This assignment is submitted to English Department,

Trichandra Campus or the partial fulfilment of paper

422.

Name: Prajina Tamang

BA FIRST YEAR , ENGLISH 422

Registration No. : 6-2-37-310-2022

“SKETCH THE TREND OF CRITICISM SPECIALLY

HISTORY FROM ARISTOTLE TO ALEXANDER POPE.”
 CONTENTS

A) INTRODUCTION
B) ARISTOTLE ( 384-322 BC)
C) HORACE ( 65 -8 BCE)
D) LONGINUS
E) CICERO
F) THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
G) THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY:
a) FRANCIS PEACHAM
b) JOHN DRYDEN
c) THOMAS RYMER
d) SIR JOHN DENNIS
H) THE EIGHTEENTH CNTURY I: THE AGE OF
ADDISON AND POPE
a) JOSEPH ADDISON
b) ALEXANDER POPE
 INTRODUCTION

Our English word “criticism” derives from the ancient Greek term krites,
meaning “judge.” Perhaps the first type of criticism was that which occurred
in the process of poetic creation itself: in composing his poetry, a poet
would have made certain “judgments” about the themes and techniques to
be used in his verse, about what his audience was likely to approve, and
about his own relationship to his predecessors in the oral or literary
tradition. Hence, the creative act itself was also a critical act, involving not
just inspiration but some kind of self-assessment, reflection, and judgment.
Moreover, in ancient Greece, the art of the “rhapsode” or professional
singer involved an element of interpretation: a rhapsode would usually
perform verse that he himself had not composed, and his art must have
been a highly self-conscious and interpretative one, just as the
performance of a Shakespeare play is effectively an interpretation of it.1 In
the written text of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, the character of
the Jewish moneylender Shylock has conventionally been seen as domin-
eering, greedy, and vindictive. Yet our perception of his character and his
situation can be transformed by a performance where we see him kneeling,
surrounded by aggressively self-righteous Christian adversaries. In the
same way, different perform- ances of Homer’s Iliad or Odyssey might have
had very different effects. One can imagine Achilles presented as the
archetypal Greek hero, valiant and (almost) invin- cible; but also as cruel,
childish, and selfish. There are many incidents and situations in Homer –
such as King Priam’s entreaty to Achilles or Odysseus’ confronting of the
suitors – which must have yielded a rich range of interpretative and
performative possibilities. Even performances of lyric poetry must have
shared this potential for diverse interpretation, a potential which has
remained alive through the centuries. An ode of Sappho, a sonnet by
Shakespeare, Donne’s “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourn- ing,” Shelley’s
“Ode to the West Wind,” Eliot’s “Prufrock,” or the verse of a contempor- ary
Israeli or Palestinian poet can each be “performed” or read aloud in a
variety of ways and with vastly differing effects. In each case, the
performance must be somewhat self-conscious and informed by critical
judgment.

In this broad sense, literary criticism goes at least as far back as archaic
Greece, which begins around 800 years before the birth of Christ. This is
the era of the epic poets Homer and Hesiod, and of the lyric poets
Archilochus, Ibycus, Alcaeus, and Sappho. What we call the “classical”
period emerges around 500 BC, the period of the great dramatists
Euripides, Aeschylus, and Sophocles, the philosophers Socrates, Plato,
and Aristotle, the schools of rhetoric, and the rise of Athenian democracy
and power. After this is the “Hellenistic” period, witnessing the diffusion of
Greek culture through much of the Mediterranean and Middle East, a
diffusion vastly accelerated by the conquests of Alexander the Great, and
the various dynasties established by his generals after his death in 323 BC.
Over the Hellenized domains there was a common ruling- class culture,
using a common literary dialect and a common education system.2 The city
of Alexandria in Egypt, founded by Alexander in 331 BC, became a center
of scholarship and letters, housing an enormous library and museum, and
hosting such renowned poets and grammarians as Callimachus, Apollonius
Rhodius, Aristarchus, and Zenodotus. We know of these figures partly
through the work of Suetonius (ca. 69–140 AD), who wrote the first
histories of literature and criticism.
 Aristotle (384-322BC)

