1091 !

D01-05í ®M1 ãTŒU–

[x]
1. (18%) (a) (4%) Compute lim , where [⋅] is the greatest integer function.
x→∞ x
x
(b) (4%) Compute lim− √ , where k > 0 is a constant.
x→0 1 − cos kx
1
(c) (4%) Compute lim(csc x − x ).
x→0 e −1
b
(d) (6%) Find constants a, b ∈ R such that a ≠ 0, b > 0 and lim+ (cos x)a/x = 3.
x→0

Solution:
(a) Since x − 1 < [x] ≤ x, by Squeeze Theorem, the limit equals to 1 .
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶ ®
(3%) (1%)

(b)
√ √
x x 1 + cos(kx) √ x √ x 2
lim− √ = lim− = 2 ⋅ lim− = 2 ⋅ lim− = −
x→0 1 − cos kx x→0 ∣ sin(kx)∣ ° x→0 ∣ sin(kx)∣ x→0 − sin kx k
´¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¸¹¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¶ (1%) ²
(2%) (1%)

Remark. -1% for omitting the absolute value.

(c)
1 ex − 1 − sin x
lim(csc x − ) = lim
x→0 ex − 1 x→0 (sin x)(ex − 1)
0
[ 0 ],L’H ex − cos x
= lim x (2%)
x→0 (e − 1) cos x + ex sin x

[ 00 ],L’H ex + sin x
= lim
x→0 −(ex − 1) sin x + 2ex cos x + ex sin x
1
= (2%)
2

a ln(cos x)
(d) We need to solve lim+ = ln 3. (2%)
x→0 xb
0
It is a 0 form since b > 0. Apply L’Hospital’s Rule to study

a − sin x a sin x
lim+ b−1
= − lim+ b−1 = ln 3 (2%)
x→0 b (cos x)x b x→0 x

Clearly b = 2 , a = −b ln 3 = −2 ln 3.
± ´¹¹ ¹ ¸¹ ¹ ¹ ¶
(1%) (1%)

Page 1 of 9
2. (8%) Compute the following derivatives.
d 2x 2
(a) (4%) (2 + xx ).
dx
√
d −1 x x+a
(b) (4%) (tan ( ) + ln ), where a ≠ 0 is a constant.
dx a x−a

Solution:
(a) By the chain rule
d 2x x
(2 ) = (ln 2)2 2x ⋅ 22 (2 pts)
dx
2
Let f (x) = xx . ln ∣f (x)∣ = x2 ⋅ ln ∣x∣...(*)
d f ′ (x)
dx (*) ⇒ f (x) = 2x ln ∣x∣ + x
(1 pt for trying to do logarithmic differentiation. e.g. compute ln ∣f (x)∣, and know that
d f ′ (x)
dx ln ∣f (x)∣ = f (x) .)
2
⇒ f ′ (x) = xx (2x ln ∣x∣ + x) (1 pt)
(It is O.K. to write ln x instead of ln ∣x∣. Because the domain of f (x) is {x∣x > 0}.)
d
(b) dx
(tan−1 ( xa )) = 1
2 × a1 = a
x2 +a2
1+( x
a
)
(2 pts.
d 2
Wrong ans: (tan−1 ( xa )) = 1x 2 = x2a+a2 ⇒ 1 pt)
dx 1+( a )
d
√ x+a
Compute dx ln x−a .
√
sol 1: ln x+ax−a is defined for ∣x∣ > ∣a∣.
√ x+a 1
For ∣x∣ > ∣a∣, ln x−a = 2 (ln ∣x + a∣ − ln ∣x − a∣)
d
√
dx
(ln x+a ) 1d 1
( 1 1
x−a = 2 dx (ln ∣x + a∣ − ln ∣x − a∣) = 2 x+a − x−a = x2 −a2 (2 pts)
) −a

sol 2: √ √ x+a
d x+a √1 d
dx
(ln x−a
) = x+a dx
( ) 1 x−a −2a
x−a = 2 x+a (x−a)2 = x2 −a2 (2 pts)
−a
x−a
d −1 x
√ x+a 3
Hence dx (tan ( a
) + ln ) [ 1 1
x−a = a x2 +a2 − x2 −a2 = x4 −a4
] −2a

Page 2 of 9
3. (10%) (a) (6%) Suppose that f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) and f (x), h(x) are differentiable at a with
f (a) = h(a), f ′ (a) = h′ (a). Show that g(x) is differentiable at a and find g ′ (a).
(b) (4%) Give an example of functions f (x), g(x), and h(x) such that f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x),
f ′ (a) = h′ (a) but g(x) is not differentiable at a.

