10

Mathematics
Third Quarter
Module 8 – Week 8:
Probability of the
Union of Two Events

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 10

Mathematics
Third Quarter
Module 8 – Week 8:

Probability of the Union of Two

Events

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Math – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 8: Probability of the Union of Two Events
First Edition, 2021

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Mathematics 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Probability of Unions of Two Events!

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depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
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at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
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process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process

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 what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you develop
critical thinking about the meaning of chance and value the importance of applying
the concept of probability in real life. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.

The module consists only of one lesson:

Lesson 1 – Probability of the Union of Two Events

After going through this module 6 lesson 3, you are expected to acquire the
competency:
 finding the probability of (A  B).

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 What I Know

Let us find out first what you have already known about the content of this
module. Try to answer all items. Take note of the items/questions that you
were not able to answer correctly and revisit them as you go through this
module for self-correction.
1. What is the Addition Rule in finding the probability of disjoint events?
A. P(A  B)=P(A) –P(B) C. P(A  B)= P(A) - P(B) + P(A  B)
B. P(A  B)=P(A) +P(B) D. P(A  B)= P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

2. Brian likes to wear colored shirts. He has 10 shirts in the closet. Three of
these are blue, four are in different shades of red, and the rest are of
mixed or different colors. What is the probability that he will wear a blue
or a red shirt?
7 4 3 4 3 7 7 4
A.  B.  C.  D. 
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

3. In a survey of 65 people, 28 consider themselves republicans, 27

consider themselves democrats. The rest are considered independent.
What is the probability that a person chosen at random will be a
democrat or independent?
10 17 27 37
A. B. C. D.
65 65 65 65

4. A card is drawn from a standard deck. Find the probability of drawing a

heart or a 7.
4 3 2 1
A. B. C. D.
13 13 13 13

5. In a hospital on one evening, there were 8 nurses and 5 doctors. 7 of the

nurses and 3 of the doctors were female. What is the probability that a
person chosen at random will be male or a nurse?

4 6 10 12
A. B. C. D.
13 13 13 13

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 6. A If there is a 35% rain tomorrow, what is the probability of fair weather?
A. 45% B. 55 C. 65 D. 75

For 7-10, the Venn diagram below shows an experiment with five simple
events. The two events A and B are shown. The probabilities of the simple
events are as follows:
1 2 3 1 3
P(1)= , P(2)= , P(3)= , P(4) = , P(5)= .
10 10 10 10 10

1 2 5
3
A B

Match the mathematical statement in COLUMN A with the answer on COLUMN B.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1
7. P(A’) A.
10
3
8. P(A  B’) B.
10
2
9. P(A  B) C.
5
7
10.P[(A  B)’] D.
10

9
E.
10

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 Probability of the Union of
LESSON 1
Two Events
In this lesson, you will recall on the concepts of intersection and union which
are greatly helpful in finding the probability of the union of two events.

What’s In

Activity 1: Intersection and Union of Events

The extracurricular activities in which the senior class at Kananga National

High School participate are shown in the Venn diagram below.

Athletics
137
4 8
10
38 51
Drama 30 Band

67

Extra-curricular activities
participated by senior students

1. How many students are there in the senior class?

2. How many students participate in athletics?

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 3. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
participates in athletics or drama?
4. If a student is randomly chosen, what is the probability that the student
participates only in drama and band?

Reflect:

a. How were you able to find the total number of students in the senior
class?
b. How does the concept of set help you in finding the intersection and
union of two or more events?
c. What are some notations that are used in your study of sets in grade
7 that you can still recall? Do you think these are needed in the study
of probability of unions?

What’s New

Activity 2: Solve Me and You Will Know!

On any given night, the probability that Nick has a cookie for dessert is 10%.
The probability that Nick has ice cream for dessert is 50%. The probability that
Nick has a cookie or ice cream is 55%. What is the probability that Nick has a
cookie and ice cream for dessert?

Reflect:
a. How did you find the activity?
b. Were you able to find the answer correctly?
c. What mathematical principle did you use to solve the problem?
d. Was the process used applicable with all the problems similar to it?
e. How do you describe the problem illustrated above?