Aristotle's "Poetics" is one of the most influential works in the history of

literary criticism. In this treatise, Aristotle offers a systematic and analytical
approach to understanding and evaluating literature, particularly Greek
tragedy. Here are some key aspects of Aristotle's literary criticism:

a) Imitation and Mimesis: Aristotle believed that art, including

literature, is a form of imitation or mimesis. He argued that the poet
imitates human action and character, aiming to represent life in a
meaningful way.

b) Catharsis: Aristotle introduced the concept of catharsis, which he

described as the emotional cleansing or purification that the audience
experiences while witnessing a tragic drama. He believed that
tragedy should evoke pity and fear to achieve this catharsis.

c) The Elements of Tragedy: Aristotle outlined the essential elements

of a good tragedy, including:

Plot: He considered the plot to be the most important element,

emphasizing its unity, completeness, and progression. Aristotle introduced
the concepts of peripeteia (reversal of fortune) and anagnorisis (recognition
or discovery) as crucial plot devices.

Character: Aristotle discussed the importance of character development

and consistency. He argued that characters should be true to life and have
qualities that evoke both sympathy and fear in the audience.

Thought (Dianoia): This refers to the intellectual content of the play,

including the ideas, themes, and moral messages conveyed.
Diction (Lexis): Aristotle discussed the significance of language and style
in conveying the drama effectively. He emphasized the use of appropriate
and eloquent language.

Music (Melos) and Spectacle (Opsis): While Aristotle

acknowledged the role of music and spectacle in tragedy, he
considered them secondary to the plot and character.

d) Unity: Aristotle advocated for the unity of time, place, and

action in a tragedy. He believed that the events should be
tightly connected and take place within a single day, in a
single location.

e) Moral and Ethical Purpose: Aristotle argued that good

literature should have a moral and ethical purpose. It should
teach and guide the audience, leading them to a deeper
understanding of life's complexities.

f) Comparison of Epic and Tragedy: Aristotle also compared

the epic and the tragic forms of literature, noting their
differences in structure, style, and purpose. He considered
the epic to be more expansive and narrative-driven, while
tragedy was more focused and dramatic.

Aristotle's "Poetics" laid the foundation for subsequent

discussions and debates in literary theory and criticism. While
some of his specific guidelines may not be universally applicable
to all forms of literature, his ideas about imitation, catharsis, and
the elements of drama continue to be influential in the study of
literature and theater.
 HORACE( 65 BCE- 8 BCE)

Horace, or Quintus Horatius Flaccus, was a Roman poet and satirist who
lived from 65 BCE to 8 BCE. He is best known for his works of lyric poetry
and satire, particularly his "Odes" and "Satires."

Literary Criticism of Horace's Works:

a) Elegant Simplicity: Horace is celebrated for his ability to convey

complex ideas and emotions through deceptively simple and elegant
language. His "Odes" are a prime example of this, employing concise
and refined expressions to explore a wide range of themes, from love
and friendship to the passage of time.

b) Philosophical Depth: While Horace's poetry often appears light-

hearted, it frequently carries philosophical undertones. He reflects on
the fleeting nature of life, the pursuit of virtue, and the importance of
moderation, all of which are central themes in his works.

c) Satire as Social Commentary: In his "Satires," Horace employs

humor and satire to comment on the social and moral issues of his
time. His satirical works, such as the "Satires" and the "Epistles,"
provide valuable insights into the customs, behaviors, and values of
Roman society during the early Imperial period.

d) Intertextuality and Influence: Horace was deeply influenced by

earlier Greek poetry, particularly the works of poets like Pindar and
Alcaeus. His engagement with and transformation of Greek literary
traditions is a subject of scholarly interest.

e) Legacy: Horace's influence extended far beyond his own time,

impacting poets and writers throughout history. His emphasis on
clarity of expression and the exploration of universal themes has
made his poetry timeless and enduring.
 f) Stylistic Techniques: Horace is noted for his use of various stylistic
techniques, such as vivid imagery, metaphor, and meter, to enhance
the emotional impact of his poetry. His mastery of poetic form and
structure is often praised.

g) Cultural Significance: Horace's works provide valuable insights into

the culture, values, and literary tastes of ancient Rome. They serve
as a window into the intellectual and social milieu of his era.

