What is view state and use of it?

The current property settings of an ASP.NET page and those of any ASP.NET server controls
contained within the page. ASP.NET can detect when a form is requested for the first time versus
when the form is posted (sent to the server), which allows you to program accordingly.

What are user controls and custom controls?

Custom controls:
A control authored by a user or a third-party software vendor that does not belong to the .NET
Framework class library. This is a generic term that includes user controls. A custom server
control is used in Web Forms (ASP.NET pages). A custom client control is used in Windows
Forms applications.

User Controls:
In ASP.NET: A user-authored server control that enables an ASP.NET page to be re-used as a
server control. An ASP.NET user control is authored declaratively and persisted as a text file with
an .ascx extension. The ASP.NET page framework compiles a user control on the fly to a class
that derives from the System.Web.UI.UserControl class.

What are the validation controls?

A set of server controls included with ASP.NET that test user input in HTML and Web server
controls for programmer-defined requirements. Validation controls perform input checking
in server code. If the user is working with a browser that supports DHTML, the validation controls
can also perform validation using client script.

What's the difference between Response.Write() andResponse.Output.Write()?

The latter one allows you to write formattedoutput.

What methods are fired during the page load? Init()

When the page is instantiated, Load() - when the page is loaded into server
memory,PreRender () - the brief moment before the page is displayed to the user as
HTML, Unload() - when page finishes loading.

Where does the Web page belong in the .NET Framework class hierarchy?
System.Web.UI.Page

Where do you store the information about the user's locale?

System.Web.UI.Page.Culture

What's the difference between Codebehind="MyCode.aspx.cs" and

Src="MyCode.aspx.cs"?
CodeBehind is relevant to Visual Studio.NET only.

What's a bubbled event?

When you have a complex control, likeDataGrid, writing an event processing routine for
each object (cell, button,row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up
their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.
Suppose you want a certain ASP.NET function executed on MouseOver over a certain button.

Where do you add an event handler?

It's the Attributesproperty, the Add function inside that property.
e.g. btnSubmit.Attributes.Add("onMouseOver","someClientCode();")

What data type does the RangeValidator control support?

Integer,String and Date.

What are the different types of caching?

Caching is a technique widely used in computing to increase performance by keeping frequently
accessed or expensive data in memory. In context of web application, caching is used to retain
the pages or data across HTTP requests and reuse them without the expense of recreating
them.ASP.NET has 3 kinds of caching strategiesOutput CachingFragment CachingData

CachingOutput Caching: Caches the dynamic output generated by a request. Some times it
is useful to cache the output of a website even for a minute, which will result in a
better performance. For caching the whole page the page should have OutputCache
directive.<%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="state" %>

Fragment Caching: Caches the portion of the page generated by the request. Some times it is
not practical to cache the entire page, in such cases we can cache a portion of page<%@
OutputCache Duration="120" VaryByParam="CategoryID;SelectedID"%>

Data Caching: Caches the objects programmatically. For data caching asp.net provides a
cache object for eg: cache["States"] = dsStates;

What do you mean by authentication and authorization?

Authentication is the process of validating a user on the credentials (username and password)
and authorization performs after authentication. After Authentication a user will be verified for
performing the various tasks, It access is limited it is known as authorization.

What are different types of directives in .NET?

@Page: Defines page-specific attributes used by the ASP.NET page parser and compiler. Can
be included only in .aspx files <%@ Page AspCompat="TRUE" language="C#" %>
@Control:Defines control-specific attributes used by the ASP.NET page parser and compiler.
Can be included only in .ascx files. <%@ Control Language="VB" EnableViewState="false" %>
@Import: Explicitly imports a namespace into a page or user control. The Import directive
cannot have more than one namespace attribute. To import multiple namespaces, use
multiple @Import directives. <% @ Import Namespace="System.web" %>
@Implements: Indicates that the current page or user control implements the specified .NET
framework interface.<%@ Implements Interface="System.Web.UI.IPostBackEventHandler" %>
@Register: Associates aliases with namespaces and class names for concise notation in
custom server control syntax.<%@ Register Tagprefix="Acme" Tagname="AdRotator"
Src="AdRotator.ascx" %>
@Assembly: Links an assembly to the current page during compilation, making all the
assembly's classes and interfaces available for use on the page. <%@ Assembly
Name="MyAssembly" %><%@ Assembly Src="MySource.vb" %>
@OutputCache: Declaratively controls the output caching policies of an ASP.NET page or a
user control contained in a page<%@ OutputCache Duration="#ofseconds" Location="Any |
Client | Downstream | Server | None" Shared="True | False" VaryByControl="controlname"
VaryByCustom="browser | customstring" VaryByHeader="headers"
VaryByParam="parametername" %>
@Reference: Declaratively indicates that another user control or page source file should
be dynamically compiled and linked against the page in which this directive is declared.

How do I debug an ASP.NET application that wasn't written with Visual Studio.NET and
that doesn't use code-behind?
Start the DbgClr debugger that comes with the .NET Framework SDK, open the file containing
the code you want to debug, and set your breakpoints. Start the ASP.NET application. Go back to
DbgClr, choose Debug Processes from the Tools menu, and select aspnet_wp.exe from the list
of processes. (If aspnet_wp.exe doesn't appear in the list,check the "Show system processes"
box.) Click the Attach button to attach to aspnet_wp.exe and begin debugging.
Be sure to enable debugging in the ASPX file before debugging it with DbgClr. You can enable
tell ASP.NET to build debug executables by placing a
<%@ Page Debug="true" %> statement at the top of an ASPX file or a <COMPILATION
debug="true" />statement in a Web.config file.

