Dynamics of iy, y TION ISOL 3:2 FORCE TRANSMISSIBILITY AND VIBRA\ A ari situati Except in a few cases, vibrations are not Haier eae are Th ay be climinated or atleast reduced. In some applica eae te reciprocatn should be isolated from the foundation to prevent vir Mission to a4: ‘gy structure, Some precise or delicate instruments need to be isolated from the Sp which may be subjected to certain vibrations. 9.12.1 Types of Isolation Ifthe transmission of force is prevented / reduced then the effectiveness Ofsolay is knownas force isolation. Similarly, the effectiveness of isolation measured in terms of motion transmit called as motion isolation. The lesser the force / motion transmitted, the greater will be the isolation. 9.12.2 Isolating Materials One of the methods of reducing the transmitted vibrations is to place proper isolain material in between the vibrating body and the support. A few isolating materials are: @ Rubber pads or slabs @ Felt Gil) Cork (iv) Metallicsprings (v) Spring washers They all are elastic in nature with good damping properties. 9.12.3 Force Transmissibility Transmissibility is the ratio of the force transmitted to the foundation tot impressed (acting ) u20n the system ie, Force Trans:nissibili ty= Force transmitted to the foundation Force acting on the system J Let us considera mass m supported on a foundation by means ofan isolator paw an equivalent stiffness of s and damping coefficient C as shownrood Vibration a The forces acting are: 1, Spring force, sx 3. Exciting force, F, sinot and, 4. Centrifugal force, mX o? | _ 2. Damping force, C.0.X | | }. | The force transmitted to the foundation is the ‘vector sum of spring force and damping force. These forces are 90° out of phase with each other and their vector sum [B= Vex? + (Cox = x {24(Cop Substituting the value of X obtained in earlier analysis; - F, /s?+(Co)? "is — mo??? + (CoP? Rewriting the equation; 2 E, 1+ QE Transmissibili = 2h = 7 Tansmissibility, Tr E, [a PP 42 on]aN o Dynamics ¢ ofM, icy i ‘The angle of lag between the transmitted force to the impressed forge, ing Wy tan a =2Cr hy Q26r) and, tang = (-r’) ( = &) - Angle of lag between the transmitted force and the ; Mpresseg (applied force) My - Phase angle of applied force with respect to the displacement © - Phase angle of transmitted force with respect to the displacemen, 300 rT c c | [Transmission x aq I TRANSMISSIBILITY , % 7 a 6 8 Isolation LoS 100 Pt SS Dampine Ratio c WY , on RES [ SO] 6 | NI Po 4 LE Por |_| LL 40 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 FREQUENCY RATIO Fig.9.12 Transmissibility CurveVibration & ) oro aal rhe figure 9.12, shows the plot. of transmissibil; Cc ty Vs frequency curve, for different damping ratio, G = nes -gslient points are: Allourves start from unity value of transmissibility (Tr = 1) and pass through the unittransmissibility at frequeney ratio,-°- = JF ‘n ® or AS (2) approaches infinity, the transmissibility tends to be approaching zero. If (z )i is large, the isolation is effective, Generally, larger mass gives low natural frequency and consequently higher value of | (= ) Damping in this region reduces the effectiveness of isolation, If (2 } is small, the transmissibility increases, Larger stiffness gives high value of n natural frequency and consequently lower values of | — n o Isolation is effective if 2) >> lie, @ <<. n $12.4 Motion Transmissibility or Amplitude Transmissibility Motion (or) amplitude transmissibility. (or) _ Absolute amplitude of the mass Displacement transmissibility Amplitude of base excitation If, Xisthe steady state absolute amplitude of the mass and Yi is the amplitude of the base excitation, ‘ 2 Motion