LECTURE MODULE 3 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER ‘Topic3 ‘TYPES OF FUNCTIONS ‘We have studied the general characteristics of functions, so now lets examine some specific types of functions. We begin by reviewing the basic properties of polynomials from linear and quadratic Functions, and then ‘generalize to higher-degrees. By combining root functions with polynomials, we can define general algebraic functions and distinguish them from transcendental functions, We will also Introduce piecewise-defined functions, Atthe end of this lesson, the student will be able to: L. define a polynomial; 2. recognize the different types of functions; 3. examine and analyze plecewise-defined functions 1.1 Polynomials A polynomial function is any function that can be written inthe form fe yA ga Hob aH ay for some positive integer n*(n 2 0) and constants dy, dy. the polynomial; 1 dy, where ay, + 0, The value n is called the degree of 1e constant a, is called the leading coefficient. Alinear function is a type of polynomial, Linear functions expressed as f(x) = mx + bis a polynomial of degree 1.4 polynomial of degree O is also called a constant function. A polynomial function of degree 2 is called a quadratle function. In particular, a quadratic function has the form f(x) = ax*+ bx + ¢, where a # 0. A polynomial function of degree 3 is called a cubic function, degree 4 is called quartic function, and degree 5 is termed quintic function, ‘The degree ofa polynomial can never be a rational umber (n# 1/2, 1/4, 2/3, .) nor anegative integer (n #1, 2,3, ‘The following are examples of polynomials: 00) P4Sx-5 fQ)=—Bx 41244 FR) HSE HS 1.2 Power Functions Some polynomial functions are power functions. A power function is any function of the form f(x) = ax*, where a is any real number. The exponent n in a power function can be any real number as well. Thus, this makes the restriction that not all power functions are polynomials. If the exponent of a power function is a positive integer, then f(x) = ax" is already a polynomial PowerFunction Polynomial fa) = st ¥ rf 40) = 5? y x fe) = 5? a x fo) = 5° Y x 1.3 Algebraic Functions By allowing for quotients and fractional powers in polynomial functions, we create a larger class of functions, An algebraic function is one that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, rational powers, and roots. ‘Two types of algebraic functions are rational functions and root functions, Just as rational numbers are quotients of integers, rational functions are quotients of polynomials. I particular, a rational funetion is any function of the form f(x) = p(x)/q(x), where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials. ‘The following functions are examples of rational functions: ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 16 | PageLECTURE MODULE 3 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER Tet. 8 1x8 10 aS (O-aaR fo erie eo ‘Arraot function is a power function ofthe form f (x) = x1/", where n is a positive integer greater than one, fa) = x7 fe@)= 28 (square-root function) (cabe-root function) By allowing for compositions of root functions and rational functions, we can create other algebraic functions, Examples are the following: fea =V 9 = Fs 16) = Jie = 10 $0) = N5E=T ve Ie) = Your rae 1.4 Transcendental Functions ‘Thus far, we have discussed algebraic functions. Some functions, however, cannot be described by basic algebraic operations. These functions are known as transcendental functions because they are said to "transcend," or go beyond, algebra. The most common transcendental functions are trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions. Other transcendental functions include inverse trigonometric and inverse hyperbolic functions A trigonometric function relates the ratios of two sides of a right triangle, Most common of which are sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x, sec x, and esc x. Other trigonometric relationships that are not widely used are versine, coversine, ‘exsecant, and haversine, ‘An exponential function isa function of the form f(x) = b*, where the base b > 0, b+ 1. A logarithmic function is afunction of the form f(x) = logy(x) for some constant b> 0, + 1, where Logg (x) = y fand only if bY = x. ‘We will thoroughly discuss the following as we go through our topics for derivatives of transcendental functions 15 Piecewise-Defined Functions Sometimes a function is defined by different formulas on different parts of its domain. A function with this property Is lmown as a piecewise-defined function. We use piecewise-defined functions to describe situations in which a rule or relationship changes as the input value crosses certain "boundaries." Thus, the formula for the function varies for certain intervals. A more formal definition of this type of functions would be, Piecewise Function A piecewise function is a function in which more than one formula is used to define the output. Each formula has its ‘own domain, and the domain ofthe function is the union ofall these smaller domains. We notate this idea lke this: formula 1 if xis in domain 1 f@)= {ism 2 formula 3 ‘Think ofthis situation: ‘A museum charges Php 50.00 per person for a guided tour for a group of 1 to 9 people. Should the group exceed 9 persons, each personin the group need not to pay Php 50.00 buta fixed Php 100,00 fee would do for the entire group. We can therefore conclude that it would save a group more money if they enter the museum at 10 or more. ‘The situation is example of a varying regul function, How? mn, In mathematical terms, it can be modelled as a piecewise-defined Suppose that n represents the number of persons inthe group. Should there be only 1 to9 persons in the group, each. person is mandated to pay Php $0.00 or Sn, Should they exceed 9, they need not to pay SOn but Php 100.00 only Tor the entire group. If (x) represents the cost of entering the museum, then Son, Lex 0: 1G) =4x— 1G) =4@)-3 1G) =5 For x = —4,use f(a) = Forx [> Access the fllowing online resoures for addtional instruction and practice with functions! Evaluating Function Notation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmTvdKkAUtE Evaluating Piecewise Functions _ttps://www Youtube.com /watch Domain and Range of Functions _tps://www.youtube.com/ watch? Polynomials https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6vgQEZuNKk ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 1B | Page