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 What is It

PROBABILITY OF THE UNION OF TWO EVENTS

The probability of the union of two events A and B (written A  B) equals the
sum of the probability of A and the probability of B minus the probability of A
and B occurring together (which is called the intersection of A and B and is
written as A  B).

P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)

Consider a sample space with events A and B.

A B

Recall that the union of events A and B is an event that includes all the
outcomes in either event A, event B, or both. The symbol  represents union.
Below, A  B is shaded.

A B

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How do you find the number of outcomes in a union of events? If you find the
sum of the number of outcomes in event A and the number of outcomes in
event B, you will have counted some of the outcomes twice. In fact, you will
have counted the outcomes that are both event A and event B twice. Therefore,
in order to correctly count the number of outcomes in the union of two events,
you must count the number of outcomes in each event separately and subtract
the number of outcomes shared by both events (so these are not counted
twice). Generalizing to probability:

P(A  B)=P(A)+ P(B)-P(A  B).This is called the Addition Rule for Probability.

Note that (A  B) is the intersection of the two events. It contains all the
outcomes that are shared by both events and is the intersection of the two
circles in the Venn diagram.

Example 1:

Suppose that in your class of 30 students, 8 students are in band, 15 students

play a sport, and 5 students are both in band and play a sport. Let A be the
event that a student is in band and let B be the event that a student plays a
sport. Create a Venn diagram that models this situation.

Solution:

 In order to fill in the Venn diagram, remember that the total of the
numbers in circle A must be 8 and the total of the numbers in circle B
must be 15. The intersection of the two circles must contain a 5.

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A B

3 5 10

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  P(A  B) is the probability that a student is in band or plays a sport or
both. With the help of the Venn diagram, this is not too difficult to solve:

3  10  5 18 3
P( A  B)   
30 30 5
 You could also compute this probability using the Addition Rule:

P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)

8 15 5
  
30 30 30
8  15  5

30
23  5

30
18

30
3

5
Therefore, the probability that a student is in band or plays a sport or both is
3
.
5

Note that by using the Addition Rule, you avoid having to determine that there
are 3 people who are in band and don’t play a sport and 10 people who play a
sport but are not in band. The addition Rule is easier when you have not
created a Venn diagram.

Example 2: A card is drawn from a standard deck. Find the probability of

drawing a red card or an ace?

Solution:

 A standard deck contains an equal number of hearts, diamonds, clubs,

and spades.

26 1
 The probability of drawing a red card or P(R) is or .
52 2

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  There are four aces in a standard deck, and there are a total of 52 cards.
4 1
So the probability of drawing an ace or P(A) is or .
52 13
 The only card in the deck that is both a red card and an ace is a heart
2 1
and a diamond, so the probability of R and A or P(R and A) is or .
52 26
Solve:

 Use the Addition Rule:

P(R  A)= P(R)+P(A)-P(R  A)

P(R or A)= P(R)+P(A)-P(R and A)

26 4 2
P(R or A)=  
52 52 52

28
=
52

7
=
13
7
Therefore, the probability of a red card or an ace or both is .
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Examples 3 & 4: Weather Probability

Example 3:

Suppose that today there is a 90% chance of snow, a 20% chance of a strong
winds, and a 15% chance of both snow and strong winds. What is the
probability of snow or strong winds?

Solution:

 P(Snow) or P(S)=90%=0.90

 P(Strong Wind) or P(W)=20%=0.20

 P(S and W)=15%=0.15

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Solve:

 Use the Addition Rule:

P(S  W)=P(S)+P(W)-P(S  W)

P(S or W)=P(S)+P(W)-P(S and W)

P(S or W)=0.90+0.20-0.15

P(S or W)=0.90+0.05

P(S or W)=0.95

Therefore, there is a 95% chance of either snow, strong winds, or both.

Example 4:

Suppose that today there is a 60% chance of snow, a 85% chance of snow or
strong winds, and a 25% chance of snow and strong winds. What is the chance
of strong winds?