Solution:
(a) (+1) First we show that g(a) = f (a) = h(a). Since f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) with f (a) = h(a),
we have g(a) = f (a).
(Use squeeze lemma, but do not carefully distinguish the sign: (+3))
g(x)−g(a)
We compute limx→a+ x−a . For x > a, we have

f (x) − f (a) g(x) − g(a) h(x) − h(a)

≤ ≤
x−a x−a x−a
followed by f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x), f (a) = g(a) = h(a) and x − a > 0. Since the limx→a+ of the
left and right terms in the above inequalities exist and equal f ′ (a) = h′ (a), this forces that
limx→a+ g(x)−g(a)
x−a exists and equals f ′ (a) = h′ (a).
g(x)−g(a)
For limx→a− x−a , one repeats the argument with the reversed inequalities

f (x) − f (a) g(x) − g(a) h(x) − h(a)

≥ ≥ .
x−a x−a x−a

We conclude that g(x) is differentiable at a and g ′ (a) = f ′ (a).

(b) For example,

f (x) = x − 1, g(x) = [x], h(x) = x
and a is any integer. Then f ′ (x) = 1 = h′ (x) but g(x) is not differentiable at a since it is
not continuous at a.
(Sketch a graph without explanation: (+2); sketch a graph with correct explanations:
(+4).)

Page 3 of 9
4. (12%) An observer stands at point P which is one meter from a straight path. Let O be the point
on the path that is closest to P , and S be the point on the path that is one meter to the right of
O. Two runners A and B start at S and run away from O along the path. Let θ be the observer’s
angle of sight between the runners.
dθ 1
(a) (6%) Suppose that when A and B start at S, dt = 4 rad/sec. Find the relative velocity between
A and B at S.
(b) (6%) Suppose that A runs twice as fast as B. Find the maximum value of θ.
y

P
1m θ

x
O 1m S B A

Solution:
(a) Suppose that at time t(sec), A is A(t) meters to the right of O and B is B(t) meters to
the right of O. Then A(0) = B(0) = 1.
θ(t) = tan−1 A(t) − tan−1 B(t).
(3 pts for assigning notations and the correct equation.)
dθ A′ (t) B ′ (t)
dt = 1+(A(t)) 2 − 1+(B(t))2
(2 pts for differentiation)
A′ (0) B ′ (0)
At t = 0, dθ dt = 1
4 = 1+(A(0)) 2 − 1
1+(B(0))2 = 2 (A (0) − B (0))
′ ′

i.e. A′ (0) = B ′ (0) = 12 m/s. (1 pt for plugging in t = 0)

Ans: The relative velocity between A and B at point S is 12 m/s.

(b) Sol 1:
When B is x meters to the right of S, A is 2x meters to the right of S.
θ(x) = tan−1 (2x + 1) − tan−1 (x + 1) for x > 0.
(2 pts for assigning notations and deriving the correct equation with correct domain.)
dθ 2 1 −2x2 +2
dx = 1+(2x+1)2 = 1+(x+1)2 = (4x2 +4x+2)(x2 +2x+2) ,
dθ
dx = 0 ⇒ x = ±1
dθ dθ
(2 pts for computing dx . 1 pt for solving dx = 0.)
dθ dθ
dx > 0 for 0 < x < 1 and dx < 0 for x > 1.
Hence θ obtains the absolute maximum when x = 1 i.e. when B is 1 meter and A is 2
meters to the right of S.
(1 pt for explaining that the critical number is the absolute maximum.)
Sol 2:
Suppose that the velocity of B is v m/s and the velocity of A is 2v m/s.
Then offer t seconds B is 1 + vt meters to the right of O and A is 1 + 2vt meters to the right
of O.
θ(t) = tan−1 (1 + 2vt) − tan−1 (1 + vt) for t > 0.
(2 pts for assigning notations and deriving the correct equation with correct domain.)
dθ 2v v −2v 2 t2 +2
dt = 1+(1+2vt)2 − 1+(1+vt)2 = v [ (1+(1+2vt))2 (1+(1+vt))2 ] (2 pts)
dθ
dt= 0 ⇒ vt = ±1 (1 pt)
dθ
dt> 0 for 0 < vt < 1, dθ
dt < 0 for vt > 1.
Hence θ obtains the absolute maximum when vt = 1 i.e. when B is 2 meters to the right of
O and A is 3 meters to the right of O. (1 pt)