tansmissibitiy, = Se md (=?) + @6r 2tr [c= ) | * tan a = 2¢r | (o—-«) = phase angle or angle of lag. tanp "ale 0 ed vibration 6 pore mn e of mass 75kg i: a machin is 75kg is mounted on sprij : i ‘prings of stiffness 1200K1 d with ssumed damping factor ffness N/m and wi a pena i 7 °F ef 0.2. A piston within the machine of mass 2kg _ ning the motion t i = “stroke of 80mm and a speed of 3000 cycles/min. Assi 0 De simple harmonic, Find (i) the amplitude of motion the machine(ii) its phase ee s i plhase angle with respect to the exciting force (iii) The force transmitted to the Soundation, 0 “ and, (iv) the phase angle of transmitted force with respect to the exciting force IAU, April/may 2010] Solution 2 Given? m= 75kg; s = 1200 KN/m = 1200 x 10°N/m; 6 = 0.2 ; m,= 2kg; stroke, L L= 80mm and e aD = 40mm = 0.04m ; N = 3000 cycles/min 2mN _ 27%(3000) os a 314 60 0 rad/s Natural circular frequency of vibration , 3 2 f = [1200x10" - 126.49 rad/s m 75 Amplitude of motion of the machine (due to inbalance), x... Maximum unbalanced force due to reciprocating parts, F, = m,eo? = 2x0.04x314? = 7887.68N one (F/s) Amplitude of motion, ja, a Pe + (26 o _ 314 2 2.4824 26.49 Frequency Ratio, * = On 7887.68 4 1200x10° _ __6,5731x10 Ro . a Va — 2.48247)? (20.22.4824) Y(26.6494+0.986) ie = 1.2503 «10° m or 1.2503 mm (Ans)a Dynamics of Mac force (applied force), § respect to exciting (i) Phase angle with _ 26") (=r?) (2x0.2x2.4824) _ _0,1923 1 — 2.48247) ° oe ° o tan” (— 0.1923) =-10.89 or -10.89° + 180= 169-11 (Any ..[tan@ = tan (180+ 9) tang F, Force transmitted to the foundation, I';,- (F,) he 26r)? (7887.68) I + (20.22.4824)? _ OV = Yo —2.48247)? + (20.22.4824) Fy = la =r?) (26) 11115.66826 oH = 2114.48N (Ans) = 726.6494+0.986) iv) Phase angle of transmitted force with respect to the exciting force,($- 4) 2Gr = (2x0.2x2.4824) tana = = 0.99296 a = tan”! (0.99296) = 44.8° 2. ($— a) = 169.11-44.8 = 124.31" Ans) Example : 9.21 A machine has a total mass of 90kg and unbalanced reciprocating parts of mass 2kg which moves through a vertical stroke of 100mm with simple harmonic motion. The machine is mounted on four springs. The machine is having only one degree of freedom and can undergo vertical displacement only. Calculate(i) the combined stiffness of the spring if the force transmitted to the foundation is one-thirticth of the applied force. Neglect damping and take the speed of rotation of the machine crank-shaft as 1000rpm. Whe the machine is actually supported on the spring, it is found that the dampins | reduces the amplitude of the successive free vibrations by 30% ind (ii) the force transmitted to the foundation at 900rpm. [AU, Nov/Dec zl- vood Vibration fe , solution : Given! ta] m = 90kg; m, = 2kg; stroke L = 100mm = 0.1m, e= ot = 0.057 5 No. of springs, n = 4; Fy, = a 3N= 1000 rp.m. Combined stiffness of the springs, s Circular frequency, q = 28N _2n(1000) _ 194 a9 pad /s : 60 60 No damping (¢ = 0); Force Transmitted, Fy, 1 Force applied,F, 30 Re _VIFOGre 1 BR a= veer 30 1 1 i =p t—Get Since € =0, 1p 30 + (1-1?) =30, Since r? cannot be negative; -(1-77)=30, r+ 1=30, r?=31, r= 5.5678. we [fa 725? should be + a-r?y] 2 = 5.5678 7 104.72 = =— = 18.81 rad/ 5.5678 iste On = E = 1881 Combined stiffness, s =m x18.81° = 90x18.81? = 31843.45 N/m --(Ans) (i) “Force transmitted to the foundation at 900 rpm, F,, Damping reduces the sucessive amplitudes by 30% (given) 4 21-03-07. prea > 07 : x 2nG logirathmic decrement log, ( 2) * 2 loge (4) = 28% = 03567oN 4 Dynamics of iy Ching ase G2 . Squaring both sides; . .3567 Yl -& 2 = 0.12722(1 = C7); 39-4784C° = 0.12722 12739 Q = 0.12722, = 0.0567 27 (900) _ At900 rpm, @ = =) = 94.248 rad/s . . an 2 Maximum unbalanced