Ì -⇤„TåU⌃⇡ñ

Æ201-04Ì
1041Æ
1. (32%) Evaluate the following limits.
√
(a) (8%) lim ( x2 + x + x) sin � √ 12 �
x +1
x→−∞
(c) (8%) lim √ √
x→∞ x + 2 − x2 − 1
2
1
x x 1
(b) (8%) lim � � (d) (8%) lim �� � − �x
sin x 1−cos x
x→0 x x→∞ 1+x e

Solution:
(a)
√
√ √ x2 + x − x
lim ( x2 + x + x) = lim ( x2 + x + x) √ (3)
x→−∞ x→−∞ x2 + x − x
= lim √
x
x→−∞ x2 + x − x
= lim −1 √ (as x < 0) (5)
1
x→−∞
−x
x +x−1
2

= lim �
1
−1 x2 +x
−1
x→−∞
x2

= lim � =− (8)
1 1
x→−∞
− 1+ 1
x
−1 2

(b) Since
= 1,
sin x
lim
x→0 x

we see that
sin( √ 12 )
lim √ √
x +1
x2 + 2 − x2 − 1
√ √
x→0

sin( √ 12 ) x2 + 2 + x2 − 1
= lim x +1
⋅ lim √
x→0 √ 1
x2 +1
x→0 x2 + 1 × 3

→1 × (+3)
2
3
as x → ∞. Therefore
sin( √ 12 )
lim √ √
x +1
= . (+3)
2
x→∞ x2 + 2 − x2 − 1 3
(c) Rewrite as
( ) x = exp( ln � �).
sin x 1−cos
1 1 sin x
x 1 − cos x x
By l’Hopital theorem, we get
x

ln � � = lim
1 sin x sin x x cosxx−sin
2
x

x→0 1 − cos x
lim
x x→0 sin x
x cos x − sin x
= lim (3)
x→0 x sin2 x
−x sin x
= lim
x→0 sin x + 2x sin x cos x
2
−x
= lim
x→0 sin x + 2x cos x
−1
= lim =− . (6)
1
x→0 3 cos x − 2x sin x 3

Since ex is continuous (7), we get

lim ( ) x = e−1�3 . (8)

sin x 1−cos
1

x→0 x

Page 1 of 12
(d)

� 1+1 1 � −
x
1
x
e
lim 1
x→∞
x

� 1+t �t −
1
1 1
= lim+ (x = ) (+2)
e 1
t→0 t t
1 t − 1+t + ln(1 + t)
1 t
= lim+ � � (L′ Hopital)
t→0 1+t t2
−t + (1 + t) ln(1 + t)
= lim+ (L′ Hopital) (+2)
1
e t→0 t2 (1 + t)
ln(1 + t)
= lim+ (L′ Hopital) (+2)
1
e t→0 2t + 3t2
1
= lim+ 1+t = (L′ Hopital) (+2)
1 1
e t→0 2 + 6t 2e

Page 2 of 12
 �
�
�x↵ sin � � , x > 0
1
�
�
�
�
�
�
x
2. (12%) Let f (x) = �0, x=0
�
�
�
�
�
� sin(x )
�
� x < 0.
� 1 − cos x
,
(a) For what values of ↵ and will f (x) be continuous at x = 0?
(b) For what values of ↵ and will f (x) be di↵erentiable at x = 0?

Solution:
(a) f (x) is continuous at x = 0

�⇒ 0 = f (0) = lim+ f (x) = lim− f (x) (1 point)

(1) f (0) = 0
x→0 x→0

(2) lim+ f (x) = lim+ x↵ sin ( ) (1 point)

1
x→0 x→0 x

since

−1 ≤ sin ( )≤1 ∀ ∈R
1
x
and

lim −x↵ = 0 = lim+ x↵ if ↵ > 0

x→0+ x→0

hence (by Squeeze theorem) (1 point)

lim f (x) = 0 , if ↵ > 0 (1 point)

x→0+

if ↵ ≤ 0 and < 0 , then

sin x− ↵−
lim+ f (x) = lim+ x↵ sin ( ) = lim+ = 0 if ↵ − >0
1
x
x→0 x→0 x x→0 x−
(3)
lim f (x) = lim−
sin x
x→0− x→0 1 − cos x
x −1 cos x
= lim− (by l’Hospital’s rule) (1 point)
x→0 sin x
= lim− x −2 cos x = 0 if > 2 (1point)
x
x→0 sin x

note that if = 0 , then

sin x0
lim− f (x) = lim− = lim−
sin 1
x→0 x→0 1 − cos x x→0 1 − cos x
it doesn’t converge
Therefore , f (x) is continuous at x = 0 if ↵ > 0 and > 2
2.(b) f (x) is di↵erentiable at x = 0 i↵ f ′ (0+ ) = f ′ (0− ) (1 point)

