Introduction to Software Engineering

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What is Software Engineering?

• The establishment and use of sound

engineering principles in order to obtain
economically software that is reliable and
works efficiently on real machines.

• As defined in IEEE Standard 610.12:

– The application of a systematic, disciplined,
quantifiable approach to the development,
operation, and maintenance of software; that is,
the application of engineering to software. 2
An Opinion

• These definitions are really pretty good

• But they are descriptive, not prescriptive

– They do not say how to do anything
– They just say what qualities S.E. should have
– As a result many people understand SE differently

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What is Software Engineering?

• Often compared to civil engineering

– E.g., building a bridge
• A surprisingly good analogy
– Size matters: a dog house vs. a skyscraper
– Team effort with careful planning
– Similar difficulties to change a given design
– Many terms come from this metaphor:
• building, scaffolding, architecture, components, …

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What is particular about engineering?

• Any ideas?

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What is particular about engineering?

• Many aspects, just some:

– If you manage to get something to work, remember
for next time
– If something does not work, carefully analyze why
and remember the pitfalls
– Many products have a history of previous versions
that get improved, don’t start from scratch unless
necessary
– Use standard components with known properties
– Work & Quality Assessment documented 6

– Extensive testing of prototypes before production

Software Engineering vs. Civil Engineering

• But software building often cannot leverage

components
– “Computing is the only profession in which a single
mind is obliged to span the distance from a bit to a
few hundred megabytes, or nine orders of
magnitude.” Steve McConnell, “Code Complete”

• Physics guides civil engineering

– “Einstein argued that there must be a simple
explanation of nature, because God is not capricious
or arbitrary. No such faith comforts the software
engineer.”
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Software: Axis of variability

• Size
• How humans interact with it
• Requirements stability/knowledge
• Need for reliability
• Need for security
• Portability
• Cost

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Microsoft Word

• Size:
• Interactiveness:
• Requirements:
• Reliability:
• Security:
• Portability:
• Cost:

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Microsoft Word

• Size: large
• Interactiveness: high
• Requirements: frequent new features
• Reliability: moderate
• Security: low
• Portability: high
• Cost: high

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Space shuttle software

• Size:
• Interactiveness:
• Requirements:
• Reliability:
• Security:
• Portability:
• Cost:

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Space shuttle software

• Size: large
• Interactiveness: low
• Requirements: stable
• Reliability: very high
• Security: low
• Portability: low
• Cost: high

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eBay software

• Size:
• Interactiveness:
• Requirements:
• Reliability:
• Security:
• Portability:
• Cost:

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eBay software

• Size: moderate
• Interactiveness: high
• Requirements: frequent new features
• Reliability: moderate
• Security: high
• Portability: low
• Cost: low

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Sample Sizes

How many lines of code in…

OS X
86 million
http://www.engadget.com/2006/08/07/live-from-wwdc-2006-
steve-jobs-keynote/
Windows XP
40 million
http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/
Open Office
> 10 million
http://www.ohloh.net/p/openoffice/analyses/latest
Eclipse
> 10 million
http://www.ohloh.net/p/eclipse/analyses/latest
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 Size doesn’t matter?

6 frequently mentioned
reasons for project
failure:
Functionality issues
Substantially late
Quality issues
High cost variance
Canceled after launch
Rejected or not
implemented for other
reasons
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from http://thisiswhatgoodlookslike.com/2012/06/10/gartner-survey-shows-why-projects-fail/
 Software vs. Hardware Reliability Curve

Hardware

wear • Hardware wears out

Defects

Time

Software • Software changes

actual
– or its environment
changes changes
ideal – called “bit-rot”
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Software Engineering Myths: Management

• “We have books with rules. Isn’t that

everything my people need?”
– Which book do you think is perfect for you?
• “If we fall behind, we add more programmers”
– “Adding people to a late software project, makes it
later” – Fred Brooks (The Mythical Man Month)
• “We can outsource it”
– If you do not know how to manage and control it
internally, you will struggle to do this with
outsiders 16
Software Engineering Myths: Customer

• “We can refine the requirements later”

– A recipe for disaster.
• “The good thing about software is that we can
change it later easily”
– As time passes, cost of changes grows rapidly

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Software Engineering Myths: Practitioner

• “Let’s write the code, so we’ll be done faster”

– “The sooner you begin writing code, the longer it’ll
take to finish”
– 60-80% of effort is expended after first delivery
• “Until I finish it, I cannot assess its quality”
– Software and design reviews are more effective
than testing (find 5 times more bugs)
• “There is no time for software engineering”
– But is there time to redo the software?
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My List: What is Software Engineering For?

• We want to build a system

• How will we know the system works?

• How do we develop a system efficiently?

– Minimize time
– Minimize costs
– Minimize …
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Problem 1: How Do We Know It Works?

• Buggy software is a huge problem

– But you likely already know that

• Defects in software are commonplace

– Much more common than in other engineering
disciplines

• Examples
– (your exploration of recent IT disasters)

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• This is not inevitable---we can do better!
What is It?

• But how do we know behavior is a bug?