Can a user browsing my Web site read my Web.config or Global.asax files?

No. The <HTTPHANDLERS>section of Machine.config, which holds the master configuration
settings for ASP.NET, contains entries that map ASAX files, CONFIG files, and selected other file
types to an HTTP handler named HttpForbiddenHandler, which fails attempts to retrieve the
associated file. You can modify it by editing Machine.config or including an section in a local
Web.config file.

What's the difference between Page.RegisterClientScriptBlock and

Page.RegisterStartupScript?
RegisterClientScriptBlock is for returning blocks of client-side script containing functions.
RegisterStartupScript is for returning blocks of client-script not packaged in functions-in other
words, code that's to execute when the page is loaded. The latter positions script blocks near the
end of the document so elements on the page that the script interacts are loaded before the script
runs.<%@ Reference Control="MyControl.ascx" %>

Is it necessary to lock application state before accessing it?

Only if you're performing a multistep update and want the update to be treated as an atomic
operation. Here's an example:
Application.Lock ();
Application["ItemsSold"] = (int) Application["ItemsSold"] + 1;
Application["ItemsLeft"] = (int) Application["ItemsLeft"] - 1;
Application.UnLock ();
By locking application state before updating it and unlocking it afterwards, you ensure that
another request being processed on another thread doesn't read application state at exactly the
wrong time and see an inconsistent view of it. If I update session state, should I lock it, too? Are
concurrent accesses by multiple requests executing on multiple threads a concern with session
state?
Concurrent accesses aren't an issue with session state, for two reasons. One, it's unlikely that
two requests from the same user will overlap. Two, if they do overlap, ASP.NET locks down
session state during request processing so that two threads can't touch it at once. Session state
is locked down when the HttpApplication instance that's processing the request fires an
AcquireRequestState event and unlocked when it fires a ReleaseRequestState event.

Do ASP.NET forms authentication cookies provide any protection against replay attacks? Do they,
for example, include the client's IP address or anything else that would distinguish the real client
from an attacker?
No. If an authentication cookie is stolen, it can be used by an attacker. It's up to you to prevent
this from happening by using an encrypted communications channel (HTTPS). Authentication
cookies issued as session cookies, do, however,include a time-out valid that limits their
lifetime. So a stolen session cookie can only be used in replay attacks as long as the ticket inside
the cookie is valid. The default time-out interval is 30 minutes.You can change that by modifying
the timeout attribute accompanying the <forms> element in Machine.config or a local Web.config
file. Persistent authentication cookies do not time-out and therefore are a more serious security
threat if stolen.

How do I send e-mail from an ASP.NET application?

MailMessage message = new MailMessage ();

message.From = <email>;
message.To = <email>;
message.Subject = "Scheduled Power Outage";
message.Body = "Our servers will be down tonight.";
 SmtpMail.SmtpServer = "localhost";
SmtpMail.Send (message);

MailMessage and SmtpMail are classes defined in the .NET Framework Class Library's
System.Web.Mail namespace. Due to a security change made to ASP.NET just before it shipped,
you need to set SmtpMail's SmtpServer property to "localhost" even though "localhost" is the
default. In addition, you must use the IIS configuration applet to enable localhost (127.0.0.1) to
relay messages through the local SMTP service.

What are VSDISCO files?

VSDISCO files are DISCO files that support dynamic discovery of Web services. If you place the
following VSDISCO file in a directory on your Web server, for example, it returns references to
all ASMX and DISCO files in the host directory and any subdirectories not noted in
<exclude> elements:
<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<dynamicDiscovery
xmlns="urn:schemas-dynamicdiscovery:disco.2000-03-17">
<exclude path="_vti_cnf" />
<exclude path="_vti_pvt" />
<exclude path="_vti_log" />
<exclude path="_vti_script" />
<exclude path="_vti_txt" />
</dynamicDiscovery>

How does dynamic discovery work?

ASP.NET maps the file name extension VSDISCO to an HTTP handler that scans the host
directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a dynamically generated
DISCO document. A client who requests a VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static
DISCO document.
Note that VSDISCO files are disabled in the release version of ASP.NET. You can reenable them
by uncommenting the line in the <httpHandlers> section of Machine.config that maps *.vsdisco
to System.Web.Services.Discovery.DiscoveryRequestHandler and granting the ASPNET user
account permission to read the IIS metabase. However, Microsoft is actively discouraging the use
of VSDISCO files because they could represent a threat to Web server security.

Is it possible to prevent a browser from caching an ASPX page?

Just call SetNoStore on the HttpCachePolicy object exposed through the Response object's
Cache property, as demonstrated here:

<%@ Page Language="C#" %>

<html>
<body>
<%
Response.Cache.SetNoStore ();
Response.Write (DateTime.Now.ToLongTimeString ());
%>
</body>
</html>

SetNoStore works by returning a Cache-Control: private, no-store header in the HTTP response.
In this example, it prevents caching of a Web page that shows the current time.

What does AspCompat="true" mean and when should I use it?

AspCompat is an aid in migrating ASP pages to ASPX pages. It defaults to false but should be set
to true in any ASPX file that creates apartment-threaded COM objects--that is, COM objects
registered ThreadingModel=Apartment. That includes all COM objects written with Visual Basic
6.0. AspCompat should also be set to true (regardless of threading model) if the page creates
COM objects that access intrinsic ASP objects such as Request and Response. The following
directive sets AspCompat to true:

<%@ Page AspCompat="true" %>

Setting AspCompat to true does two things. First, it makes intrinsic ASP objects available to
the COM components by placing unmanaged wrappers around the equivalent ASP.NET objects.
Second, it improves the performance of calls that the page places to apartment- threaded COM
objects by ensuring that the page (actually, the thread that processes the request for the page)
and the COM objects it creates share an apartment. AspCompat="true" forces ASP.NET request
threads into single-threaded apartments (STAs). If those threads create COM objects marked
ThreadingModel=Apartment, then the objects are created in the same STAs as the threads that
created them. Without AspCompat="true," request threads run in a multithreaded apartment
(MTA) and each call to an STA-based COM object incurs a performance hit when it's marshaled
across apartment boundaries.