Page 4 of 9
5. (14%) Consider the equation y 5 + 1.009y 3 + y = 3.
(a) (6%) Show that the equation has exactly one real solution.
dy
(b) (4%) Given y 5 + xy 3 + y = 3, find dx at (1, 1).
(c) (4%) Use a linear approximation to estimate the real root of y 5 + 1.009y 3 + y = 3.

Solution:
(a) Let g (y) = y 5 + 1.009y 3 + y − 3. Since

lim g (y) = ∞, lim g (y) = −∞,

y→∞ y→−∞

the Intermediate Value Theorem implies that g has real roots. (3 points)
Moreover, since
g ′ (y) = 5y 4 + 3.027y 2 + 1 > 0,
g is strictly increasing. In particular, g has at most one real root. (3 points)

(b) By the argument in (a), y is implicitly defined as a function of x via the equation

y 5 + xy 3 + y = 3

near (x, y) = (1, 1). Differentiating both sides of the above equation with respect to x gives

dy
(5y 4 + 3xy 2 + 1) + y3 = 0 (3 points) .
dx
Substituting (x, y) = (1, 1) into the above equation gives

dy 1
∣ =− . (1 point)
dx (x,y)=(1,1) 9

(c) Let’s denote y = f (x). Note that f (1) = 1 and f ′ (1) = − 19 . (2 points) Then

1
f (1.009) ≈ f (1) + f ′ (1) ∗ 0.009 = 1 − ∗ 0.009 = 0.999 (2 points) .
9

Page 5 of 9
6. (18%) Suppose that f is differentiable and one-to-one on (−1, 1), f ′ (x) = 1 + f 2 (x), and lim f (x)
x→0 x
exists.
(a) (4%) Find f (0) and lim f (x)
x .x→0

(b) (4%) Show that f (x) is increasing on (−1, 1) and determine the concavity of y = f (x) on
(−1, 1).
3
(c) (6%) Prove that f (x) ≥ x for x ∈ (0, 1). Then prove that f (x) ≥ x + x3 for x ∈ (0, 1).
d
(d) (2%) Find −1
dx (f (x)).
(e) (2%) Find f −1 (x) and f (x).

Solution:
(a) Let L = lim f (x)
x . Since f is differentiable, it is continuous. Therefore,
x→0

f (x)
f (0) = lim f (x) = lim ⋅ x = L ⋅ 0 = 0,
x→0 x→0 x

and hence
f (x) f (x) − f (0)
lim = lim = f ′ (0) = 1 + f (0)2 = 1.
x→0 x x→0 x−0
- Búf (0) = 0ï—1
- Ð0f #Œ'nlim f (x)ï—1
x→0

- Búlim = 1ï—1
f (x)
x→0 x

- ëú—0lim = 1„1‚K(xš©cº(L’HôpitalÕG ï—1

f (x)
x
x→0

(b) Since f ′ (x) = 1 + f (x)2 ⩾ 1 > 0, f is (strictly) increasing. To determine the concavity of f ,
we compute the 2nd derivative of f :

f ′′ = (f ′ )′ = (1 + f 2 )′ = 2f f ′ .

f ′′ (x) and f (x) have the same sign for every x ∈ (−1, 1) since f ′ (x) > 0. We have obtained
in (a) that f (0) = 0. Therefore f (x) > 0 resp. < 0 if x ∈ (0, 1) resp. (−1, 0), as shows that f
is concave upward resp. downward on (0, 1) resp. (−1, 0).

