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Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes. Voltage is the work required to move a coulomb of charge between two points and is measured in volts. Power is the rate of energy transfer and is calculated as the product of voltage and current. Kirchhoff's Current Law states the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero. These laws along with Ohm's Law allow analysis of circuits to find unknown voltages and currents.

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Youssef Hossam
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8 views20 pages

2

Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes. Voltage is the work required to move a coulomb of charge between two points and is measured in volts. Power is the rate of energy transfer and is calculated as the product of voltage and current. Kirchhoff's Current Law states the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Kirchhoff's Voltage Law states the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero. These laws along with Ohm's Law allow analysis of circuits to find unknown voltages and currents.

Uploaded by

Youssef Hossam
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Recap

Current and Charge

Current is the rate of charge flow:


1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second (or 1 A = 1 C/s)
Voltage

n When 1 J of work is required


to move 1 C of charge from
A to B, there is a voltage of
1 volt between A and B.

n Voltage (V or v) across an
element requires both a
magnitude and a polarity.

n Example: (a)=(b), (c)=(d)


Power: P = V x I

The power required to push


a current i (C/s) into a
voltage v (J/C) is P = VI ( J/s
= W).

When power is positive, the


element is absorbing energy.

When power is negative, the


element is supplying energy.
Nodes, Paths, Loops, Branches

n These two networks are equivalent


n There are three nodes and five branches
n A path is a sequence of nodes
n A loop is a closed (circular) path

more
Resistance
Ohm’s Law: Resistance

n A (linear) resistor is an element for which


V=RxI
n where the constant R is called resistance
n The equation is known as “Ohm’s Law.”
n The unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω).

Bec, resistor always absorbs, so it has to have the +


side in the same direction as the current.
more more
Power Absorption

Resistors absorb power: since V=RI


You can dreive the other two by ohm’s law
V2
P = VI = = I 2R
R
Positive power means the device is absorbing energy.
Power is always positive for a resistor!

more
Open and Short Circuits
n An open circuit between A and B means i=0.
n Voltage across an open circuit: any value.
n An open circuit is equivalent to R = ∞ Ω.

n A short circuit between A and B means v=0.


n Current through a short circuit: any value.
n A short circuit is equivalent to R = 0 Ω.

more
Voltage and current laws
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

KCL: The algebraic sum of the currents


entering any node is zero.

iA + iB + (−iC) + (−iD) = 0
more
KCL: Alternative Forms
.

n Current IN is zero:
iA + iB + (−iC) + (−iD) = 0

n Current OUT is zero:


(-iA )+ (-iB ) + iC + iD = 0

n Current IN=OUT:
iA+ iB = iC + iD
Example of KCL Application
Find the current through resistor R3 if it is known that
the voltage source supplies a current of 3 A.

Answer: i =6 A
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltages around


any closed path is zero.

(-v1 )+ (v2 )+ (−v3 ) = 0


more
KVL: Alternative Forms
n Sum of RISES is zero (clockwise from B):
v1 +(- v2 ) + v3 = 0

n Sum of DROPS is zero (clockwise from B):


(- v1) + v2 + (- v3 ) = 0

n Two paths, same


voltage (A to B):
v1 = v2 + (- v3)
Example: Applying KVL
Find vR2 (the voltage across R2) and the voltage vx.

Answer: vR2 = 32 V and vx= 6 V.


Applying KVL, KCL, Ohm’s Law

Example: find the current ix and the voltage vx

Answer: vx= 12 V and ix =120 mA


Applying KVL, KCL, Ohm’s Law

Solve for the voltage vx and the current ix

Answer: vx=8 V and ix= 1 A


More examples

simple example

medium example

medium example

harder example

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