Do not set AspCompat to true if your page uses no COM objects or if it uses COM objects that
don't access ASP intrinsic objects and that are registered ThreadingModel=Free or
ThreadingModel=Both.

Explain the differences between Server-side and Client-side code?

Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and interpreted as
needed. ASP doesn't have some of the functionality like sockets, uploading, etc. For these you
have to make a custom components usually in VB or VC++. Client side scripting means that the
script will be executed immediately in the browser such as form field validation, clock, email
validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in VBScript or JavaScript. Download time,
browser compatibility, and visible code - since JavaScript and VBScript code is included in the
HTML page, then anyone can see the code by viewing the page source. Also a possible security
hazards for the client computer.

What type of code (server or client) is found in a Code-Behind class?

C#

Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why?
Client-side validation because there is no need to request a server side date when you could
obtain a date from the client machine.

What are ASP.NET Web Forms? How is this technology different than what is available
though ASP?
Web Forms are the heart and soul of ASP.NET. Web Forms are the User Interface (UI) elements
that give your Web applications their look and feel. Web Forms are similar to Windows Forms in
that they provide properties, methods, and events for the controls that are placed onto them.
However, these UI elements render themselves in the appropriate markup language required by
the request, e.g. HTML. If you use Microsoft Visual Studio .NET, you will also get the familiar
drag-and-drop interface used to create your UI for your Web application.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I

choose one over the other?
In earlier versions of IIS, if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had
was Response.Redirect. While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important
drawbacks. The biggest problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a
separate transaction. Besides making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity,
Response.Redirect introduces some additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation
of code. Second, you lose access to all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are
workarounds, but they're difficult. Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the
client, which, on high-volume sites, causes scalability problems.
As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It does this by performing the
transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.

How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

AlternatingItemTemplate Like the ItemTemplate element, but rendered for every other row
(alternating items) in the Repeater control. You can specify a different appearance for the
AlternatingItemTemplate element by setting its style properties.

Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
ItemTemplate

What event handlers can I include in Global.asax?

Application_Start,Application_End, Application_AcquireRequestState,
Application_AuthenticateRequest, Application_AuthorizeRequest, Application_BeginRequest,
Application_Disposed, Application_EndRequest, Application_Error,
Application_PostRequestHandlerExecute, Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute,
Application_PreSendRequestContent, Application_PreSendRequestHeaders,
Application_ReleaseRequestState, Application_ResolveRequestCache,
Application_UpdateRequestCache, Session_Start,Session_End
You can optionally include "On" in any of method names. For example, you can name a
BeginRequest event handler.Application_BeginRequest or Application_OnBeginRequest.You can
also include event handlers in Global.asax for events fired by custom HTTP modules.Note that
not all of the event handlers make sense for Web Services (they're designed for ASP.NET
applications in general, whereas .NET XML Web Services are specialized instances of an
ASP.NET app). For example, the Application_AuthenticateRequest and
Application_AuthorizeRequest events are designed to be used with ASP.NET Forms
authentication.

What is different b/w webconfig.xml & Machineconfig.xml

Web.config & machine.config both are configuration files.Web.config contains settings specific to
an application where as machine.config contains settings to a computer. The Configuration
system first searches settings in machine.config file & then looks in application configuration
files.Web.config, can appear in multiple directories on an ASP.NET Web application server. Each
Web.config file applies configuration settings to its own directory and all child directories below it.
There is only Machine.config file on a web server.

If I'm developing an application that must accomodate multiple security levels though secure login
and my ASP.NET web appplication is spanned across three web-servers (using round-robbin load
balancing) what would be the best approach to maintain login-in state for the users?
Use the state server or store the state in the database. This can be easily done through simple
setting change in the web.config.
<SESSIONSTATE
StateConnectionString="tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424"
sqlConnectionString="data source=127.0.0.1; user id=sa; password="
cookieless="false"
timeout="30"
/>

You can specify mode as “stateserver” or “sqlserver”.

Where would you use an iHTTPModule, and what are the limitations of any approach you might
take in implementing one
"One of ASP.NET's most useful features is the extensibility of the HTTP pipeline, the path that
data takes between client and server. You can use them to extend your ASP.NET applications by
adding pre- and post-processing to each HTTP request coming into your application. For
example, if you wanted custom authentication facilities for your application, the best technique
would be to intercept the request when it comes in and process the request in a custom HTTP
module.

How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?
Since no Page Level directive is present, I am afraid that cant be done.

How do you create a permanent cookie?

Permanent cookies are available until a specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard
disk.So Set the 'Expires' property any value greater than DataTime.MinValue with respect to the
current datetime. If u want the cookie which never expires set its Expires property equal to
DateTime.maxValue.

Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round
trip to the client?
Server.Transfer and Server.Execute

What property do you have to set to tell the grid which page to go to when using the Pager
object?
CurrentPageIndex

Should validation (did the user enter a real date) occur server-side or client-side? Why?
It should occur both at client-side and Server side.By using expression validator control with the
specified expression ie.. the regular expression provides the facility of only validatating the date
specified is in the correct format or not. But for checking the date where it is the real data or not
should be done at the server side, by getting the system date ranges and checking the date
whether it is in between that range or not.