Moreover, f (x) is di↵erentiable at x = 0

�⇒ f (x) is continuous at x = 0 �⇒ ↵ > 0 and >2
(1)

f (h) − f (0) h↵ sin ( h1 ) − 0

f ′ (0+ ) = lim+ = lim+
h→0 h−0 h→0 h
= lim+ h ↵−1 1
sin 1 point
h→0 h
since

Page 3 of 12
 −1 ≤ sin ( )≤1 ∀ ∈R
1
h
and

lim −h↵−1 = 0 = lim+ h↵−1 if ↵ − 1 > 0

h→0+ h→0

hence (by Squeeze theorem) (1 point)

f ′ (0+ ) = 0 if ↵ > 1 (1 point)

if ↵ − 1 ≤ 0 and < 0 , then

f (h) − f (0) sin h− ↵−

= lim+ −1
= 0 if ↵ − −1>0
h−0
lim+ h
h→0 h→0 h−
(2)
f (h) − f (0) h −1
sin h
f ′ (0− ) = lim− = lim− 1−cos h = lim−
sin h
h→0 h−0 h→0 h h→0 h 1 − cos h
−1
( − 1)h −2
= lim− = lim−
h
h→0 1 − cos h
(by l’Hospital’s rule)T
h→0 sin h
= lim− ( − 1)h −3 = 0 if − 3 > 0 (1 point)
h
h→0 sin h

hence

f ′ (0− ) = 0 if > 3 (1 point)

note that if = 1 , then

f (h) − f (0)
) = lim−
1
h−0 h→0 1 − cos h
lim
h→0−

it doesn’t converge
Therefore , f (x) is di↵erentiable at x = 0 if ↵ > 1 and >3

Page 4 of 12
3. (8%) Let f (x) be a twice di↵erentiable one-to-one function. Suppose that f (2) = 1, f ′ (2) = 3, f ′′ (2) = e. Find
d2 −1
f (1) and f (1).
d −1
dx dx2

Solution:
let y = f (x) , then x = f −1 (y) and when x = 2 , y = 1
(1)

= 1 (2 points)
dy dx
dx dy
implies that

f (y) = ′
d −1 1
dy f (x)
hence

f (1) = ′ = (2 points)
d −1 1 1
dy f (2) 3
(2)

d2 y dx
( )= (1) �⇒ + ( )2 = 0 (2 points.)
d dy dx d dy dx
dx dx dy dx 2
dx dy dx dy
i.e.

d2
f ′′ (2) f (1) + (f ′ (2))2 2 f −1 (1) = 0
d −1
dy dy
i.e.

d2
e + 32 2 f −1 (1) = 0
1
3 dy
i.e.

d2 −1 −e
f (1) = (2 points)
dy 2 27
[another way]
let g(x) = f −1 (x)

since g(f (x)) = x , we have g ′ (f (x))f ′ (x) = 1 (2 points)

that is ,
g ′ (1) = g ′ (f (2)) = = (2 points)
1 1
f ′ (2) 3
moreover
[g (f (x))f ′ (x)] = (1)
d ′ d
dx dx
�⇒ g ′′ (f (x))[f ′ (x)]2 + g ′ (f (x))f ′′ (x) = 0 (2 points)
−e 1 −e
�⇒ g ′′ (1) = 2
= (2 points)
3 3 27
[another way]
f (f −1 (x)) = x (2 points)

�⇒ f ′ (f −1 (x)) f −1 (x) = 1
d
dx
�⇒ f (x) = ′ −1
d −1 1
f (f (x))
(2 points)
dx
d2 −1 − dx f (x)
d −1
�⇒ (x) = =
d 1
dx f ′ (f −1 (x)) f ′ (f −1 (x))2
f (2 points)
dx2
d2 −1 −e
�⇒ f (1) = (2 points) and f (1) =
d −1 1
2
(2 points)
dx 3 dx 27

Page 5 of 12
4. (8%) Find the value of the number c such that the families of curves y = (x + ↵)−1 and y = c(x + )1�3 are orthogonal
trajectories, that is, every curve in one family is orthogonal to every curve in the other family.

Solution:
−1
y = (x + ↵)−1 then y ′ =
(x + ↵)2
(1 pt)

y = c(x + ) 3 then y ′ = (x + ) 3 (1 pt)

1 c −2

3
Let point of intersect be (x0 , y0 )
−1
Orthogonal ⇒ ⋅ (x0 + ) 3 = −1
c −2

(x0 + ↵)2 3
⇒ c = 3(x0 + ↵)2 (x0 + ) 3 (2 pts)
2

We also have y0 = = c(x + ) 3

1 1

x0 + ↵
⇒ = (x + ) 3 (2 pts)
1 1

c(x0 + ↵)
√
combine with the equation above we have
c = 2 ⇒ c3 = 3 ⇒ c = 3 (2 pts)
3 3

Page 6 of 12
 xn
5. (8%) Find the nth derivative of the function f (x) =
1−x
.