In summary, Horace's literary significance lies in his ability to

combine elegant simplicity with philosophical depth, his effective use of
satire for social commentary, and his enduring influence on the world of
poetry and literature. His works continue to be studied and appreciated for
their timeless wisdom and literary craftsmanship.

LONGINUS

Longinus, also known as Dionysius Longinus or Pseudo-Longinus, was a

classical Greek literary critic and philosopher who lived sometime in the 1st
to 3rd century CE. His work "On the Sublime" (often referred to as "Peri
Hypsous" in Greek) is one of the most influential pieces of ancient literary
criticism. Here's a brief literary criticism of Longinus and his work:

a) Exploration of Sublimity: Longinus is primarily known for his

exploration of the concept of the sublime in literature. In "On the
Sublime," he discusses how great works of literature can elevate the
reader or listener, transporting them to a higher plane of emotional
and intellectual experience. He emphasizes that the sublime is
achieved through the use of elevated language, powerful emotions,
and striking imagery.
 b) Nature of Sublime Passages: Longinus provides numerous
examples from classical literature, including passages from Homer,
Sappho, and Plato, to illustrate the qualities of sublimity. He suggests
that sublime passages are characterized by a sense of grandeur,
nobility, and awe-inspiring beauty.
c) Emotional Impact: Longinus argues that sublime works of literature
evoke intense emotions in the audience, such as admiration, fear,
and reverence. He believes that these emotional responses are
essential to achieving sublimity.
d) Influence on Literary Theory: Longinus' ideas on the sublime had a
significant impact on later literary criticism and aesthetics. His work
influenced the development of the concept of the sublime during the
Renaissance and the Enlightenment, as well as in subsequent literary
and artistic movements.
e) The Role of the Author: Longinus suggests that the author or
speaker must possess certain qualities, including passion,
enthusiasm, and an understanding of human nature, to create
sublime works. He emphasizes the importance of the author's skill
and creativity in achieving sublimity.
f) Critique of Rhetorical Techniques: While Longinus appreciates the
power of rhetoric, he criticizes overly elaborate and artificial rhetorical
techniques that lack sincerity and authenticity. He believes that
genuine passion and inspiration are crucial for achieving sublimity in
writing.
g) Controversy and Authorship: The authorship of "On the Sublime"
has been a subject of debate among scholars, as it is believed to
have been written by an unknown author. Some have even
questioned whether it was written by a single individual or was a
compilation of multiple voices. Despite these uncertainties, the work's
significance remains intact.

In summary, Longinus' "On the Sublime" is a foundational text in the history

of literary criticism, focusing on the concept of the sublime and its profound
impact on readers or listeners. His ideas have left a lasting mark on
discussions of aesthetics, emotion, and the power of language in literature
and art.
 CICERO (106 BCE- 43 BCE)

Cicero (106-43 BCE), the renowned Roman statesman, orator, and

philosopher, is not typically considered a literary critic in the modern sense,
but his extensive writings offer valuable insights into various aspects of
literature, rhetoric, and oratory. Here are some key points regarding literary
criticism in Cicero's works:

a) Rhetorical Theory: Cicero was a master of rhetoric, and his works

on rhetoric, such as "De Oratore" (On the Orator), are significant
contributions to the theory and practice of persuasive communication.
In these works, he discussed the art of effective speaking and the
role of eloquence in persuasion. His writings influenced the
development of rhetorical theory and education in later centuries.
b) Style and Eloquence: Cicero emphasized the importance of style
and eloquence in oratory and writing. He believed that language
should be clear, elegant, and persuasive. His discussions on the use
of various stylistic devices, such as metaphor and antithesis, have
been studied by scholars interested in the art of persuasion.
c) Philosophy and Oratory: Cicero's philosophical dialogues, including
works like "De Officiis" (On Duties), explored ethical and moral
principles. While not strictly literary criticism, these dialogues touched
on the relationship between philosophy and oratory, highlighting the
importance of persuasive skills in the service of moral and ethical
arguments.
d) Cultural Significance: Cicero's writings are valuable historical
documents that provide insights into the literary and cultural milieu of
ancient Rome. His letters, speeches, and essays offer a window into
the intellectual and literary debates of his time.
e) Latin Prose Style: Cicero's Latin prose style is celebrated for its
clarity, elegance, and influence on subsequent Latin literature. His
writings, particularly his speeches, served as models for later Roman
authors and contributed to the development of Latin as a literary
language.
f) Critique of Contemporary Literature: Cicero occasionally
commented on the works of his contemporaries. For example, in his
letters, he expressed his opinions about various poets and authors,
 though these comments were often brief and not comprehensive
literary criticism.
g) Oratory as Art: Cicero viewed oratory as a form of art, and his
discussions on the art of persuasion have been examined in the
context of literary criticism. His writings underscore the idea that
language and rhetoric are essential elements of the literary and
political worlds.