What does the "EnableViewState" property do? Why would I want it on or off?
Enable ViewState turns on the automatic state management feature that enables server controls
to re-populate their values on a round trip without requiring you to write any code. This feature is
not free however, since the state of a control is passed to and from the server in a hidden form
field. You should be aware of when ViewState is helping you and when it is not. For example, if
you are binding a control to data on every round trip, then you do not need the control to maintain
it's view state, since you will wipe out any re-populated data in any case. ViewState is enabled for
all server controls by default. To disable it, set the EnableViewState property of the control to
false.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect? Why would I

choose one over the other?
Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of
the requested page. Data can be persist accros the pages using Context.Item collection, which is
one of the best way to transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive.

Response.Dedirect() :client know the physical location (page name and query string as well).
Context.Items loses the persisitance when nevigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS,
if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect.
While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest
problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides
making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some
additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to
all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they're difficult.
Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites,
causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It
does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.

Can you give an example of when it would be appropriate to use a web service as opposed
to a non-serviced .NET component?

• Communicating through a Firewall When building a distributed application with

100s/1000s of users spread over multiple locations, there is always the problem of
communicating between client and server because of firewalls and proxy servers.
Exposing your middle tier components as Web Services and invoking the directly from a
Windows UI is a very valid option.
• Application Integration When integrating applications written in various languages and
running on disparate systems. Or even applications running on the same platform that
have been written by separate vendors.
• Business-to-Business Integration This is an enabler for B2B intergtation which allows one
to expose vital business processes to authorized supplier and customers. An example
would be exposing electronic ordering and invoicing, allowing customers to send you
purchase orders and suppliers to send you invoices electronically.
• Software Reuse This takes place at multiple levels. Code Reuse at the Source code level
or binary componet-based resuse. The limiting factor here is that you can reuse the code
but not the data behind it. Webservice overcome this limitation. A scenario could be when
you are building an app that aggregates the functionality of serveral other Applicatons.
Each of these functions could be performed by individual apps, but there is value in
perhaps combining the the multiple apps to present a unifiend view in a Portal or
Intranet.
• When not to use Web Services: Single machine Applicatons When the apps are running
on the same machine and need to communicate with each other use a native API. You
also have the options of using component technologies such as COM or .NET
Componets as there is very little overhead.
• Homogeneous Applications on a LAN If you have Win32 or Winforms apps that want to
communicate to their server counterpart. It is much more efficient to use DCOM in the
case of Win32 apps and .NET Remoting in the case of .NET Apps

Can you give an example of what might be best suited to place in the Application_Start
and Session_Start subroutines?
The Application_Start event is guaranteed to occur only once throughout the lifetime of the
application. It's a good place to initialize global variables. For example, you might want to retrieve
a list of products from a database table and place the list in application state or the Cache object.
SessionStateModule exposes both Session_Start and Session_End events.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewstate?

The primary advantages of the ViewState feature in ASP.NET are:

1. Simplicity. There is no need to write possibly complex code to store form data between page
submissions.
2. Flexibility. It is possible to enable, configure, and disable ViewState on a control-by-control
basis, choosing to persist the values of some fields but not others.

There are, however a few disadvantages that are worth pointing out:
1. Does not track across pages. ViewState information does not automatically transfer from page
to page. With the session
approach, values can be stored in the session and accessed from other pages. This is not
possible with ViewState, so storing
data into the session must be done explicitly.

2. ViewState is not suitable for transferring data for back-end systems. That is, data still has to be
transferred to the back
end using some form of data object.

Describe session handling in a webfarm, how does it work and what are the limits?
ASP.NET Session supports storing of session data in 3 ways, i] in In-Process ( in the same
memory that ASP.NET uses) , ii] out-of-process using Windows NT Service )in separate memory
from ASP.NET ) or iii] in SQL Server (persistent storage). Both the Windows Service and SQL
Server solution support a webfarm scenario where all the web-servers can be configured to share
common session state store.

1. Windows Service :
We can start this service by Start | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services | . In that we
service names ASP.NET State Service. We can start or stop service by manually or configure to
start automatically. Then we have to configure our web.config file

<CONFIGURATION><configuration>
<system.web>
<SessionState
mode = “StateServer”
stateConnectionString = “tcpip=127.0.0.1:42424”
stateNetworkTimeout = “10”
sqlConnectionString=”data source = 127.0.0.1; uid=sa;pwd=”
cookieless =”Flase”
timeout= “20” />
</system.web>
</configuration> </SYSTEM.WEB>
</CONFIGURATION>
Here ASP.Net Session is directed to use Windows Service for state management on local server
(address : 127.0.0.1 is TCP/IP loop-back address). The default port is 42424. we can configure to
any port but for that we have to manually edit the registry.
Follow these simple steps
- In a webfarm make sure you have the same config file in all your web servers.
- Also make sure your objects are serializable.
- For session state to be maintained across different web servers in the webfarm, the application
path of the web-site in the IIS Metabase should be identical in all the web-servers in the webfarm.

Which template must you provide, in order to display data in a Repeater control?
You have to use the ItemTemplate to Display data. Syntax is as follows,
< ItemTemplate >
< div class =”rItem” >
< img src=”images/<%# Container.DataItem(“ImageURL”)%>” hspace=”10” />
< b > <% # Container.DataItem(“Title”)%>
< /div >
< ItemTemplate >

How can you provide an alternating color scheme in a Repeater control?