Solution:
Here are two ways to compute f (n) (x).
xn xn − 1
First one need to write f (x) = = +
1
1−x 1−x 1−x
= −(xn−1 + xn−2 + � + 1) +
1
1−x
(3 pts)
Note first term become zero after n times of di↵erentiation. (1 pt)
( ) = (−1) ⋅ ⋅ (−1) =
1 ′ 1 1
1−x (1 − x)2 (1 − x)2
( ) =
1 (k) k!
1−x (1 − x)k+1
So we have f (n) (x) =
n!
(1 − x)n+1
. (4 pts)

Second way is to apply Leibniz’s rule.

xn
f (x) = = xn ⋅
1
1−x 1−x
Then f (n) (x) = ⌃ni=0 Cin (xn )(n−i) ⋅ ( )
1 (n)
1−x
(4 pts)

= ⌃ni=0 Cin x ⋅ (i!)

n! i 1
i! (1 − x)(i+1)
xi
= ⌃ni=0 Cin n!
(1 − x)i+1
(4 pts)

Page 7 of 12
6. (8%) Suppose that three points on the parabola y = x2 have the property that their normal lines intersect at a
common point. Show that the sum of their x-coordinates is 0.

Solution:
Let (x1 , x21 ), (x2 , x22 ), (x3 , x23 ) be such three points.
If x1 x2 x3 = 0, say x3 = 0. Then the common point is on the y-axis.
The normal lines passing (x1 , x21 ), (x2 , x22 ) are
−1 −1
y − x21 = (x − x1 ), y − x22 = (x − x2 )
2x1 2x2
⇒ 0 = x = −2x1 x2 (x1 + x2 )
Since x1 x2 ≠ 0, we have x1 + x2 = 0. Hence x1 + x2 + x3 = 0.
Now if x1 x2 x3 ≠ 0, the normal lines passing (x1 , x21 ), (x2 , x22 ), (x3 , x23 ) are
−1 −1 −1
y − x21 = (x − x1 ), y − x22 = (x − x2 ), y − x23 = (x − x3 )
2x1 2x2 2x2
⇒ x = −2x1 x2 (x1 + x2 ) = −2x2 x3 (x2 + x3 ) = −2x1 x3 (x1 + x3 )
⇒ x1 (x1 + x2 ) = x3 (x2 + x3 )
⇒ x1 (x1 + x2 + x3 − x3 ) = x3 (x2 + x3 + x1 − x1 )
⇒ (x1 − x3 )(x1 + x2 + x3 ) = 0. Hence x1 + x2 + x3 = 0.
U⌃⇡ñ
Î˙’⁄π↵✏&äfi6eó ⌃
„˙§fiÑ x ß⇡ói⌃
ó0 x ß⇡¯†/0ó ⌃

Page 8 of 12
7. (12%) A cone-shaped paper drinking cup is to be made to hold 9 cm3 of water. Find the height and radius of the
cup that will use the smallest amount of paper.

Solution:
We have ⇡r2 h = 9, ✓ = √
1 2⇡r
r 2 + h2
1 √ 2 √
3
⇒A= ( r +h ) √ = ⇡r r2 + h2
2 2 2⇡r
2 � r +h �
2 2

So A(r) = ⇡r r2 + ( 2 )2 = ⇡ r4 + 2 2
27 729
⇡r ⇡ r
4r3 − ⇡1458
⇒ A (r) = ⇡( �
′
)
2 r3

2 r4 + ⇡729 2 r2

Let A (r) = 0 ⇒ 4r − 2 3 = 0 ⇒ r = √
′ 3 1458 3
⇡� r 6
2⇡ 2
Then h = =3
27 3 2
)
.
⇡( √
6
3 2 ⇡
2⇡ 2

These are answer since for r < √ , A′ (r) < 0 and for r > √ , A′ (r) > 0.
3 3
6 2 6
2⇡ 2⇡ 2
U⌃⇡ñ
⌫˙‘M‹¬✏ói⌃
ó˙Gb“¶Â Jë⌅ó ⌃
⌫˙@ÅBÑbM✏Pó ⌃ €⇣ ↵äxç ⌃
bM✏PÆ⌃~˙ critical number ói⌃
B˙ r å h ⌅ ⌃
™ ∫U/u✏<ói⌃

Page 9 of 12
8. (12%)
(a) Suppose that f (x) and g(x) are di↵erentiable on open interval containing [a, b] and f (a) > g(a), f (b) > g(b).
Show that if the equation f (x) = g(x) has exactly one solution on [a, b] then at the solution x0 ∈ [a, b], f (x)
and g(x) have the same tangent line.
(Hint: Consider h(x) = f (x) − g(x). Show that h(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b].)
(b) For ↵ > 0, if the equation ex = kx↵ has exact one solution on [0, ∞), solve k in terms of ↵.