In summary, while Cicero is not typically considered a literary critic in the

modern sense, his writings, particularly on rhetoric and oratory, provide
valuable insights into the role of language, style, and eloquence in literature
and persuasion. His influence on the development of rhetoric and Latin
prose style has left a lasting mark on the history of literature and
communication.
 THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

The Renaissance, which spanned roughly from the 14th to the 17th
century, was a transformative period in European history that brought about
significant cultural, artistic, intellectual, and scientific developments. Here's
a literary criticism of the Renaissance period:

a) Humanism and Individualism: The Renaissance marked a shift

from the religious and collective focus of the Middle Ages to a
renewed emphasis on the individual and human potential. This
humanistic approach influenced literature by celebrating the
uniqueness of each person and exploring human experiences and
emotions in depth.
b) Classical Influences: Renaissance writers were deeply influenced by
the rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman texts. They drew
inspiration from works by authors like Virgil, Cicero, and Homer,
which led to a revival of classical literary forms and themes in
Renaissance literature.
c) Sonnet Tradition: The Renaissance saw the development of the
sonnet form as a prominent literary genre. Writers like Petrarch and
Shakespeare made significant contributions to the sonnet tradition.
Sonnets were used to express themes of love, beauty, and the
complexities of human relationships.
d) Chiaroscuro: Renaissance literature often employed chiaroscuro, a
technique borrowed from the visual arts, which involved contrasting
light and shadow. This technique allowed writers to depict characters
and themes with greater depth and complexity.
e) The Printing Press: The invention of the printing press by Johannes
Gutenberg in the mid-15th century revolutionized the distribution of
literature. It enabled the mass production of books, making written
works more accessible and affordable to a broader audience, thus
promoting literacy and the spread of ideas.
f) Shakespearean Drama: William Shakespeare, a central figure of the
Renaissance, is celebrated for his contributions to English drama. His
works, such as "Hamlet," "Macbeth," and "Romeo and Juliet,"
 explored complex psychological and moral themes, making them
enduring classics of world literature.
g) Religious and Political Discourse: Renaissance literature often
engaged with the religious and political issues of the time, including
the Reformation and the Renaissance Papacy. Writers like Erasmus
used satire to comment on the church, while Machiavelli's "The
Prince" examined political power and leadership.
h) Intertextuality and Allusion: Renaissance authors frequently
referenced and alluded to classical and biblical texts, creating
complex layers of meaning in their works. This intertextuality enriched
the reading experience and highlighted the continuity between the
ancient and modern worlds.
i) Literary Patronage: Many Renaissance writers were supported by
wealthy patrons, including rulers and nobles. This patronage system
allowed writers the financial security and creative freedom to produce
their works.

In conclusion, the Renaissance was a literary and cultural period that

celebrated human potential, drew inspiration from classical antiquity, and
produced timeless works of literature that continue to be studied and
appreciated for their exploration of human nature, artistic innovation, and
enduring relevance.
 THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

The seventeenth century was a rich and transformative period in English

literature, marked by a shift from the Renaissance ideals of the previous
century toward more nuanced and reflective styles. Here's a brief literary
criticism of the seventeenth century in English literature, focusing on four
key figures: Francis Peacham, John Dryden, Thomas Rymer and Sir John
Dennis.

