaring off with a defender requires protecting the ball. This
technique involves dribbling with one hand (typically your dominant
hand) while raising your non-dribbling arm to hold back the defender.
Centers and power forwards often practice dribbling with their back to
the defender and the basket to protect the ball. This technique allows
them to use their size to protect the ball from their defenders. You’ll
need a partner to practice protective dribbling.

• 6. Power dribbling: Power dribbling is an advanced dribbling drill

that involves cutting sideways while pounding the ball into the court. A
hard power dribble lets a player elude their defender and cut to another
part of the court for an open jump shot or even a dunk. To properly
execute this move, you will need to combine proper hand placement,
running while dribbling, and protective dribbling (mostly by shielding the
ball with your body).

Rules for Dribbling

a. A player shall not run with the ball without dribbling it.
b. A player in control of a dribble who steps on or outside a boundary line,
even though not touching the ball while on or outside that boundary line,
shall not be allowed to return inbound and continue his dribble. He may
not even be the first player to touch the ball after he has re-established
a position in bound.
c. A player may not dribble a second time after he has voluntarily ended
his first dribble.
d. A player who is dribbling may not put any part of his hand under the ball
and (1) carry it from one point to another or (2) bring it to a pause and
then continue to dribble again.
e. A player may dribble a second time if he lost control of the ball because
of:
1. A field goal attempt at his basket, provided the ball touches the
backboard or basket ring
2. An opponent touching the ball

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 3. A pass or fumble which touches his backboard, basket ring or is
touched by another player.
1. PENALTY: Loss of ball. Ball is awarded to the opposing team
on the sideline nearest the spot of the violation but no nearer the
baseline than the foul line extended

Types of Dribbles in Basketball

Sharpening your ball-handling skills and dribbling fundamentals gives you a decided
advantage over any defensive player. It is important to learn which type of dribble to use in
a given situation. Some types of dribbles are designed to advance the ball quickly up the
court, while others allow you to go past your defender. With all types of dribbles it is
important to keep your head up so that you can see teammates when they have scoring
opportunities.

High Bounce
The high dribble is used when you are trying to move the ball up the court very quickly.
Typically, you will see high dribbles after steals and during fast-break opportunities. To
execute a high dribble, keep you torso erect and push the top of the ball forward, well
ahead of your body. The bounce of the ball should reach anywhere from between your
upper thigh to slightly above your waist.

Change of Pace
A change of pace dribble is used to cause your defender to lose his balance as you move
the ball forward with a high dribble. The change of pace occurs when you slow your
momentum moving the ball forward and relax your torso. The defender, thinking you are
slowing down, goes back on his heels. You rapidly accelerate past him.

Crossover
If your defender is making a strong attempt to prevent you from going right or left, using a
crossover dribble can be effective. For example, if your defender is trying to prevent you
from going to your right, you would perform a crossover dribble to your left. To do so, flick
the ball across your body from your right hand to your left hand, while simultaneously
moving your right foot across your body to your left. It is important to keep your body low;
your dribble should be no higher than your knees. Accelerate past your defender by
pushing off with your left foot.

Between the Legs

The between the legs dribble is used to go past a defender who is overplaying you. If you
are going left, begin with rapid low dribbles with your right hand. Take a deep step forward

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with your left foot and flick the ball through your legs to your left hand. Keep your body low
as you move forward to your left.

Behind the Back

If you want to change directions while keeping a good view of the entire court, a behind the
back dribble can be effective. If you want to move to your left, begin dribbling with your
right hand. To execute this dribble you need to place your hand on the side of the ball.
Step forward with your left foot while simultaneously wrapping the ball behind your back,
across the back of your thighs, and flick the ball toward your left hand. Be sure to plant
your right foot before stepping forward with your left foot.

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 DEFENSIVE AND
OFFENSIVE SKILLS

Offensive Skill (Shooting)

To shoot accurately, square your

shoulders to the basket and place your
feet shoulder length apart. With your
knees bent slightly and back leaning
towards the basket, put the fingers of your
shooting hand under the ball and tuck your
elbows close to your body.

Flick your wrist towards the hoop to

release the shot. Your index finger should
follow through facing the basket after
releasing the ball.

Here are a few commonly used types of

shooting in basketball.

1. Jump Shot
A jump shot is most frequently used for a mid to long-range shots, including
shooting beyond the arc.

To achieve balance when facing the basket for a jump shot, you have to take
a wide stance, usually, shoulder width apart, bend your knees and square
your shoulders.

Make a fluid, explosive upward leap and at the apex of the jump, follow
through by shooting the ball.

When the ball is released at the apex of the jump shot, keep your elbows
straight to ensure that it is pointed in the direction of the basket. Concentrate

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on the flicking of your wrist and holding it in position to provide the ball with
momentum and spin.

2. Hook Shot
A hook shot is when the shot is made while your body is not directly facing
the basket.

To execute a shoot shot, you need to face the basket sideways so that your
shooting hand dribbling the ball is facing away from the basket. This is also
the stance to help guard the ball against your opponent. This makes it difficult
for your opponent to try to block the shot due to the distance created between
you and your defender.