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Software Bug => Space Disaster

• Ariane 5 Space mission

• $7, 000, 000, 000
• 10 Years in the making
• 40 seconds after take
off the rocket exploded

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Software Bug => Space Disaster

Attempt to cram a 64-floating point

number to a 16-bit integer failed
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 AT&T long distance service failed for 9 hours

• On January 15, 1990, /* ``C'' Fragment to Illustrate AT&T

Defect */
one of AT&T's #4ESS
toll switching systems in
New York City do {
experienced an switch expression {
...
intermittent failure that case (value):
caused a major service if (logical) {
some statements
outage. break;
}
• Wrong BREAK else
statement in C-Code {
some statements
• Complete coverage could }
have revealed this bug more statements
during testing case (value2):
… 24
Reference: ACM SIGSOFT, Software Engineering Notes, Vol. 15, No. 2, Page 11ff, April 1990 }
…
} while (expression)
Software Bugs: Cause of Deaths

• Several deaths of cancer patients were due to

overdoses of radiation resulting from a race
condition between concurrent tasks in the
Therac-25 software.

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180 Degree Bug

Torpedoes, that deviate more than 90

degrees, explode to avoid self destruction
of the ship.

Once upon a time a ship fired a torpedo

but the torpedo was jammed in the tube.
Then the captain gave the command: Let's
turn around and return to the harbor!
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... No, they did not live happily ever after.
What is It?

• But how do we know behavior is a bug?

• Because we have some separate specification

of what the program must do
– Separate from the code

• Thus, knowing whether the code works

requires us first to define what “works” means
– A specification 27
Teams and Specifications

• Do we really need to write specifications?

• People will
– Discuss what to do
– Divide up the work
– Implement incompatible components
– Be surprised when it doesn’t all just work together

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What Can We Do?

• Write specifications
– Write down what it is supposed to do
– Make sure everyone understands it
– Keep the specification up to date

• This does not solve the problem completely

– There are always ambiguities, contradictions
– These lead to bugs
– But the problem is reduced to manageable size
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Summary of Problem #1

• A specification allows us to:

– Check whether software works
– Build software in teams at all

• Actually checking that software works is hard

– Code reviews
– Static analysis tools
– Testing and more testing
– We will examine this problem closely
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Problem #2: How Do We Code Efficiently?

• Assume we want to minimize time

– Usually the case
– Time-to-market exerts great pressure in software

• How can we code faster?

– Obvious answer: Hire more programmers!

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Parallel Development

• How many programmers can we keep busy?

– As many as there are independent tasks

• People can work on different modules

– Thus we get parallelism
– And save time

• What are the pitfalls?

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Pitfalls of Parallel Development

• The problems are the same as in parallel computing

• More people = more communication

– Which is hard

• Individual tasks must not be too fine-grain

– Increases communication overhead further

• Inherent sequential constraints

– E.g., pipeline architecture 43
Interfaces

• The chunks of work must be independent

– But work together in the final system

• We need interfaces between the components

– To isolate them from one another
– To ensure that the final system works

• The interfaces must not change (much)!

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Defining Interfaces

• What are interfaces?

• They are just specifications!

• But of a special kind

– Interfaces are the boundaries between components
• And people

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Defining Interfaces

• Specifying interfaces is most important

– Interfaces should not change a lot
– Effort must be spent ensuring everyone
understands the interfaces
– Both things require preplanning and time

• But often we can stop at specifying interfaces

– Let individual programmers handle the internals
themselves
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Software Architecture

• To define interfaces, we must decompose a

system into separate pieces with boundaries

• How do we do this?

• Your thoughts

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My Opinions

The decomposition of a system is driven by:

– What it does

– How we build it

– Who builds it

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Decomposition: What the System Does

• The application itself often dictates natural

decomposition

• A compiler is a pipeline consisting of

– Lexer
– Parser
– Type checker
– Optimizer
– Etc. 49
Decomposition: How We Build It

• Buildings need scaffolding during construction

• So does software!

• Two areas in particular:

– Lots of extra code that is not really part of the final product
– Influence of third-party subsystems

• Test harnesses, stubs, ways of building and running

partial systems
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Decomposition: Who Builds It

• Software architecture reflects the structure

of the organization that builds it

• Often, 5 developers = 5 components

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Summary of Problem #2

• Efficient development requires

– Decomposing system into pieces
– Good interfaces between pieces

• The pieces should be large

– Don’t try to break up into too many pieces

• Interfaces are specifications of boundaries

– Must be well thought-out and well communicated
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 Conclusions

• Software engineering boils down to several

issues:
– Specification: Know what you want to do
– Design: Develop an efficient plan for doing it
– Programming: Do it
– Validation: Check that you have got what you wanted
• Specifications are important
– To even define what you want to do
– To ensure everyone understands the plan
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Conclusions (Cont.)

• Is that all?

• NO!

• Why?
– Because specifications do change!
– Because you were wrong about what you wanted
– Because the world changes
– We’ll talk about this next time . . . 54
Caveats in This Course

• CS Professors usually good at well-defined

technical problems

• May not be great at ill-defined non-technical

problems

• Take everything in this class with a pinch of

salt
– Ultimately, the most important things you learn 55are
those you learn through experience
Acknowledgements

• Many slides courtesy of Rupak Majumdar

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