Francis Peacham (1577-1643):

Francis Peacham was an English author, scholar and artist known for his
works on various subjects, including art, poetry, and education. Here’s an
overview of his literary criticism:
a) Visual Poetry: Francis Peacham was known for his work "The
Garden of Eloquence," which emphasized the visual aspect of poetry.
He believed that the arrangement of words on the page should
contribute to the overall impact of a poem, an idea that foreshadowed
the later emphasis on visual poetry during the Baroque period.
b) Influence of Rhetoric: Peacham's work drew heavily from classical
rhetoric and emphasized the importance of persuasive and eloquent
writing. His ideas contributed to the development of English prose
and poetry, particularly in the use of figures of speech and stylistic
devices.
c) Transition to the Baroque: Peacham's ideas and writings can be
seen as part of the transitional phase from the Renaissance to the
Baroque period in English literature, characterized by a shift toward
more elaborate and ornate styles.
 John Dryden (1631-1700):

John Dryden occupies an important place in English critical history.

Samuel Jackson called him “The Father of English Criticism” and affirmed
his “ Essay of Dramatic Posey” (1668) that ‘modern English Prose begins
here’. His literary criticism, are below:

a) Classical Influence: John Dryden, often referred to as the "father of

English criticism," was deeply influenced by classical literature,
particularly the works of Horace and Aristotle. He emphasized the
importance of following classical rules and principles in literature.
b) Heroic Couplets: Dryden popularized the use of heroic couplets in
English poetry. His work "An Essay of Dramatic Poesy" defended the
use of rhymed couplets and played a significant role in shaping the
poetic style of the Restoration period.
c) Satire and Moral Purpose: Dryden's satirical works, such as
"Absalom and Achitophel," critiqued political and social issues of his
time. His satire often had a moral purpose, and he used it as a tool
for social commentary.
d) Neoclassical Ideals: Dryden championed neoclassical ideals in
English literature, advocating for clarity, reason, and restraint in
artistic expression. He believed that literature should serve didactic
and moral purposes.
e) Shifting Literary Landscape: Dryden lived through a period of
significant political and social upheaval, including the English Civil
War and the Restoration. His works reflect the changing literary
landscape and the tensions between classical ideals and the
tumultuous events of the time.

THOMAS RYMER (1641-1713)

Thomas Rymer (1641–1713) was an English scholar, literary critic, and

historian known for his contributions to literary criticism and dramatic theory
during the late 17th century. Here's a brief overview of his significance in
literary criticism:

a) Defender of Classical Rules: Rymer was a staunch advocate of

classical principles in literature, particularly in drama. He believed that
the rules of classical drama, as outlined by Aristotle and others,
should serve as a model for English playwrights. He argued for
adherence to the "unities" of time, place, and action in drama, which
was in contrast to the more flexible and innovative approaches of his
contemporaries.
b) “The Tragedies of the Last Age Considered": In this critical work
published in 1678, Rymer harshly criticized the works of several of his
contemporaries, most notably William Shakespeare. He argued that
Shakespeare's plays were flawed because they did not adhere to
classical principles and lacked the necessary decorum and
verisimilitude. His criticism of Shakespeare, while controversial,
sparked discussions about the nature of English drama and its
relationship with classical ideals.
c) Legacy: Rymer's insistence on classical rules and his criticism of
Shakespeare were met with significant opposition, with many
defenders of Shakespeare's work arguing against Rymer's rigid
adherence to classical norms. His writings, including "The Tragedies
of the Last Age Considered," contributed to ongoing debates about
the nature of drama and the role of classical influence in English
literature.
d) Historical Context: Rymer's views on drama and literature should be
understood in the context of his time. He lived during the period of the
English Restoration when classical ideas and French neoclassical
influence were prominent in English literature and theater. His
critiques reflected the ongoing tension between classical ideals and
the English dramatic tradition.

In summary, Thomas Rymer was a significant figure in late 17th-

century literary criticism who advocated for the application of classical
principles to English drama. His critiques, particularly his harsh
assessment of Shakespeare, played a role in shaping discussions
about the nature of English literature and the influence of classical
models. While his views were contentious, they contributed to the
broader discourse on literary aesthetics and dramatic theory during
his era.
 SIR JOHN DENNIS (1657-1734)

