i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

MODULE 4: Trigonometry

Module Overview:

Literally, trigonometric equations concern themselves with "triangle measurement"; and

trigonometry is a specialized branch of mathematics that deals mainly with the properties of
triangles and the relationships between its parts.

This module contains the basic ideas about Trigonometry. In this module, you will
encounter problems with corresponding examples in every lesson that will serve as your guide
in answering the exercises and assessments. It will help develop your mathematical skills in
solving different trigonometric identities and the polar coordinate system.

Module Outline: (List of topics)

4.1 Sum and Difference Identities

4.2 Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities
4.3 Inverse Trigonometric Function
4.4 Polar Coordinate System

Target Learning Competencies (MELC)

LC 4.1.a. Derive trigonometric identities involving sum and difference of angles.

LC 4.2.a. Derive trigonometric functions involving the double and half-angle identities.

LC 4.3.a. Illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions.

LC 4.3.b. Evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression.

LC 4.4.a. Plot points in a polar plane.

LC 4.4.b. Convert polar to rectangular coordinates, and vice versa.

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Performance Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of key concepts of
circular functions, trigonometric identities, inverse trigonometric functions, and the polar
coordinate system.

BUDGET OF WORK

WEE LEARNING
MOST ESSENTIAL LESSON TITLE LESSON
K TOPICS NUMBER ASSESSMENT
Sum and Difference Assessment
1 Trigonometry 1
Identities 4.1
Double-Angle and Half- Assessment
2 Trigonometry 2
Angle Identities 4.2
Inverse Trigonometric Assessment
3 Trigonometry 3
Function 4.3
Polar Coordinate Assessment
4 Trigonometry 4
System 4.4

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LESSON 1: Sum and Difference Identities

At the end of the lesson, the learners will have been able to:

a. derive trigonometric identities involving sum and difference of angles.

The Cosine Difference and Sum Identities

Cosine Difference Identity

cos ( A−B )=cos A cos B+ sin A sin B

Cosine Sum Identity

cos ( A+ B )=cos A cos B−sin A sin B

Example 1: Find the exact values of cos 105 °

Solution:

cos 105 °=cos(60 ° +45 ° )

¿ cos 60 ° cos 45 °−sin 60° sin 45 °

¿ ( 12 . √22 )−( √23 . √22 )

¿
√2 − √ 6
4 4

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¿√
2−√ 4
4

π
Example 2: Find the exact value of .
12

Solution:

cos
π
12
π π
=cos −
4 6 ( )
π π π π
¿ cos cos +sin sin
4 6 4 6

¿ √ .√ +√ .
2 3 2 1
2 2 2 2

¿√
6 +√ 2
2

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5π
Example 3: Find the exact value of sin .
12

Solution:

sin
5π
12
π π
=sin +
4 6 ( )
π π π π
¿ sin cos +cos sin
4 6 4 6

¿ √ .√ +√ .
2 3 2 1
2 2 2 2

¿√
6 +√ 2
2

π
Example 4: Fin the exact value of sin .
12

Solution:

sin
π
12
π π
=sin −
4 6 ( )
π π π π
¿ sin cos −cos sin
4 6 4 6

¿ √ . √ −√ .
2 3 2 1
2 2 2 2

¿
√6−√ 2
2

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5π
Example 5: Find the exact value of tan .
12

Solution:

tan
5π
12
π π
=tan +
4 6 ( )
π π
tan
+ tan
4 6
¿
π π
1−tan tan
4 6

1+
√3
3
¿
1−
√3
3

¿ 2+ √ 3

π
Example 6: Find the exact value of tan .
12

Solution:

tan
π
12
π π
=tan −
4 6 ( )
π π
tan −tan
4 6
¿
π π
1+ tan tan
4 6

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1− √
3
3
¿
1+ √
3
3

¿ 2− √ 3

Activity Sheet 4.1

Direction: Derive the following expressions:

1. cos ( π −x )
2. tan ( x + π )

Assessment 4.1

Direction: Find the exact value of the following:

1. sin 255 °
7π
2. sin
12
3. tan255 °
7π
4. cos
12

LESSON 2: Double- Angle and Half- Angle Identities

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will have been able to:

a. derive trigonometric functions using the double and half-angle identities.

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Double- Angle Identities

3 π
Example 1: Given sin θ= and <θ< π , find sin 2 θ and cos 2 θ.
5 2

Solution: We first find cos θ using the Pythagorean identity. Since θ lies in QII, we have

cos θ=√ 1−sin 2 θ

√ ()
2
3
¿ 1−
5

4
¿−
5

sin 2 θ=2 sin θ cos θ

¿2 ( 35 )( −45 )
24
¿−
25
2 2
cos 2 θ=cos θ−sin θ

( ) ()
−4 2 3 2
¿ −
5 5

7
¿
25

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−1
Example 2: If tan θ= and sec θ> 0, find tan 2 θ , sin 2 θ and cos 2 θ.
3

Solution: We can compute immediately tan 2 θ

2 tanθ
tan2 θ= 2
1−tan θ

¿
( 3 )
−1
2

1−(
3 )
2
−1

3
¿−
4

From the given information, we deduce that θ lies in QIV. Using one Pythagorean
identity, we compute cos θ through sec θ .