Solution:

 P(Snow) or P(S)=60%=0.60

 P(Snow or Strong Wind) or P(S or W)=85%=0.85

 P(S and W)=25%=0.25

Solve:

 Use the Addition Rule:

P(S  W)=P(S)+P(W)-P(S  W)

P(S or W)=P(S)+P(W)-P(S and W)

0.85=0.60 + P(W)-0.25

0.85-0.60+0.25 =0.60-0.60+P(W)-0.25+0.25

0.25+0.25 = P(W)

0.50 = P(W)

Therefore, there is a 50% chance of strong winds.

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PROBABILITY OF THE UNION OF DISJOINT EVENTS

Two events C and D are disjoint. Explain why P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B) ).

If two events are disjoint (also known as mutually exclusive), then they share
no common outcomes. Therefore, the probability of both events occurring
simultaneously is 0 ( P( A  B)  0 ). The events are illustrated below:

The Venn diagram:

A and B are Disjoint

A B
A

By the Addition Rule:

P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  P( A  B)
P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)  0
P( A  B)  P( A)  P( B)orP( AorB)  P( A)  P( B)

Example 1:

A card is chosen at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. What is the

probability of a King or a Queen?

Solution:

 There are 4 Kings and 4 Queens in the 52 cards.

4 1
 P(King) or P(K)= or
52 13

4 1
 P(Queen) or P(Q)= or
52 13

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Solve:

 Use the Addition Rule

P( K  Q)  P( K )  P(Q)

4 4
P(K or Q)= +
52 52
8
=
52

2
=
13
2
Therefore, the probability of a King or a Queen is .
13

Example 2: Blood Types

Blood Type 0 A B AB

Probability 0.44 0.42 0.10 0.04

 A person with type A can donate blood to a person with type A or AB.

 A person with type B can donate blood to a person with type B or AB.

 A person with type AB can donate blood to a person with type AB.

 A person with type O can donate blood to anyone.

What is the probability that a randomly chosen person is a potential donor for
a person with blood type A?

Solution:

 From the information given, we know that being a potential donor for a
person with blood type A means having blood type A or O.

 P(A)= 0.42

 P(O)=0.44

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Solve:

We therefore need to find P(A or O). Since the events A and O are disjoint, we
can use the addition rule for disjoint events to get:

 P(A or O)=P(A)+ P(O)

P(A or O)= 0.42 +0.44

P(A or O)= 0.86

It is easy to see why adding the probability actually makes sense.

If 42% of the population has blood type A and 44% of the population has blood
type O,

Therefore, 42% + 44% = 86% of the population has either blood type A or O, are
the potential donors to a person with blood type A.

This reasoning about why the addition rule makes sense can be visualized
using the pie chart below:

A(42%)
A or O

O(44%) (42% + 44% = 86%)

THE COMPLEMENT RULE TO CALCULATE PROBABILITIES

We have discussed how to calculate the probability that an event will

happen. Sometimes, we are interested in finding the probability that an event
will not happen. The complement of an event A, denoted A’, is the set of
outcomes in the sample space that are not in A.

Example 1:

Suppose we are interested in the probability that a horse will lose a race, then
the complement of event W is the horse losing the race.
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To find the probability that the horse loses the race, we need to use the fact
that the sum of all probabilities in a probability model must be 1.

P(A’)+P(A)=1 or P(not A) + P(A)= 1

P(A’)= 1-P(A) or P(not A)=1-P(A)

The probability of the horse winning added to the probability of the horse losing
must be equal to 1. Therefore, if the probability of the horse winning the race
1
is , the probability of the horse losing the race is simply
9

1 98 1
1- = 
9 9 9
Example 2:

Two six-sided number cubes are rolled.

2.1. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers rolled is less than
or equal to 3.

2.2. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers rolled is greater
than 3.

Solution:

The first step is to identify the sample space, which consists of all the
possible outcomes. There are two number cubes, and each number cube
has six possible outcomes. Using the Multiplication Principle, we find
that there are 6 x 6, or 36 total possible outcomes. So, for example, 1-1
represents a 1rolled on each number cube.