Thomas Dennis (1657–1734), often referred to as Sir John Dennis, was an

English critic, playwright, and essayist known for his contributions to literary
criticism and dramatic theory during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Here's a brief literary criticism of Sir John Dennis:

a) Defender of Classical Rules: Dennis was a staunch advocate of

classical principles in literature, particularly in drama. He believed that
the rules of classical drama, as outlined by Aristotle and others,
should serve as a model for English playwrights. His emphasis on
adhering to these classical rules led to both admiration and
controversy.
b) Critiques of Contemporary Drama: Dennis was known for his
critical reviews and essays in which he offered detailed critiques of
contemporary plays and playwrights. His reviews often focused on
issues of dramatic structure, characterization, and adherence to The
classical standards.
c) “Advancement and Reformation of Modern Poetry": In this critical
work, Dennis offered his opinions on the state of modern poetry and
advocated for a return to classical ideals. He criticized the
contemporary use of figurative language and metaphor, arguing for
more straightforward and rational expression in poetry.
d) Legacy and Controversy: Dennis's views on drama and literature
were met with both support and opposition. While some respected his
commitment to classical principles, others, including Alexander Pope,
satirized him for his rigid adherence to these rules. Pope famously
mocked Dennis in his satirical poem "The Dunciad."
e) Rhetoric and Style: Dennis's writing style was characterized by its
formality and use of rhetorical techniques. He often employed logical
arguments and detailed analysis in his critical writings.
 f) Contributions to Literary Discourse: Dennis played a role in
shaping the literary discourse of his time. His writings, both critical
and political, contributed to the ongoing debates about the nature of
literature, the role of classical influence, and the tensions between
tradition and innovation in English literature.

In summary, Sir John Dennis was a notable figure in late 17th and early
18th-century literary criticism who advocated for the application of classical
principles to English drama and poetry. His critiques, while influential, were
also met with controversy and satirical responses from some of his literary
contemporaries, making him a complex and debated figure in the history of
English literature.

In summary, the seventeenth century in English literature

witnessed a transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque and later to the
neoclassical era. Francis Peacham and John Dryden are notable figures
who contributed to this transition, with Peacham emphasizing visual poetry
and rhetorical eloquence, while Dryden championed classical principles
and heroic couplets, leaving a lasting impact on English literary criticism
and poetic style.
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY I :THE AGE
OF ADDISON AND POPE

The 18th century, often referred to as the Age of Enlightenment, witnessed

the literary achievements of prominent figures such as Joseph Addison and
Alexander Pope. Here's a closer look at their contributions:

JOSEPH ADDISON (1672-1719)

Joseph Addison (1672-1719) was a prominent English essayist, poet, and

playwright of the early 18th century. His contributions to English literature
have been the subject of literary criticism and analysis. Here are some key
points in the literary criticism of Joseph Addison:

a) The Periodical Essay: Joseph Addison is best known for his role in
popularizing the periodical essay as a literary form. Alongside his
collaborator Richard Steele, Addison wrote for "The Spectator" (1711-
1712), a publication that featured essays on various topics, including
society, manners, literature, and politics. Literary critics often highlight
Addison's ability to blend humor, satire, and moral instruction in his
essays.
b) Moral and Didactic Writing: Addison's essays often had a moral
and didactic purpose. Critics have noted that his writings aimed to
educate and entertain while promoting values such as courtesy,
moderation, and virtue. His essays on topics like friendship, modesty,
and charity reflect his commitment to improving the moral character
of his readers.
c) Clarity and Elegance of Style: Addison's writing style is
characterized by its clarity, elegance, and accessibility. Critics have
praised his ability to use language effectively to convey complex
 ideas in a straightforward manner. His prose style has been studied
and admired for its lucidity and grace.
d) Social Commentary: Addison's essays are often seen as valuable
records of early 18th-century English society. Literary critics and
historians have analyzed his observations of social customs, urban
life, and the emerging middle class, providing insights into the cultural
milieu of his time.
e) Political Satire: Addison also used his essays and plays to engage
in political satire. For instance, his play "Cato" (1713) was seen as a
political commentary on the contemporary political climate and a
reflection of his Whig political views.
f) Contribution to the English Essay: Addison's contributions to the
development of the English essay as a genre have been widely
acknowledged by literary critics. His essays set a standard for the
periodical essay and influenced later essayists and writers.
g) Comparisons with Other Essayists: Literary scholars have often
compared Addison's essays with those of his contemporary,
Jonathan Swift. Comparisons between the more gentle, moral tone of
Addison's essays and the biting satire of Swift's works have been
subjects of critical analysis.
h) Influence on English Literature: Addison's influence on subsequent
generations of essayists and writers, such as Samuel Johnson and
the Romantic poets, has been a topic of interest. Critics have
explored how his ideas and style have left an enduring mark on
English literature.