force due to reciprocating parts, Fy = m, ea) F, = 2x0.05 x (94.248) = 888.27N _ 94,248 18.81 yl+ Qtr? Froce Transmitted, F, = fo vi+ 260) (1-7?) + try? 888.27 y+ (2x0.0567x5.0105)2 (5.01057)? + (2x0.0567%5.0105)2 " Frequency Ratio,r = ©. = 5.0105 oO, 1021.64 rm ited, F = = 4237N (Ans) | Force Transmitted, FL J581.05620.503 (Ans) Example: 9.22 A machine Supported symmetrically on four Springs has mass of 80 kg. The mass of the reciprocating Parts is 2.2kg which move through a vertical stroke of 100mm with simple harmonic Motion, determine the combined stiffness of th = the foundation ss ao )th Neglecting damping, © Springs so that the force transmitted of the impressed force. The machine crak nder actual Working conditions, the dampitf cessive vibrations by 30% find; @ The force transmitted to the foundation at 800 rpm (i) The force transmitted the 10 the foundation at rosonance, ad amplitude of vibrations 2) at resonance, TAU, Nov.Dec 20/1]wd vibration & i 447 solution : Given? m= 80kg; m, = 2.2kg; Stroke L = 100mm =0.1m, e= 2 = 800 rpm, conned stiiness of thespring, s Circular frequency, @ = 2nN _ 2n(800) = 83.78 rad/s 60 60 Nodampingie, ¢ =0 Fr 1 KR 20 Alb By _ i+ ery? 1 s0, =o RB fo-reseuye 2 Since 6 =0,4 ee [We--20-7)] Since can not be negative; —(-r) =2037-1 =20>7r?= 21=r = 4.5826 o 2 2p = 45826 On Hence, 0, = 2228 = 18.28 rad/s 4.5826 O, = f = 18.28 rad/s m Combined stiffness, s = x18.28? = 80x 18.28? =26732.67N/m_ ...(Ans) Poree transmitted to the foundation at 800rpm, F,, Damping reduces the sucessive amplitudes by 30% (given) i 1 ‘ AL ypope07 Me 2. = Tog} OF) Sa¢ Dynamics °F Macy J 4.48 a, 4). 285. Logarithmic decrement, log, % h-¢ 1 2b 286. 203567 te (os) Re (onc) = 03567 (vi 7 2), squaring both sides; (2nc)? = 0.12722 (1- 6)*, 39.4784 6? =0,1272 ~ 0.12722¢2 39.605667= 0.12722 , = 0.0567. Ateo0 rpm; @ = 2200) = 83.78 rad/s Maximum unbalanced force, F, = mye” = 2.2x0.05x83.782 = 7T2.1N : © _ 83.78 Frequency ratio, re a, = ase r= 4.5832 Force Transmitted, F, = —Fo vl +267) ; o d=? eee 3 TAs @x00567«45833 y (I= 4.58322)2 + (2x0.05674,5832)? fi 870.16 (400229 901 F,=43.48N ¢ foundation at re At Tesonance, o, = vw (Ans) Sonance, F,. ®, and hence, y= 1 %, = = 18.28 rad/s “R= meat = 2.2 x 0.05 x 18.282 , 0 = 36.76N” od vibration o roe Transmitted, Fry = feast ~ Bal+eo? : (2g? 26 = 36.76 Vl + (2x 0.0567)? = MONI + (2x0.0567)? cot y/ (2 x0.0567) _ 37 Diag 7 32628N .- (Ans) nplitude of vibrations at resonance Am Force Transmitted, Fr, je know, Combined spring stiffness, s = We know, ‘pring Amplitude, x . _ fp Force | -. Amplitude, x = “F Deflection 326.28 = Sa gy = 0.01221 i ... (Ans) Deraa.e7 7 001221 m or 12.21min ¢Example: 9.25 @ « Dynamics Of Mach ney ‘ A machine of mass 100 kg has a 20 kg rotor with 0.5 mm eccentricity ; gs x 10°N/m. The damping ratio is 0.02 _ mounting springs have s = : J unit is constrained to move Verticay hy operating speed is 600 rpm and the Find : (i) dynamic amplitude of the machine and, (ii) the force fransmites to the supports, LAU, Nov/Dec 299, Solution : Given: m= 100 kes m, = 20 kg 3 0= 0.5 mm =0.5 x 107 m35=85 x 10 Nip: C= 0.02 ; N= 600 xp.m. 00} Angular velocity, @ = ax = 2 = 62.832 rad/s 3 Natural circular frequency, @,, = ie a = 29155 rad/s m Dynamic amplitude of the machine, x, ‘max _ 62.832 _ 29.155 (/s) Mx = Vd-r?) + 2¢r) Maximum unbalanced force due to the reciprocating parts, Fy = mp eo Frequency ratio, r = 2.155 n Fy = 20x 0.5 x 107 x 62,8322 = 39.479 N ee (39.479/85 x10?) ‘max ~ 22 : V-2.155")? + (2 x 0.02 x 2.155)? _ 4.6445 x 10 "3.6450 = 1.2742 x 104m. (or) Xuny = 012742 mm = ars)ed yibration ¢ Dp etransmitted to the suppo: yore pports, EF, Fy, = ols oF (-P 2 +g ry 39.479 x fl + (2 x 0.02 x 2.158) (1- 2.155%) + (2 x 0.02 x 2.155)? 