INTRODUCTION TO

ALGORITHM
AND PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
1 ALGORITHMS
 “
To solve any problem a plan is
needed. This plan is a procedure
to solve the problem in question.
The procedure has to be based
on definite reasoning and logic to
obtain a result.
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WHAT IS AN ALGORITHM?
Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure in solving a problem.

A finite set of instructions that specify a sequence of operations

to be carried out.

An algorithm is a part of the plan for the computer program.

Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth stated that

Program = Algorithms + Data

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DIFFERENT WAYS OF STATING
ALGORITHM
Algorithms may be represented in various ways.

There are four ways of stating algorithms:

1. Step-form
2. Pseudo-code
3. Flowchart
4. Nassi-Schneiderman

5
DIFFERENT WAYS OF STATING
ALGORITHM
Algorithms may be represented in various ways.

There are four ways of stating algorithms:

1. Step-form The procedure of solving a problem is

2. Pseudo-code stated with written statements.
3. Flowchart The step-form uses just normal language
to define each procedure.
4. Nassi-Schneiderman

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DIFFERENT WAYS OF STATING
ALGORITHM
Algorithms may be represented in various ways.

There are four ways of stating algorithms:

1. Step-form A written form representation of the

2. Pseudo-code algorithm.
3. Flowchart However, it differs from the step form as
it uses a restricted vocabulary to define
4. Nassi-Schneiderman
its action of solving the problem.

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DIFFERENT WAYS OF STATING
ALGORITHM
Algorithms may be represented in various ways.

There are four ways of stating algorithms:

1. Step-form Both are graphically oriented

2. Pseudo-code representation forms.
3. Flowchart They use symbols and language to
represent sequence, decision, and
4. Nassi-Shneiderman
repetition actions.

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THE KEY FEATURES OF AN
ALGORITHM AND THE STEP-FORM
An algorithm for making a pot of tea:
1. If the kettle does not contain water, then fill the kettle.
2. Plug the kettle into the power point and switch it on.
3. If the teapot is not empty, then empty the teapot.
4. Place tea leaves in the teapot.
5. If the water in the kettle is not boiling, then go to step 2.
6. Switch off the kettle.
7. Pour water from the kettle into the teapot.

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THE KEY FEATURES OF AN
ALGORITHM AND THE STEP-FORM
From the previous example, it is evident that algorithms show
these three features:

1. Sequence (also known as process)

2. Decision (also known as selection)
3. Repetition (also known as iteration or looping)

Therefore, an algorithm can be stated using these three basic

constructs.

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 THE KEY FEATURES OF AN
ALGORITHM AND THE STEP-FORM

1. Sequence – means that each step or process in the

algorithm is executed in the specified order.
2. Decision – in algorithms, the outcome of a decision is
either true or false; there is no state in between.
3. Repetition – can be implemented using constructs like
the repeat, loop, while loop, and if.. then .. goto .. loop.

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 THE KEY FEATURES OF AN
ALGORITHM AND THE STEP-FORM
Termination – the definition of algorithm cannot be
restricted to procedures that eventually finish. Algorithms
might also include procedures that could run forever
without stopping.
Correctness – the prepared algorithm needs to be
verified for its correctness. Correctness means how easily
its logic can be argued to satisfy the algorithm’s primary
goal.
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2 ALGORITHM v PROGRAM
ALGORTHM /VS/ PROGRAM
Domain Knowledge Programmer
Any Language Programming Language
(Hardware and/or Software)

Optional Mandatory
* Because you can use a * You can only write or
pen and paper to write an create a program with a
algorithm. computer in a specific
software.
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3 VARIABLES
WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
Almost every algorithm contains data and usually the data is
‘contained’ in what is called a variable.
The variable is a container for a value that may vary during the
execution of the program.
For example, in the tea-making algorithm, the level of water in
the kettle is a variable, the temperature of the water is a
variable, and the quantity of tea leaves is also a variable.

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WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
Each variable in a program is given a name, for example,

Water_Level
Water_Temperature
Tea_Leaves_Quantity

and at any given time the value, which is represented by

Water_Level, for instance, may be different to its value at some
other time.

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WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
The statement if the kettle does not contain water then fill the
kettle could also be written as

if Water_Level is 0 then fill the kettle

or
if Water_Level = 0 then fill the kettle

At some point Water_Level will be the maximum value,

whatever that is, and the kettle will be full.

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VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES

The data used in algorithms can be of different types. The

simplest types of data that an algorithm might use are
• numeric data, e.g., 12, 11.45, 901, etc.
• alphabetic or character data such as ‘A’, ‘Z’, or ‘This is alphabetic’
• logical data, that is, propositions with true/false values

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NAMING OF VARIABLES

One should always try to choose meaningful names for

variables in algorithms to improve the readability of the
algorithm or program.
In the tea-making algorithm, plain English was used. It has been
shown how variable names may be used for some of the
algorithm variables

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 NAMING OF VARIABLES
ALGORITHM IN PLAIN ENGLISH ALGORITHM USING VARIABLE NAMES

1. If the kettle does not contain water, then fill the kettle. 1. If kettle_empty then fill the kettle.

2. Plug the kettle into the power point and switch it on. 2. Plug the kettle into the power point and switch it on.

3. If the teapot is not empty, then empty the teapot. 3. If teapot_not_empty then empty the teapot.

4. Place tea leaves in the teapot. 4. Place tea leaves in the teapot.

5. If the water in the kettle is not boiling then go to

5. If water_not_boiling then go to step 2.
step 2.

6. Switch off the kettle. 6. Switch off the kettle.

7. Pour water from the kettle into the teapot. 7. Pour water from the kettle into the teapot.
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4 SUBROUTINES
 ACTIVITY
Write or formulate a step-form algorithm based on
daily routines or activities. E.g. Cooking a Ramen,
Watch a Netflix Show/Movie, Watch a Movie in
Theater, Buying Vegetables to the Market, etc.

Your algorithm must contain at least ten (10) steps.

Put it in a New MS Word Document and save using the

file name CS112_Algorithm_YourFullName

Don’t forget to type in your full name and section.

To submit, open the google drive link

https://tinyurl.com/CS112Act, create a new folder as
your Full Name and upload your work.
 Example: BUYING A PEN
1. Get dressed to the market.
2. Check your wallet for money.
3. If there is no money in the wallet, replenish it.
4. Go to the shop.
5. Ask for your favorite brand of pen.
6. If pen is not available, go to step 10, else go to
step 7.
7. Give money to the shopkeeper.
8. Keep the purchased pen safely.
9. Go back home.
10. Ask for any other brand of pen.
11. Go to Step 7.