Using the AlternatintItemTemplate
What property must you set, and what method must you call in your code, in order to bind
the data from some data source to the Repeater control?
Set the DataMember property to the name of the table to bind to. (If this property is not set, by
default the first table in the dataset is used.)
DataBind method, use this method to bind data from a source to a server control. This method is
commonly used after retrieving a data set through a database query.

What method do you use to explicitly kill a user s session?

You can dump (Kill) the session yourself by calling the method Session.Abandon.

ASP.NET automatically deletes a user's Session object, dumping its contents, after it has been
idle for a configurable timeout interval. This interval, in minutes, is set in the
<SESSIONSTATE>section of the web.config file. The default is 20 minutes.

How do you turn off cookies for one page in your site?
Use Cookie.Discard property, Gets or sets the discard flag set by the server. When true, this
property instructs the client application not to save the Cookie on the user's hard disk when a
session ends.

Which two properties are on every validation control?

We have two common properties for every validation controls
1. Control to Validate,
2. Error Message.

What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually?

< asp:DataGrid id="dgCart" AutoGenerateColumns="False" CellPadding="4" Width="448px"

runat="server" >
< Columns >
< asp:ButtonColumn HeaderText="SELECT" Text="SELECT" CommandName="select" ><
/asp:ButtonColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductId" HeaderText="Product ID" >< /asp:BoundColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="ProductName" HeaderText="Product Name" ><
/asp:BoundColumn >
< asp:BoundColumn DataField="UnitPrice" HeaderText="UnitPrice" >< /asp:BoundColumn >
< /Columns >
< /asp:DataGrid >

How do you create a permanent cookie?

Permanent cookies are the ones that are most useful. Permanent cookies are available until a
specified expiration date, and are stored on the hard disk. The location of cookies differs with
each browser, but this doesn’t matter, as this is all handled by your browser and the server. If you
want to create a permanent cookie called Name with a value of Nigel, which expires in one
month, you’d use the following code
Response.Cookies ("Name") = "Nigel"
Response.Cookies ("Name"). Expires = DateAdd ("m", 1, Now ())

What tag do you use to add a hyperlink column to the DataGrid?

< asp:HyperLinkColumn > </ asp:HyperLinkColumn>

Which method do you use to redirect the user to another page without performing a round
trip to the client?
Server.transfer
What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service SOAP ?
HTTP Protocol

Explain role based security ?

Role Based Security lets you identify groups of users to allow or deny based on their role in the
organization.In Windows NT and Windows XP, roles map to names used to identify user groups.
Windows defines several built-in groups, including Administrators, Users, and Guests.To allow or
deny access to certain groups of users, add the <ROLES>element to the authorization list in your
Web application's Web.config file.e.g.
<AUTHORIZATION>< authorization >
< allow roles="Domain Name\Administrators" / > < !-- Allow Administrators in domain. -- >
< deny users="*" / > < !-- Deny anyone else. -- >
< /authorization >

How do you register JavaScript for webcontrols ?

You can register javascript for controls using <CONTROL -name>Attribtues.
Add(scriptname,scripttext) method.

When do you set "<IDENTITY impersonate="true" />" ?

Identity is a webconfig declaration under System.web, which helps to control the application
Identity of the web applicaton. Which can be at any level(Machine,Site,application,subdirectory,or
page), attribute impersonate with "true" as value specifies that client impersonation is used.

What are different templates available in Repeater,DataList and Datagrid ?

Templates enable one to apply complicated formatting to each of the items displayed by a
control.Repeater control supports five types of templates.HeaderTemplate controls how the
header of the repeater control is formatted.ItemTemplate controls the formatting of each item
displayed.AlternatingItemTemplate controls how alternate items are formatted and the
SeparatorTemplate displays a separator between each item displyed.FooterTemplate is used for
controlling how the footer of the repeater control is formatted.The DataList and Datagrid supports
two templates in addition to the above five.SelectedItem Template controls how a selected item
is formatted and EditItemTemplate controls how an item selected for editing is formatted.

What is ViewState ? and how it is managed ?

ASP.NET ViewState is a new kind of state service that developers can use to track UI state on a
per-user basis. Internally it uses an an old Web programming trick-roundtripping state in a hidden
form field and bakes it right into the page-processing framework.It needs less code to write and
maintain state in your Web-based forms.

What is web.config file ?

Web.config file is the configuration file for the Asp.net web application. There is one web.config
file for one asp.net application which configures
the particular application. Web.config file is written in XML with specific tags having specific
meanings.It includes databa which includes
connections,Session States,Error Handling,Security etc.
For example :

< configuration >

< appSettings >
< add key="ConnectionString"
value="server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=MyDB" / >
< /appSettings >
< /configuration >
What is advantage of viewstate and what are benefits?
When a form is submitted in classic ASP, all form values are cleared. Suppose you have
submitted a form with a lot of information and the server comes back with an error. You will have
to go back to the form and correct the information. You click the back button, and what
happens.......ALL form values are CLEARED, and you will have to start all over again! The site did
not maintain your ViewState.With ASP .NET, the form reappears in the browser window together
with all form values.This is because ASP .NET maintains your ViewState. The ViewState
indicates the status of the page when submitted to the server.

What tags do you need to add within the asp:datagrid tags to bind columns manually?
Set AutoGenerateColumns Property to false on the datagrid tag and then use Column tag and an
ASP:databound tag

< asp:DataGrid runat="server" id="ManualColumnBinding" AutoGenerateColumns="False" >

< Columns >
< asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column1" DataField="Column1"/ >
< asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column2" DataField="Column2"/ >
< /Columns >
< /asp:DataGrid >
<asp:DataGrid id=ManualColumnBinding runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="False">
<COLUMNS> <asp:BoundColumn HeaderText="Column2"
DataField="Column2"></asp:BoundColumn>
</asp:DataGrid>Which property on a Combo Box do you set with a column name, prior to
setting the DataSource, to display data in the combo box?
DataTextField and DataValueField

Which control would you use if you needed to make sure the values in two different
controls matched?
CompareValidator is used to ensure that two fields are identical.