To make the shot, jump with your left foot pushing off the ground if you’re
making a right-handed shot or vice versa. The shooting arm should be slightly
bent, and it should thrust upwards as the ball is lobbed with a flick of the wrist.

The hook shot is a staple of many players in the National Basketball

Association, including notable stars such as George Mikan, Kareem Abdul-
Jabbar, Magic Johnson, and Yao Ming.

3. Bank Shot
A bank shot is when any shot made where the ball hits the backboard before
heading into the net.

To execute a bank shot, treat it as though you’re taking a jump shot but this
time, aim slightly higher by shooting for the backboard.

Jumping higher can also sometimes mean jumping slightly backwards when
aiming for the basket to prevent defenders from blocking the shot.

The ball should not be hitting the rim too much after bouncing off the
backboard. The ball should then bounce off the backboard and into the net.

4. Free Throw
A free throw is a shot attempt given to a player that was fouled and it is taken
on the free throw line. The player must stay behind the free throw line when
taking the shot.

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Before attempting to shoot, one must maintain their balance. Find the nail or
dot in the middle of the free throw line and line your shooting foot against it.
For right-handed shooters, the shooting foot will be the right foot and vice
versa.

Your elbow on your shooting hand must be lined up to make an “L” right
under the ball with fingers spread out for the backspin.

Aim for the back of the rim with your eyes focusing on the rims, do not look at
the ball while you execute the shot.

Follow through your shot by keeping your hands up in the air for a second or
two after releasing the ball.

5. Layup
A layup is a shot made from short range by a player moving towards the
basket. Usually utilising the backboard if he approaches the hoop from an
angle. This is also one of the most basic and common way of scoring a
basket in the game.

To execute a layup, dribble the ball towards the basket. If you’re on the right
flank, dribble the ball with your right hand.

At the three-point line, or within two metres from the basket, take two giant
strides towards the hoop and attempt to score by throwing the ball at the top
corner of the backboard or lay the ball gently into the basket.

6. Slam Dunk
The dunk is usually the most spectacular shot and is one of the toughest
feats in basketball.

It usually requires more jumping ability than shooting skills.

To execute a slam dunk, dribble and charge towards the hoop when ready to
execute the dunk.

Jump explosively to get as high as possible and leap towards the hoop. Lift
the ball above the rim and push or slam it forcefully through the rim.

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Most people jump off one foot, but you might find that you can jump higher off
both feet. So there you have it, six ways of scoring in basketball. Start
practicing and perhaps find out which way works for your best, depending on
your role and position in the team.

Defensive Skill (Blocking)

Basketball is a high scoring game.
Hence, learning how to block your
opponents scoring shots effectively is
one important skill required to advance
your play.

Due to the fast pace and intensity of a

basketball match, players often foul
while trying to block shots. As such, the ability to guard a shooter closely
without receiving a foul requires fast reflexes and being able to read and
anticipate your opponent’s next move.

An effective succession of block shots will also give your team a

psychological advantage over your opponent as this will shake their
confidence in their scoring abilities. It will not be surprising that this will have
an impact on the outcome of a match.

1. Block a jump shot

As jump shots are common in basketball, make it a priority to master this
block. Timing is important when it comes to blocking a jump shot.

Players have to jump higher than the scorer to get in the way and
successfully block a jump shot. To do this, you have to practice jumping off
your feet quickly and learn to adjust your centre of gravity. Your opponent
may attempt to throw you off guard by faking a shooting attempt and then
make his way around you to find a better spot to score. Hence, with time and
and more experience, you will learn how to anticipate an oncoming scoring
attempt. One way of doing so is to watch your opponent’s feet without trying
to take your eyes off the ball for too long.

2. Block a slam dunk

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An attempt to block a slam dunk is considered a risky call. This is simply
because getting a clean block is difficult. An unsuccessful attempt to block a
slam dunk might earn you a foul.

To perform a successful block against a slam dunk, jump straight up instead

of charging forward to swat the ball off the scorer’s hands. If you are not
confident of swatting the ball away, jump straight up without flailing your arms
to get in the way and force your opponent to take a low-percentage shot. This
is because slam dunks, also known as “sure thing” in American English, are
considered high percentage shots. As such, slam dunks are most likely to go
through as compared to shots from a free throw line that your opponent may
earn in the event that a foul is called for an attempt to block a slam dunk.

3. Block a “fadeaway” shot

Blocking fadeaway shots can be tricky. This is because the shooter will jump
backwards before launching the ball towards the hoop, making it impossible
for the defender to swat the ball away. The right way to block a fadeaway
shot is to jump straight up with your hands extended towards the ball. This is
because your opponent will not be able to charge past you in the event where
he decides to fake a shot which makes it unlikely for the defender to get
fouled by the referee. Do not swing or flail your arms to block a fadeaway
shot as this may earn you a foul.

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