Solution:
(a) h(x) = f (x) − g(x) is di↵ on [a, b]. h(a) > 0, h(b) > 0
If h(x̄) < 0 for some x̄ ∈ (a, b) ((+2): Correct assumption to start with.),
then by the intermediate value thm, there are some x1 ∈ [a, x̄] and x2 ∈ [x̄, b] s.t. h(x1 ) = 0 = h(x2 ) i.e.
f (x) = g(x) has at least two solution x1 , x2 ∈ [a, b]. ((+2): Use IVT.)
∴ h(x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ [a, b] if f (x) = g(x) has exactly one solution on [a, b] →←

Suppose that r0 is the only root for f (x) = g(x), r0 ∈ [a, b]. Then h(r0 ) is a local minimum value. ((+2):
See local minimum),

∵ h(x) is di↵ on [a, b] ∴ h′ (r0 ) = 0 ⇒ f ′ (r0 ) = g ′ (r0 ). ((+2): Use Rolle’s Theorem to conclude.)
(b) f (x) = ex , g(x) = kx↵ .
for x = 0, f (0) = 1 > g(0) = 0
for x large enough f (x) > g(x).
Hence if ex = kx↵ has exactly one solution on [0, ∞) then at the root x = x0 , f (x) and g(x) have the same
tangent line.
i.e. if f (x0 ) = g(x0 ) then f ′ (x0 ) = g ′ (x0 ). ((+2): Apply part (a)),
�
�
�ex0 = kx↵ −(1)
� x0 0
⇒ kx↵ 0 = k↵x0
↵−1
⇒ x0 = ↵
�
� = −(2)
�
↵−1
e k↵x 0

(1) ⇒ e↵ = k↵↵ , k = ( )↵ . ((+2): Find correct answer).

e
↵

Page 10 of 12
9. (20%) Let f (x) = (x3 + x2 )1�3 .
(a) Find all asymptotes of f (x).
(b) Find the intervals of increase or decrease.
(c) Find the intervals of concavity.
(d) Find the local maximum and minimum values.
(e) Find the inflection points.
(f) Sketch the graph of y = f (x).

Solution:
(a) Since f (x) is finite for any finite x ∈ R and f (x) → ±∞ as x → ±∞, it does not have any vertical or horizontal
asymptotes. However, since
f (x)
= lim (1 + ) 3 = 1
1 1
lim (2%)
x→±∞ x x→±∞ x
and
(x3 + x2 ) − x3
lim (f (x) − 1 ⋅ x) = lim
(x3 + x2 ) 3 + x(x3 + x2 ) 3 + x2
2 1
x→±∞ x→±∞

= lim
1
(1 + x1 ) 3 + (1 + x1 ) 3 + 1
2 1
x→±∞

=
1
(2%)
3

f has a slant asymptote y = x + .

1
3
(b)

f (x) = (x3 + x2 ) 3
1

3x + 2
f ′ (x) = (x3 + x2 )− 3 (3x2 + 2x) =
1 2
(2%)
3x 3 (x + 1) 3
1 2
3

f ′ (x) > 0 for x ∈ (−∞, − ) or (0, ∞), and f ′ (x) < 0 for x ∈ (− , 0).
2 2
3 3
⇒ f (x) is increasing on (−∞, − ) and (0, ∞), decreasing on (− , 0). (3%)
2 2
3 3
(c)

f ′′ (x) = [− (x3 + x2 )− 3 (3x2 + 2x)2 + (x3 + x2 )− 3 (6x + 2)] = − 4

1 2 5 2 2
(2%)
9x 3 (x + 1) 3
5
3 3
f ′′ (x) > 0 for x ∈ (−∞, −1), and f ′′ (x) < 0 for x ∈ (−1, 0) or (0, ∞).
⇒ f (x) is concave upward on (−∞, −1) , concave downward on (−1, 0) and (0, ∞). (3%)

(d) f ′ (x) goes from positive to negative across x = − and from negative to positive across x = 0, and f (x)
2
3
is defined at√these points.
⇒ f (− ) = is the local maximum (1%) and f (0) = 0 is the local minimum (1%).
3
2 4
3 3
(e) f ′′ (x) changes sign only across x = −1 and f is continuous at that point.
⇒ f (−1) = 0 is the only inflection point (1%).

(f)

Page 11 of 12
Page 12 of 12