- úf > 0&1dúF ↗↗ï—2

′

- )(f = 1 + f †—f &
åd$·ù†ï—1

′ 2 ′′

- f „—cº$·ù„1¦cºï—1
′′

(c) Consider the function h(x) = f (x) − x. By (a) and (b) we have

h(0) = f (0) = 0 = 0 and h′ (x) = f ′ (x) − 1 = f (x)2 > 0,

and hence h is increasing on [0, 1) and f (x) − x = h(x) > h(0) = 0 for x ∈ (0, 1). Now
3
consider g(x) = f (x) − x − x3 . We have

g(0) = f (0) − 0 = 0 and g ′ (x) = f ′ (x) − 1 − x2 = f (x)2 − x2 > 0 (x ∈ (0, 1)),

where the last inequality holds by the first part of (c), as we just obtained. Therefore,
3
f (x) − x − x3 = g(x) > g(0) = 0 for every x ∈ (0, 1).

Page 6 of 9
 - ŸG ,
ΏT3
(d) We have
1 1 1
(f −1 )′ (x) = = 2 = .
f ′ (f −1 (x)) 1 + f (f −1 (x)) 1 + x2

- ú(f ) (x) =
−1 ′ 1
f ′ (f −1 (x))
ï—1
- —cº1
1
(e) From the result of (d) we see that f −1 is a function whose derivative is 1+x 2 . We know one

such function, namely, tan x, and hence the derivative of f (x) − tan x is 0. A function
−1 −1 −1

on an interval with derivative 0 everywhere is a constant function by the mean value

theorem. Therefore, f −1 (x) = tan x + C for some constant C. Finally, C = f −1 (0) − tan−1 0 =
0, and hence f −1 (x) = tan−1 x and f (x) = tan x.

-Ð0f (x) = tan xï—1

−1

- n8xC ‚Uzš1

Page 7 of 9
7. (20%) Let f (x) = x(ln ∣x∣)2 .
(a) (2%) Find the domain of f (x). Is f an odd function or even function?
(b) (2%) Compute lim f (x).
x→0
(c) (4%) Compute f ′ (x). Find the interval(s) of increase and interval(s) of decrease of f (x).
(d) (2%) Find local maximum and local minimum values of f (x).
(e) (4%) Compute f ′′ (x). Find the interval(s) on which f (x) is concave upward. Find the
interval(s) on which f (x) is concave downward.
(f) (2%) Find the point(s) of inflection of y = f (x).
(g) (1%) Find the asymptote(s) (vertical, horizontal, or slant) of y = f (x).
(h) (3%) Sketch the graph of f (x).

Solution:
(a) f is defined on R ∖ {0}. (1 point)
Since f (−x) = −f (x), f is an odd function. (1 point)

(b)
2 1 2
⎛ ln x ⎞ ⎛ ln √x ⎞ ln y 2
lim f (x) = lim = lim 4 = lim 4 ( ) = 0. (2 points)
x→0+ x→0+ ⎝ √1 ⎠ x→0+ ⎝ √1 ⎠ y→∞ y
x x

Since f is odd, we have

lim f (x) = − lim f (x) = 0.
x→0− x→0+

Thus, limx→0 f (x) = 0.

(c)
2
f ′ (x) = (ln ∣x∣) + 2 ln ∣x∣ = ln ∣x∣ (ln ∣x∣ + 2) . (2 points)
So f is increasing on (−∞, −1) ∪ (−e−2 , 0) ∪ (0, e−2 ) ∪ (1, ∞) and decreasing on (−1, −e−2 ) ∪
(e−2 , 1). (2 points)

(d) By the First Derivative Test, f has local maxima

f (−1) = 0, f (e−2 ) = 4e−2 (1 point)

and local minima

f (−e−2 ) = −4e−2 , f (1) = 0. (1 point)

(e)
2 2 2
f ′′ (x) =
ln ∣x∣ + = (ln ∣x∣ + 1) . (2 points)
x x x
So f is concave upward on (−e , 0) ∪ (e−1 , ∞) and concave downward on (−∞, −e−1 ) ∪
−1

(0, e−1 ). (2 points)

(f) The inflection points of the graph of f are (−e−1 , −e−1 ), (0, 0), and (e−1 , e−1 ). (2 points)

(g) Obviously there is no vertical asymptotes. Since

f (x) 2
lim = lim (ln ∣x∣) = ∞,
x→±∞ x x→±∞

f has no horizontal or slant asymptotes. (1 point)

Page 8 of 9
(h) (3 points)

Page 9 of 9