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6

5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6

6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6

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2.1. We need to count the number of ways to roll a sum of 3 or less.
These would include the following outcomes:

1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6

2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6

3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6

5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6

6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6

So, there are 33 ways to roll a sum of 3 or less. The probability is

33 11

36 12
Alternative Solution:

3
P(sum of 3)=
36
30
P(sum less than 3)=
36
P(sum of 3  sum less than 3)=P(sum of 3) + P(sum less than 3)

3 30
P(sum of 3 or less)= 
36 36
33
P(sum of 3 or less)=
36

11
P(sum of 3 or less)=
12
2.2 Rather than listing all the possibilities, we can use the
Complement Rule. Because we have already found the probability of
the complement of this event, we can simply subtract the probability

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 from 1 to the probability that the sum of the numbers rolled is greater
than 3.

Solution:

11
P(A)= sum of the number less than or equal to 3
12
P(A’)= 1-P(A)

11
= 1
12
12  11
=
12

1
=
12
Therefore, the probability that the sum of the numbers rolled greater
1
than 3 is .
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Example 3:

Two cards are chosen at random from a pack of 52 playing cards. What
is the probability that at least one of them is a Heart?

Solution:

 The complement of ‘At least one of them is a Heart’ is ‘Neither of them is

a Heart.

 In a pack, there are 13 Hearts and 39 Non-Hearts.

39 3
 P(The first card chosen is not a Heart)= 0r
52 4

38
 P(The second card chosen is also not a Heart)=
51
Solve:

3 38 114 19
P(Neither of them is a Heart)=   
4 51 204 34

19 15
P(At least one of them is a Heart)=1- 
34 34

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 What’s More

Activity 3: Practice Me More!

Solve the probability of the union of two events using any of the mathematical
principles learned.

1. Sarah tells her mom that there is a 40% chance she will clean her room,
a 70 % she will do her homework, and a 24% chance she will clean her
room and do her homework. What is the probability of Sarah cleaning
her room or doing her homework?

2. Your dad only ever makes one meal for dinner. The probability that he
makes pizza tonight is 30%. The probability that he makes pasta tonight
is 60%. What is the probability that he makes pizza or pasta?

3. After your little sister has gone trick-or-treating for Halloween, your mom
says she is allowed to have 2 pieces of candy. The probability of her
having a Snicker is 50%. The probability of her having a peanut butter
cup is 60%. The probability of her having a Snickers or a peanut butter
cup is 100%. What is the probability of her having a Snickers and a
peanut butter cup?

4. Two fair coins are tossed. What is the probability at least one coin lands
heads up?

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: A Chance to Remember Probability

Answer the following questions based on the lesson discussed.
1. How do you determine the probability of the union of two events?
2. State the Addition Rule for probability and explain when it is used.
3. What happens to the Addition Rule when the two events considered are
disjoint?

4. Use a Venn diagram to help explain why there is subtraction in the

Addition Rule.

5. How does the concept of probability of the union of two events help you
in making a wise decision in solving real-life problems?

What I Can Do

Activity 5: Appreciate the Beauty of Probability in the Real World!

Expand your horizons as you go through understanding the probability of the
union of two events. This way, you will see its real essence in the real world.
Your goal in this section is to make a written report of your answers using a
minimum of 120 words.
1. Cite a situation in your life that involves the probability of the union of
events.
2. Think about your daily experience. How is probability of the union of two
events utilized in newspapers, television shows, and radio programs that
interest you? What are your general impressions of the ways in which
probability is used in the print media and entertainment industry?

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 Assessment

A. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the Addition Rule in finding the probability of event A or event B
occurring?
A. P(A  B)=P(A) –P(B) C. P(A  B)= P(A) - P(B) + P(A  B)
B. P(A  B)=P(A) +P(B) D. P(A  B)= P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

2. Brian likes to wear colored shirts. He has 10 shirts in the closet. Five of
these are blue, three are in different shades of red, and the rest are of
mixed or different colors. What is the probability that he will wear a blue
or a mixed color?
3 2 4 3 5 2 5 3
A.  B.  C.  D. 
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3
3. If P(A)= , what is the value of P(A’)?
4
3 1 1 1
A. B. C. D.
4 2 3 4

4. Deanna sometimes likes honey or lemon in her tea. There is a 50%

chance that she will have honey and lemon, a 95% chance that she will
have honey or lemon, and a 80% chance that she will have honey. What
is the probability that she will have lemon?
A. 45% B. 55% C. 65% D. 75%

5. In a Venn diagram, P(A)=0.5, P(A  B)=0.8, and P(A  B)=0.3. Use addition
rule to find P(B).
A. 0.2 B. 0.4 C. 0.6 D. 0.8

6. What happens to the addition Rule when the two events considered are
disjoint?
A. If A and B are disjoint, then P(A  B)=P(A  B).