What is validationsummary server control?where it is used?.

The ValidationSummary control allows you to summarize the error messages from all validation
controls on a Web page in a single location. The summary can be displayed as a list, a bulleted
list, or a single paragraph, based on the value of the DisplayMode property. The error message
displayed in the ValidationSummary control for each validation control on the page is specified by
the ErrorMessage property of each validation control. If the ErrorMessage property of the
validation control is not set, no error message is displayed in the ValidationSummary control for
that validation control. You can also specify a custom title in the heading section of the
ValidationSummary control by setting the HeaderText property.
You can control whether the ValidationSummary control is displayed or hidden by setting the
ShowSummary property. The summary can also be displayed in a message box by setting the
ShowMessageBox property to true.

What is the sequence of operation takes place when a page is loaded?

BeginTranaction - only if the request is transacted
Init - every time a page is processed
LoadViewState - Only on postback
ProcessPostData1 - Only on postback
Load - every time
ProcessData2 - Only on Postback
RaiseChangedEvent - Only on Postback
RaisePostBackEvent - Only on Postback
PreRender - everytime
BuildTraceTree - only if tracing is enabled
SaveViewState - every time
Render - Everytime
End Transaction - only if the request is transacted
Trace.EndRequest - only when tracing is enabled
UnloadRecursive - Every request

Difference between asp and asp.net?.

"ASP (Active Server Pages) and ASP.NET are both server side technologies for building web
sites and web applications, ASP.NET is Managed compiled code - asp is interpreted. and ASP.net
is fully Object oriented. ASP.NET has been entirely re-architected to provide a highly productive
programming experience based on the .NET Framework, and a robust infrastructure for building
reliable and scalable web
applications."

Name the validation control available in asp.net?.

RequiredField, RangeValidator,RegularExpression,Custom validator,compare Validator

What are the various ways of securing a web site that could prevent from hacking etc .. ?
1) Authentication/Authorization
2) Encryption/Decryption
3) Maintaining web servers outside the corporate firewall. etc.,

What is the difference between in-proc and out-of-proc?

An inproc is one which runs in the same process area as that of the client giving tha advantage of
speed but the disadvantage of stability becoz if it crashes it takes the client application also with
it.Outproc is one which works outside the clients memory thus giving stability to the client, but we
have to compromise a bit on speed.

When you’re running a component within ASP.NET, what process is it running within on
Windows XP? Windows 2000? Windows 2003?
On Windows 2003 (IIS 6.0) running in native mode, the component is running within the
w3wp.exe process associated with the application pool which has been configured for the web
application containing the component.

On Windows 2003 in IIS 5.0 emulation mode, 2000, or XP, it's running within the IIS helper
process whose name I do not remember, it being quite a while since I last used IIS 5.0.

What does aspnet_regiis -i do ?

Aspnet_regiis.exe is The ASP.NET IIS Registration tool allows an administrator or installation
program to easily update the script maps for an ASP.NET application to point to the ASP.NET
ISAPI version associated with the tool. The tool can also be used to display the status of all
installed versions of ASP. NET, register the ASP.NET version coupled with the tool, create client-
script directories, and perform other configuration operations.

When multiple versions of the .NET Framework are executing side-by-side on a single computer,
the ASP.NET ISAPI version mapped to an ASP.NET application determines which version of the
common language runtime is used for the application.

The tool can be launched with a set of optional parameters. Option "i" Installs the version of
ASP.NET associated with Aspnet_regiis.exe and updates the script maps at the IIS metabase root
and below. Note that only applications that are currently mapped to an earlier version of ASP.NET
are affected
What is a PostBack?
The process in which a Web page sends data back to the same page on the server.

What is ViewState? How is it encoded? Is it encrypted? Who uses ViewState?

ViewState is the mechanism ASP.NET uses to keep track of server control state values that don't
otherwise post back as part of the HTTP form. ViewState Maintains the UI State of a Page
ViewState is base64-encoded.
It is not encrypted but it can be encrypted by setting EnableViewStatMAC="true" & setting the
machineKey validation type to 3DES. If you want to NOT maintain the ViewState, include the
directive < %@ Page EnableViewState="false" % > at the top of an .aspx page or add the
attribute EnableViewState="false" to any control.

What is the < machinekey > element and what two ASP.NET technologies is it used for?
Configures keys to use for encryption and decryption of forms authentication cookie data and
view state data, and for verification of out-of-process session state identification.There fore 2
ASP.Net technique in which it is used are Encryption/Decryption & Verification

What three Session State providers are available in ASP.NET 1.1? What are the pros and
cons of each?
ASP.NET provides three distinct ways to store session data for your application: in-process
session state, out-of-process session state as a Windows service, and out-of-process session
state in a SQL Server database. Each has it advantages.

1.In-process session-state mode

Limitations:
* When using the in-process session-state mode, session-state data is lost if aspnet_wp.exe or
the application domain restarts.
* If you enable Web garden mode in the < processModel > element of the application's
Web.config file, do not use in-process session-state mode. Otherwise, random data loss can
occur.
Advantage:
* in-process session state is by far the fastest solution. If you are storing only small amounts of
volatile data in session state, it is recommended that you use the in-process provider.