In summary, Joseph Addison's contributions to English literature,

particularly his periodical essays, have been celebrated for their moral
lessons, clarity of expression, and insights into the society and culture of
the early 18th century. His influence on the development of the English
essay continues to be a subject of critical analysis and admiration.
ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744)

Alexander Pope (1688-1744) was a prominent English poet of the 18th

century known for his wit, satirical style, and skillful use of the heroic
couplet. His works, including "The Rape of the Lock," "Essay on Man," and
"The Dunciad," have been the subject of extensive literary criticism. Here
are some key points in the literary criticism of Alexander Pope:

a) Satire and Social Critique: Pope was a master of satire, and much
of his work reflects his sharp critique of the social, political, and moral
issues of his time. In "The Rape of the Lock," for example, he
satirizes the frivolous and superficial nature of aristocratic society,
turning a minor social incident into a mock-epic poem.
b) Moral Philosophy: In his "Essay on Man," Pope explores complex
philosophical questions about the nature of humanity, the existence
of evil, and the role of reason and virtue in the world. His essay
reflects Enlightenment ideals and engages with the moral and
philosophical debates of his era.
c) Heroic Couplets: Pope's use of the heroic couplet, a rhymed pair of
lines in iambic pentameter, is a hallmark of his poetry. Critics have
praised his skill in employing this form with precision, wit, and
elegance. His mastery of the couplet set a high standard for English
poetry in the 18th century.
d) The Mock Epic: Pope's satirical works often employed the mock-epic
form, where he used the conventions of classical epics to ridicule
contemporary events and characters. This genre allowed him to
blend humor, irony, and social commentary effectively.
e) The Dunciad: In "The Dunciad," Pope targets the decline of
literature, the rise of mediocrity, and the degradation of intellectual
standards. He personifies and satirizes dullness and ignorance in the
figure of "Dulness." The poem serves as a critique of the literary
culture of his time.
f) Nature and Art: Pope frequently explored the themes of nature and
artifice in his works. His poetry often highlighted the tension between
the natural world and human creations, raising questions about
human intervention in the natural order.
 g) Candor and Criticism: Pope's critical essays, such as "An Essay on
Criticism," offered guidelines for good literary criticism. He
emphasized the importance of candor, good judgment, and the ability
to distinguish true poetic genius from mere imitation.
h) Influence and Legacy: Alexander Pope's works had a profound
influence on subsequent generations of poets and satirists. His
emphasis on precision in language, wit, and the use of classical
forms left a lasting mark on English poetry.
i) Controversies and Reception: Pope was not without his critics and
controversies. He engaged in literary feuds and disputes with other
writers of his time, including Jonathan Swift. These controversies
have been subjects of interest and analysis for literary scholars.

In conclusion, Alexander Pope's works are celebrated for their wit, satire,
and philosophical depth. His contributions to the mock-epic genre, his
exploration of moral and philosophical themes, and his mastery of the
heroic couplet continue to be subjects of literary analysis and admiration.
 CONCLUSION

The evolution of literary criticism from Aristotle to Alexander Pope

encompasses a significant transformation in the approach to understanding
and evaluating literature. Aristotle, with his seminal work "Poetics," laid the
groundwork for classical literary criticism, emphasizing the concept of
mimesis and exploring the elements of tragedy and comedy. This period
was characterized by a focus on imitating life and achieving catharsis
through drama. As time progressed into the Medieval and Renaissance
eras, literary criticism leaned heavily on religious and moral interpretations
of literature. However, the Neoclassical period, which culminated with
Alexander Pope, witnessed a resurgence of classical ideals. Neoclassical
critics championed reason, order, and adherence to strict rules, promoting
clarity and precision in writing. Pope, a prominent figure of this era, added
his unique mark with satirical wit and the popularization of heroic couplets
in poetry. In essence, the trend of literary criticism from Aristotle to
Alexander Pope reflects a shift from the exploration of imitation and
catharsis to a more rigid adherence to classical principles, marked by
rationality and the codification of literary norms.