24
 B. If A and B are disjoint, then P(A  B)=P(A) +P(B).
C. If A and B are disjoint, then P(A  B)=P(A)-P(B).
D. If A and B are disjoint, then P(A  B)=P(B).
7. Two fair dice are thrown. What is the probability that the two scores do
not add to 7?
1 1 5 6
A. B. C. D.
7 6 6 7
8. The Venn diagram below shows an experiment with five simple events.
The two events A and B are shown. The probabilities of the simple events
are as follows:
1 2 3 1 3
P(1)= , P(2)= , P(3)= , P(4) = , P(5)= .
10 10 10 10 10

1 2 5
3
A B

What is the P(A’  B)?

3 4 7 9
A. B. C. D.
10 10 10 10

9. In a hospital on one evening, there were 8 nurses and 5 doctors. 7 of the

nurses and 3 of the doctors were female. What is the probability that a
person chosen at random will be female nurse or a male doctor?

9 10 11 12
A. B. C. D.
13 13 13 13

25
 10. A card is drawn from a standard deck. Find the probability of
drawing a diamond or a king.
1 2 3 4
A. B. C. D.
13 13 13 13

Additional Activities

Find the probability of the union of two events using any mathematical
principles learned. Show your complete solution.

1. In a survey done in your class, you found that 45% like rap music, 30%
like country music, and 15% like both. Draw a Venn diagram to show
these results, and then find the probability that a student will like rap
music and not country. What is the probability that they will like neither
rap nor country music?

Have you successfully done all the tasks?

Describe the experience you went through while doing the tasks given.
Congratulations for accomplishing this module!
Applying your demonstrated understanding of the lesson in the real world is
more authentic and reliable. Use these skills and be realistic in your ways.

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 Answer Key

What I Know What I Know

1. B 8. D
2. B. P(A or B‟)=P(A)+P(B‟)-P(A and B‟)
P(B or R)=P(B)+P(R) 6 2 1
3 4 =  
=  10 10 10
10 10 7
=
10
3. D
9. E
P(D or I)=P(D)+P(I)-P(D and I)
P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(Aand B)
27 10 37
=   =
6 8 5
 
65 65 65 10 10 10
4. A
P(H or 7)=P(H)+P(7)-P(H and 7)
9
=
13 4 1 16 4 10
=    
52 52 52 52 13 10. A
NURSES(8) DOCTORS(5) P[(A or B)‟]=1-[P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B)]
F M F M
9
7 1 3 2 =1-
10
5. C 10  9
=
P(M or N)=P(M)+P(N)-P(MandN) 10
3 8 1 1
= +  =
13 13 13 10
10
=
13

6. D
P(A‟)=1-P(A)
=1-0.35 What’s In
=0.65
Therefore, the probability of fair 1.38+30+10+4+51+8+137+67=345
weather is 65%.
137  4  10  8 159
7. C 2. =
P(A‟)=1-P(A) 345 345
6 10  6
=1- = 38  30  10  4  137 227
10 10 3. =
345 345
4 2
= 
10 5 30
4.
345

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What’s New What I Have Learned
1.P(C)=10%=0.10 1. To determine the probability of the union of
P(I) =50%=0.50 two events is by adding the probability of B
P(C  I)=P(C)+P(I)-P(C  I) minus the probability of A and B.
P(C or I)=P(C)+P(I)-P(C and I) 2. The Addition Rule is P(A  B)=P(A) +P(B)-
0.55 =0.10+0.50-P(C and I) P(A  B). It is used to find the probability of
0.55 =0.60-P(C and I) event A and event B occurring.
P(C and I)=0.60-0.55 3. If A and B are disjoint, the P(A
P(C and I)=0.05  B)=P(A)+P(B).
Therefore, the probability that Nick has a
4. Answers vary.
cookie and ice cream is 5%.
You must subtract the overlap between A and B
so it is not counted twice.
5. Answers vary.