2. The State Server simply stores session state in memory when in out-of-proc mode. In this
mode the worker process talks directly to the State Server

3. SQL mode, session states are stored in a SQL Server database and the worker process talks
directly to SQL. The ASP.NET worker processes are then able to take advantage of this simple
storage service by serializing and saving (using .NET serialization services) all objects within a
client's Session collection at the end of each Web request
Both these out-of-process solutions are useful primarily if you scale your application across
multiple processors or multiple computers, or where data cannot be lost if a server or process is
restarted.

What is the difference between HTTP-Post and HTTP-Get?

As their names imply, both HTTP GET and HTTP POST use HTTP as their underlying protocol.
Both of these methods encode request parameters as name/value pairs in the HTTP request.
The GET method creates a query string and appends it to the script's URL on the server that
handles the request.
The POST method creates a name/value pairs that are passed in the body of the HTTP request
message.
Name and describe some HTTP Status Codes and what they express to the requesting
client.
When users try to access content on a server that is running Internet Information Services (IIS)
through HTTP or File Transfer Protocol (FTP), IIS returns a numeric code that indicates the status
of the request. This status code is recorded in the IIS log, and it may also be displayed in the Web
browser or FTP client. The status code can indicate whether a particular request is successful or
unsuccessful and can also reveal the exact reason why a request is unsuccessful. There are 5
groups ranging from 1xx - 5xx of http status codes exists.
101 - Switching protocols.
200 - OK. The client request has succeeded
302 - Object moved.
400 - Bad request.
500.13 - Web server is too busy.

Explain < @OutputCache% > and the usage of VaryByParam, VaryByHeader.

OutputCache is used to control the caching policies of an ASP.NET page or user control. To
cache a page @OutputCache directive should be defined as follows < %@ OutputCache
Duration="100" VaryByParam="none" % >

VaryByParam: A semicolon-separated list of strings used to vary the output cache. By default,
these strings correspond to a query string value sent with GET method attributes, or a parameter
sent using the POST method. When this attribute is set to multiple parameters, the output cache
contains a different version of the requested document for each specified parameter. Possible
values include none, *, and any valid query string or POST parameter name.

VaryByHeader: A semicolon-separated list of HTTP headers used to vary the output cache. When
this attribute is set to multiple headers, the output cache contains a different version of the
requested document for each specified header.

What is the difference between repeater over datalist and datagrid?

The Repeater class is not derived from the WebControl class, like the DataGrid and DataList.
Therefore, the Repeater lacks the stylistic properties common to both the DataGrid and DataList.
What this boils down to is that if you want to format the data displayed in the Repeater, you must
do so in the HTML markup.
The Repeater control provides the maximum amount of flexibility over the HTML produced.
Whereas the DataGrid wraps the DataSource contents in an HTML < table >, and the DataList
wraps the contents in either an HTML < table > or < span > tags (depending on the DataList's
RepeatLayout property), the Repeater adds absolutely no HTML content other than what you
explicitly specify in the templates.
While using Repeater control, If we wanted to display the employee names in a bold font we'd
have to alter the "ItemTemplate" to include an HTML bold tag, Whereas with the DataGrid or
DataList, we could have made the text appear in a bold font by setting the control's ItemStyle-
Font-Bold property to True.
The Repeater's lack of stylistic properties can drastically add to the development time metric. For
example, imagine that you decide to use the Repeater to display data that needs to be bold,
centered, and displayed in a particular font-face with a particular background color. While all this
can be specified using a few HTML tags, these tags will quickly clutter the Repeater's templates.
Such clutter makes it much harder to change the look at a later date. Along with its increased
development time, the Repeater also lacks any built-in functionality to assist in supporting paging,
editing, or editing of data. Due to this lack of feature-support, the Repeater scores poorly on the
usability scale.
However, The Repeater's performance is slightly better than that of the DataList's, and is more
noticeably better than that of the DataGrid's. Following figure shows the number of requests per
second the Repeater could handle versus the DataGrid and DataList

Can we handle the error and redirect to some pages using web.config?

Yes, we can do this, but to handle errors, we must know the error codes; only then we can take
the user to a proper error message page, else it may confuse the user.
CustomErrors Configuration section in web.config file:
The default configuration is:
< customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" >
< error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / >
< /customErrors >
If mode is set to Off, custom error messages will be disabled. Users will receive detailed
exception error messages.
If mode is set to On, custom error messages will be enabled.
If mode is set to RemoteOnly, then users will receive custom errors, but users accessing the site
locally will receive detailed error messages.
Add an < error > tag for each error you want to handle. The error tag will redirect the user to the
Notfound.aspx page when the site returns the 404 (Page not found) error.

[Example]

There is a page MainForm.aspx

Private Sub Page_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles

MyBase.Load
'Put user code to initialize the page here
Dim str As System.Text.StringBuilder
str.Append("hi") ' Error Line as str is not instantiated
Response.Write(str.ToString)
End Sub

[Web.Config]

< customErrors mode="On" defaultRedirect="Error.aspx"/ >

' a simple redirect will take the user to Error.aspx [user defined] error file.

< customErrors mode="RemoteOnly" defaultRedirect="Customerror.aspx" >

< error statusCode="404" redirect="Notfound.aspx" / >
< /customErrors >
'This will take the user to NotFound.aspx defined in IIS.

How do you implement Paging in .Net?

The DataGrid provides the means to display a group of records from the data source (for
example, the first 10), and then navigate to the "page" containing the next 10 records, and so on
through the data.