39.6254 3.645 F,,= 10.871 N (Ans) [examp! “in industrial machine weighing 445 kg is supported on a spring with @ static deflection of 0.5 cm. If the machine has rotating imbalance of 25 kg-cmt, determine the force transmitted at 1200 rpm and the dynamic amplitude at that speed. [AU, Nov/Dec 2004] + Solution : Given: m=445 kg ; &= 0.5 cm = 0.005 m5 Rotating imbalance, (m, ¢) = 25 kg-cm = 0.25 kg-m ; N= 1200 rpm. , 2nN _ 2n(1200) ular velocity, 2 ZEN 2 SE = 125.664 d | Angi elocity, @ 60 0 rad/s s 9.81 Natural circular frequency, n = £ = EE = 0.005 = 44.294 rad/s 0, = 44.294 = & “sg = m(44.2942) = 445 (44.2947) = 873072 N/m 0 Force Transmitted at 1200 rpm; F,, Eye Fyvl+ 260" = i [No damping, ¢ = 0] Va-r 7 + eer? te)lanced force, mc o Max, unbalanc! eos e125 664)! = 3947.86 N f o _ 125.664 _ 2.837 Frequency ratio, fe o, ~ 44.294 3 (3947.86) 7 a-2937? = 560.09 N w-(Ans) (ii) Dynamic amplitude at 1200 rpm, x,,,, (Fy/s) toe [i En __ (y/s) © fa-PF _ 3947.86 / 873072) 2 (1-2.8377)? = 6.4152 x 104m (or) Xyqy = 0.64152 mm vu (Ans) ~- [4 no damping, ¢ = 4 Find the stiffness of each spring when a refrigerator unit having a mass of 30 kg is to be supported by 3 springs. The force transmitted to the supporting structure is only 10% of the impressed force. The refrigerator unit operas at 420 np.m. JAU, Nov / Dec 2005. @ Solution : Given: m= 30 kg ;no.of springs =3 ; F,, = 10% of Fy = (0.1) Fy 3 N= 42070 Angular velocity, = = a 200) = 43.982 rad/s i - Fovl +26 7? =r? 62g? gation & d vibr ss [455 | Xp Fy, = = 01% Ia =P ® uf No damping, 6 = 0} (a-ry =10 (I-r?) = £10 Forr to be positive ; (l-r?) = -10 P=11 andr=3.3166 r= as and ©, = = O, r 43.982 . On = 33166 = 13.261 rad/s Also; ©, = EE = 13.261 | 5 = mx (13.261)? = 30x (13.261) . . , Stifthess, § = 5275.68 N/m for 3 springs + St : 5275.68 * Stiffness of one spring = 3 = 1758.56 Nim +. (Ans) ™__A single cylinder engine has an out-of-balance force of SOON at an engine speed of 300 r.p.m. The mass of the engine is 150 kg and itis carried ona set of springs of total stiffness of 300 N/em. (i) Find the amplitude of the steady state motion of the mass and the maximum oscillating force transmitted to the foundation. (ii) If a viscous damping is interposed between the mass and the foundation, the damping force being 1000N at 1 m/s of velocity, find the amplitude of the forced damped oscillation of the mass and its angle of lag with disturbing force. [AU, Nov/Dec 2007] Solution : Given: F, = 500 N ; N= 300 p.m; m= 150 kg ; s = 300 Nicm = 300x100 N/m = 3x 10' N/m. 2N an = 31.416 rad/s Angular velocity, o oC Circular natural frequency, 0, = fe a a af = 14.142 rad/s Frequency ratio, =—= ace = 2.221 o, 14.142ud Vibration pore an putude Of steady statom otign itoea im (0 damping, ¢ = 0) Xmax = (Fy /s) =F Fae > | a ged a-y wf G=0] (500/30000) _ 9,01 = $2N80000) "0.016667 _ la—2.201%)? ~ 3.930gg7 = 42378 x 107 m (or) Xpqe = 4.237: rai 8 mm +» (Ans) Maximum force transmitted to the foundation, Fy, (6 = 0] = —Fovl+ 26r? _ Vo-PF ecm? Tar else = ey ya-22r (Ans) (i) Amplitude of forced damped oscillation, x,,,, (with damping) Damping coefficient,c = Damping force _ 1000 _ 1000 N/(m/s) Velocity 1 Critical damping coefficient, C, = 2m, = 2 x 150 x 14.142 = 4242.6 : Cc _ 1000 Damping factor, = — = ——— = 0.2357 Bee ec C, 4242.6 (500/30000) _ 0.016667 imax Tq a.aal2y? + (2x 0.2357 x 2220)% 4.06982 = 4.0952 m (or) x,,, = 4.0952 mm (Ans)4 Dynamics Of Mach ine Angle of lag between the amplitude and disturbing force, > tand = (i-r’) _ 2x 0.2357 x 2.221 (1-2.221°) = — 0.2662 4 = tan”! (-0.2662) =— 14.91° (or) ... [tan =tan (180+) $ = -14.91 + 180 = 165.09° w (Aas)