√
√ 10
( )
2
−1
sec θ=√ 1+ tan θ= 1+
2
=
3 3

Half- Angle Identities

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Example 3: Find the exact values of sin 22.5 ° .

Solution: Clearly, 22.5 ° lies in QI, so sin 22.5 ° .is positive and 22.5 ° .is the half angle of
45 ° .

sin 22.5 °=
√ 1−cos 45°
2

√ 1−
√2
2
¿
2

¿
√ 2−√ 2
2

Example 4: Find the exact values of sin 22.5 ° .

Solution: Clearly, 22.5 ° lies in QI, so cos 22.5 ° .is positive and 22.5 ° .is the half angle of
45 ° .

cos 22.5 °=
√ 1+cos 45 °
2

√ 1+
√2
2
¿
2

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¿
√ 2+ √2
2

π
Example 5: Find the exact value of tan .
12

Solution:

π
1−cos
π 6
tan =
12 π
sin
6

1−
√3
2
¿
1
2

¿ 2− √ 3

Assessment 4.2

Direction: Given some information about θ , find sin 2 θ , cos 2θ ,∧tan 2 θ.

−1
∧π
1. 4
cos θ= <θ< π
2

a. sin 2 θ=¿ ¿
b. cos 2 θ=¿ ¿
c. tan2 θ=¿ ¿

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5
2. sec θ= ∧sin θ>0
2

a. sin 2 θ=¿ ¿
b. cos 2 θ=¿ ¿
c. tan2 θ=¿ ¿

LESSON 3: Inverse Trigonometric Function

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will have been able to:

a. illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions.

b. evaluate an inverse trigonometric expression.

Inverse Sine Function

The inverse of the (restricted) sine function f (x)=sin x , where the domain is restricted to

the closed interval [ −π π

,
2 2 ]
, is called the inverse sine function or arcsine function, denoted by

f −1 ( x )=sin−1 x ∨f −1( x)=arcsin x . Here, the domain of f −1 (x)=arcsin x is [−1 ,1], and its range

is [ −π π
,
2 2 ]
. Thus,

−1
y=sin x or y=arcsin x

if and only if

sin y=x ,

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−π π
where −1 ≤ x ≤1 and ≤ y≤ .
2 2

−1 1
Example: Find the exact value of sin .
2

−1 1 1
Solution: Let ¿ sin . This is equivalent to θ= . This means that we are looking for
2 2

the number θ in the closed interval [ −π π

,
2 2 ] 1 π
whose sine is . We get ¿ . Thus, we
2 6
have

−1 1 π
sin =
2 6

Example 2: Find the exact value of arcsin (−1 ).

Solution:

−π
arcsin (−1 )=
2

π
because sin− =−1 and
2 2
∈
[
−π −π π
, .
2 2 ]

Inverse Cosine Function

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Example 3: Find the exact value of cos−1 0.

Solution:

−1 π
cos 0=
2

π π
because cos =0 and ∈ [ 0 , π ].
2 2

Example 4: Find the exact value of arccos ( −2√ 3 )

Solution:

arccos ( −2√ 3 )= 56π

Inverse Tangent Function

Example 5: Find the exact value of tan−1 1.

Solution:

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

π
tan−1 1=
4

Example 6: Find the exact value of arctan ( −√ 3 ).

Solution:

−π
arctan ( −√ 3 )=
3

Remaining Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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Activity Sheet 4.3

Direction: Complete the table by supplying the domain and range of each function.

Function Domain Range

−1
sin x
−1
cos x
−1
tan x
−1
cot x
−1
sec x
−1
csc x

Assessment 4.3

A. Find the exact value of each expression.

−1 −1
1. sin
2
2. cos−1 0
3. tan−1 √ 3
4. csc −1 1
5. sec−1 (−2)

6. cot−1 (−1 )

LESSON 4: Polar Coordinate System

Specific Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will have been able to:

a. plot points in a polar plane; and

b. convert polar to rectangular coordinates, and vice versa.

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In the polar coordinate system, a point is described by the ordered pair (r , θ). The radial
coordinate r refers to the directed distance of the point from the pole. The angular coordinate
θ refers to a directed angle (usually in radians) from the polar axis to the segment joining the
point and the pole.

Because a point in polar coordinate system is described by an order pair of radial

coordinate and angular coordinate, it will be more convenient to geometrically present the
system in a polar plane, which serves just like the Cartesian plane. In the polar plane shown
below, instead of rectangular grids in the Cartesian plane, we have concentric circles with
common center at the pole to identify easily the distance from the pole (radial coordinate) and
angular rays emanating from the pole to show the angles from the polar axis (angular
coordinate).