What’s More
Assessment
1. P(C or H)=P(C)+P(H)-P(C and H)
=0.40+0.70-0.24
=0.86 1. D
Therefore, the probability of Sarah cleaning her 2. C
room or doing her homework or both is 86%.
2. P(PI or PA)=P(PI)+P(PA) P(B or M)=P(B)+P(M)
=0.30+0.60 5 2
=0.90 = 
Therefore, the probability that he makes pizza or 10 10
pasta is 90%.
3. D
3. P(S or P)=P(S)+P(P)-P(SandP)
1 = 0.50+0.60-P(S and P) P(A‟)=1-P(A)
P(S and P)=1.1-1
P(S and P)=0.10 3
Therefore, the probability of her having Snickers = 1-
4
and a peanut butter cup is 10%.
4. Method 1 43
The complement of „At least one coin lands heads =
4
up‟ Both coins land tails up‟.
1
Method 2: =
These are the possible outcomes: 4
HH 4. C
HT
TH P(H or L)=P(H)+P(L)-P(H and L)
TT
3 out of the 4 have “at least one coin lands heads 0.95 =0.80 +P(L)-0.50
up”, so the answer is ¾.
0.95 =0.30+P(L)
Therefore, the probability at least one coin lands 0.95-0.30= P(L)
heads up is ¾.
P(L)=0.65

28
Assessment Additional Activity

Therefore, the probability that she will have 1.

lemon is 65%.
5. C R C
45 15 30
P(A  B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A  B)

0.8 = 0.5 +P(B)-0.3

0.8 = 0.2+P(B)
0.8-0.2=P(B)
1. 45%is the probability that a
P(B)=0.6 student will like rap music and
not country music.
6. B
7. C 10%is the probability that they
like neither rap nor country
The complement of „The two scores do not add music.
to 7‟ is „The two scores do add to 7‟.
2.
There are 36 possible ways two dice can land,
and of these 6 of them add to 7 i.e.
1+6=7 4+3=7
2+5=7 2+5=7
3+4=7 1+6=7
Assessment
Therefore, P(The two scores do add to
6 1 9
7)=  =
36 6 13
1 5 Therefore, the probability that a person
P(The two scores do not add to 7)=1-  chosen at random will be female nurse or a
6 6
9
8. D male doctor is .
13
P(A‟  B)=P(A‟)+P(B)-P(A‟  B)
10.D
4 8 3 P(D or K)=P(D)+P(K)-P(D and K)
=  
10 10 10
13 4 1
=  
9 52 52 52
=
10
16 4
9. A = 
52 13
P(F or M)= P(F)+P(M) Therefore, the probability of drawing a
7 2 4
=  diamond or a king or both is .
13 13 13

29
References

Callanta, Melvin M.,et.al.(2015).Mathematics 10. Rex Book Store,Inc.

Probability of Unions. Retrieved from https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-

interactive-geometry-for-ccss/section/11.6/primary/lesson/probability-of-unions-geo-
ccss

ComputingtheProbabilityoftheUnionofTwoEvents.Retrievedfromhttps://courses.lumenl
earning.com/ivytech-collegealgebra/chapter/computing-the-probability-of-the-union-
of-two-events/

Complement Rule for Probability. Retrieved from

https://www.ck12.org/probability/complement-rule-for-
probability/lesson/Complement-Rule-for-Probability-ADV-
PST/#:~:text=A%20mutually%20exclusive%20pair%20of,coin%2C%20the%20complem
ent%20is%20tails.&text=Complement%20rule-
,The%20Complement%20Rule%20states%20that%20the%20sum%20of%20the%20pro
babilities,(A’)%20%3D%201.

Probability: Complement. Retrieved from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/data/probability-complement.html

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