Using Ado.Net we can explicit control over the number of records returned from the data source,
as well as how much data is to be cached locally in the DataSet.
1.Using DataAdapter.fill method give the value of 'Maxrecords' parameter
(Note: - Don't use it because query will return all records but fill the dataset based on value of
'maxrecords' parameter).
2.For SQL server database, combines a WHERE clause and a ORDER BY clause with TOP
predicate.
3.If Data does not change often just cache records locally in DataSet and just take some records
from the DataSet to display.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

Server.Transfer() : client is shown as it is on the requesting page only, but the all the content is of
the requested page. Data can be persist across the pages using Context.Item collection, which is
one of the best way to transfer data from one page to another keeping the page state alive.

Response.Dedirect() :client knows the physical location (page name and query string as well).
Context.Items loses the persistence when navigate to destination page. In earlier versions of IIS,
if we wanted to send a user to a new Web page, the only option we had was Response.Redirect.
While this method does accomplish our goal, it has several important drawbacks. The biggest
problem is that this method causes each page to be treated as a separate transaction. Besides
making it difficult to maintain your transactional integrity, Response.Redirect introduces some
additional headaches. First, it prevents good encapsulation of code. Second, you lose access to
all of the properties in the Request object. Sure, there are workarounds, but they're difficult.
Finally, Response.Redirect necessitates a round trip to the client, which, on high-volume sites,
causes scalability problems. As you might suspect, Server.Transfer fixes all of these problems. It
does this by performing the transfer on the server without requiring a roundtrip to the client.
Response.Redirect sends a response to the client browser instructing it to request the second
page. This requires a round-trip to the client, and the client initiates the Request for the second
page. Server.Transfer transfers the process to the second page without making a round-trip to the
client. It also transfers the HttpContext to the second page, enabling the second page access to
all the values in the HttpContext of the first page.

Can you create an app domain?

Yes, We can create user app domain by calling on of the following overload static methods of the
System.AppDomain class
1. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName)
2. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo)
3. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo,
AppDomainSetup info)
4. Public static AppDomain CreateDomain(String friendlyName, Evidence securityInfo, String
appBasePath, String appRelativeSearchPath, bool shadowCopyFiles)

What are the various security methods which IIS Provides apart from .NET ?

The various security methods which IIS provides are

a) Authentication Modes
b) IP Address and Domain Name Restriction
c) DNS Lookups DNS Lookups
d) The Network ID and Subnet Mask
e) SSL
What is Web Gardening? How would using it affect a design?

The Web Garden Model

The Web garden model is configurable through the section of the machine.config file. Notice that
the section is the only configuration section that cannot be placed in an application-specific
web.config file. This means that the Web garden mode applies to all applications running on the
machine. However, by using the node in the machine.config source, you can adapt machine-wide
settings on a per-application basis.

Two attributes in the section affect the Web garden model. They are webGarden and cpuMask.
The webGarden attribute takes a Boolean value that indicates whether or not multiple worker
processes (one per each affinitized CPU) have to be used. The attribute is set to false by default.
The cpuMask attribute stores a DWORD value whose binary representation provides a bit mask
for the CPUs that are eligible to run the ASP.NET worker process. The default value is -1
(0xFFFFFF), which means that all available CPUs can be used. The contents of the cpuMask
attribute is ignored when the webGarden attribute is false. The cpuMask attribute also sets an
upper bound to the number of copies of aspnet_wp.exe that are running.

Web gardening enables multiple worker processes to run at the same time. However, you should
note that all processes will have their own copy of application state, in-process session state,
ASP.NET cache, static data, and all that is needed to run applications. When the Web garden
mode is enabled, the ASP.NET ISAPI launches as many worker processes as there are CPUs,
each a full clone of the next (and each affinitized with the corresponding CPU). To balance the
workload, incoming requests are partitioned among running processes in a round-robin manner.
Worker processes get recycled as in the single processor case. Note that ASP.NET inherits any
CPU usage restriction from the operating system and doesn't include any custom semantics for
doing this.

All in all, the Web garden model is not necessarily a big win for all applications. The more stateful
applications are, the more they risk to pay in terms of real performance. Working data is stored in
blocks of shared memory so that any changes entered by a process are immediately visible to
others. However, for the time it takes to service a request, working data is copied in the context of
the process. Each worker process, therefore, will handle its own copy of working data, and the
more stateful the application, the higher the cost in performance. In this context, careful and
savvy application benchmarking is an absolute must.

Changes made to the section of the configuration file are effective only after IIS is restarted. In IIS
6, Web gardening parameters are stored in the IIS metabase; the webGarden and cpuMask
attributes are ignored.

What is view state?.where it stored?.can we disable it?

The web is state-less protocol, so the page gets instantiated, executed, rendered and then
disposed on every round trip to the server. The developers code to add "statefulness" to the page
by using Server-side storage for the state or posting the page to itself. When require to persist
and read the data in control on webform, developer had to read the values and store them in
hidden variable (in the form), which were then used to restore the values. With advent of .NET
framework, ASP.NET came up with ViewState mechanism, which tracks the data values of server
controls on ASP.NET webform. In effect,ViewState can be viewed as "hidden variable managed
by ASP.NET framework!". When ASP.NET page is executed, data values from all server controls
on page are collected and encoded as single string, which then assigned to page's hidden
atrribute "< input type=hidden >", that is part of page sent to the client.
ViewState value is temporarily saved in the client's browser.ViewState can be disabled for a
single control, for an entire page orfor an entire web application. The syntax is:

Disable ViewState for control (Datagrid in this example)

< asp:datagrid EnableViewState="false" ... / >

Disable ViewState for a page, using Page directive

< %@ Page EnableViewState="False" ... % >

Disable ViewState for application through entry in web.config

< Pages EnableViewState="false" ... / >