POLAR PLANE

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Example 1: Plot the following points in one polar plane:

( π3 )
1. A 3 , ( 76π )
6. F 4 ,−

B (1 ,
6 )
G (2.5 ,
4 )
5π 17 π
2. 7.

C (2 ,
6 )
H (4 ,
6 )
7π 17 π
3. 8.

I (3 ,−
3 )
19 π 5π
4. D( 4 , ) 9.
12
5. E(3 ,−π)

Solution:

In polar coordinate system, it is possible for the coordinates (r , θ) to have a negative

value of r . In this case, the point is¿ r ∨¿ units from the pole in the opposite direction of the
terminal side of θ .

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Converting from Polar to Rectangular, and Vice Versa

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Example 2: Convert the polar coordinate (5 , π ) .

Solution:

Example 3: Convert the polar

π
coordinate (−3 , )
6

Solution:

Example 4: Convert
( 4,4 ) Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates (r , θ), where r ≥ 0.

Solution: The point (4 , 4) is in QI .

r =√ x + y
2 2

¿ √ 4 2+ 4 2

¿ 4 √2

y 4 π
tan θ= = =1 ⇒θ=
x 4 4

(
(4 , 4)→ 4 √ 2 ,
π
4 )
Example 5: Convert (−3 ,−√ 3 ) Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates (r , θ), where r ≥ 0.

Solution: The point (−3 ,−√3 ) is in QIII .

√
r = ( −32 ) + (− √ 32 )

¿ 2 √3

y − √3 √ 3 ⇒ θ= 7 π ¿
tanθ= = =¿
x −3 3 6

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

(
(−3 ,−√3 )= 2 √3 ,
7π
6 )

Activity Sheet 4.4

Direction: Plot the following points in a polar plane:

1. A(−2, π 2) 6. F (−3 , 7 π 12)

2. B(1 ,−7 π 3) 7. G(4 ,−8 π 3)
3. C (−2 , π 4 ) 8. H (−2 ,−11 π 12)
4. D(−3 ,−2 π 3) 9. I (1 ,15 π 2)
5. E( 4 ,−π 4) 10. J (2 ,−π 2)

Assessment 4.4

A. Convert each polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates. Show your solution.

1. (2 ,−π )

2. ( 4 , 34π )
3. (6 , 32π )
4. (−2 , 23π )
B. Convert each Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates (r , θ), wherer ≥ 0.
1. (0 , 6)
2. ¿
3. (−3 √ 3 ,3)
4. (−1 ,−√ 3)

References

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Garces, I.J., et.al, Precalculus, Commission on Higher Education, 2016

ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 1

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Activity Sheet 4.1

Direction: Derive the following expressions:

1. cos ( π −x )

2. tan ( x + π )

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

Assessment 4.1

Direction: Find the exact value of the following:

1. sin 255 °

7π
2. sin
12

3. tan 255 °

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

7π
4. cos
12

ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 2

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Assessment 4.2

Direction: Given some information about θ , find sin 2 θ , cos 2θ ,∧tan 2 θ.

−1
∧π
1. 4
cos θ= <θ< π
2

a. sin 2 θ=¿ ¿

b. cos 2 θ=¿ ¿

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

c. tan 2 θ=¿ ¿

5
2. sec θ= ∧sin θ>0
2

a. sin 2 θ=¿ ¿

b. cos 2 θ=¿ ¿

c. tan2 θ=¿ ¿

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ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 3

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Activity Sheet 4.3

Direction: Complete the table by supplying the domain and range of each function.

Function Domain Range

−1
sin x

cos−1 x

−1
tan x

−1
cot x

sec−1 x

−1
csc x

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

Assessment 4.3

B. Find the exact value of each expression.

−1 −1
1. sin
2

2. cos−1 0

3. tan−1 √ 3

4. csc −1 1

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

5. sec−1 (−2)

6. cot−1 (−1 )

ANSWER SHEET- Lesson 4

Name: _________________________________ Strand and Section: ________________

Subject Teacher: ________________________ Date of Submission: ________________

Activity Sheet 4.4

Direction: Plot the following points in a polar plane:

1. A(−2, π 2) 6. F (−3 , 7 π 12)

2. B(1 ,−7 π 3) 7. G(4 ,−8 π 3)
3. C (−2 , π 4 ) 8. H (−2 ,−11 π 12)
4. D(−3 ,−2 π 3) 9. I (1 ,15 π 2)
5. E( 4 ,−π 4) 10. J (2 ,−π 2)

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Assessment 4.4

A. Convert each polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates. Show your solution.

1. ( 2 ,−π ) =¿

2. ( 4 , 34π )=¿

3. (6 , 32π )=¿
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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Pre-Calculus

4. (−2 , 23π )=¿

B. Convert each Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates (r , θ), wherer ≥ 0.

1. ( 0 , 6 ) =¿

2. ¿

3. (−3 √ 3 , 3 )=¿

4. (−1 ,− √ ❑3 )=¿

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