CH354 Pollution Control in Process

Industries
Dr. Sivashankar Raja
 CH354 Pollution Control in Process
Industries
Pre-requisites: CH304-Chemical Technology

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the

student will be able to:

 CO1 Analyze the effects of pollutants on the environment.

 CO2 Distinguish air pollution control methods.
 CO3 Assess treatment technologies for wastewater.
 CO4 Identify treatment technologies for solid waste.
 Introduction- Industry
• Industry - Industry is the work and processes involved
in collecting raw materials, and making them into
products in factories.
• Process Industry - Process manufacturing is a
production method that creates goods by combining
supplies, ingredients or raw materials using a formula
or recipe. PI is the bulk producer of quantities of
goods, such as food, beverages, refined oil, gasoline,
pharmaceuticals, chemicals and plastics.
• Pollution - Pollution is the introduction of harmful
materials into the environment. These harmful
materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be
natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be
created by human activity, such as trash or runoff
produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality
of air, water, and land.
 Introduction
• Industrial waste - It is the waste produced by industrial activity which
includes any material that is rendered useless during a manufacturing
process such as that of factories, industries, mills, and mining operations.
• Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete,
scrap metal, oil, solvents, chemicals, scrap lumber, even vegetable matter
from restaurants. Industrial waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous. It may be
hazardous or non-hazardous waste.
• Hazardous waste may be toxic, ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or
radioactive. Industrial waste may pollute the air, the soil, or nearby water
sources, eventually ending up in the sea.
 Introduction- Pollution
• Environmental pollution - It can be defined as any undesirable change in
physical, chemical or biological characteristics of any component of the
environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various
forms of life or property.
• Pollution - The term pollution can be defined as influence of any
substances causing harmful effects, uneasiness, nuisance to the
organisms.
• Types – Air, Water, Land and Noise pollution.
 Air Pollution
• Air pollution is the introduction
of chemicals, particulate matter
or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or
the other living organisms, or
cause damage to the natural
environment or built
environment, into the
atmosphere.
• Air pollutant – A substances in
the air that cause harm to
humans and the environment is
known as an air pollutant.
• Examples – COx, Sox, Nox, PMs,
Ozone, Lead, asbestos etc.
 Water Pollution
• Water pollution - It can be defined
as the alteration in physical,
chemical and biological
characteristics of water through
natural or human activities and
making it unsuitable for its
designate use.
• Wastewater- The used water
becomes contaminated is called
wastewater.
• Sources - Municipal, Industrial,
Agricultural, Marine, Thermal,
organic pollutants
 Land Pollution
• Land Pollution is the demolition of Earths land surfaces often caused by
human activities and their misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste
is not disposed properly.
• Causes- Urbanization and industrialization are the major causes of land
pollution. (Construction, Agriculture, Domestic waste and Industrial
waste).
 Noise Pollution
• Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing, human, animal, or machine-
created environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of
human or animals life.
• Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as
working, sleeping and during conversation.
• Examples- Transportation system, loud speakers, boilers, generators, etc.
Common methods of pollution control
 Earth
• Roughly 4.5 billion years old
• Third planet orbiting around the sun
• Only planet in our solar system to have surface liquid water
• Home to the only known life in the universe
Internal Structure of Earth
 Biosphere
• Regions in which life can exist Biosphere- part of Earth where life exists.
• Made up of 3 parts
 Includes all living and non-living
 Atmosphere (air) parts
 Hydrosphere (water)  Biota- collection of just living
 Lithosphere (rock and things in biosphere
sediments)
• The biosphere is the portion of
the Earth that is inhabited by
life.
 Atmosphere
• The gases that envelope and surround the Earth make up our
atmosphere
• Protects us from UV rays
• Balances the global temperature on the Earth
• Made up of various gases (Nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour,
Carbon dioxide, Ozone, etc...)
 Layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere : contains 80% of all air

Stratosphere: absorbs UV rays

Mesosphere: Protects Earth from

meteorites

Thermosphere: Most meteorites

burn up here.
 Ozone
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs
most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It contains a high concentration
of ozone (O3) in relation to other parts of the atmosphere, although still small
in relation to other gases in the stratosphere. Protects us from UV rays.
Destroyed by CFCs (chloroflurocarbons) and aerosol products.
Hydrosphere
Fresh Water
 Fresh water Salt water

• Lakes, ponds, rivers, and • The water of the seas and

streams are freshwater oceans is salty because of
habitats. the vast quantity of mineral
• It amounts to precious little salts dissolved in it.
water, less than half a
percent of the world's water
supply.
• The distribution of fresh
water in uneven globally.
Four countries hold nearly
50% of all the fresh water
on Earth.
 Lithosphere
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth. The lithosphere
includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust,
the outermost layers of Earth's structure. A lithosphere is the
rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural
satellite.
 Rocks and minerals
• A rock is a
heterogeneous blend
of various grains (each
grain is a mineral)

• A mineral is a pure,
natural and inorganic
substance
 Hydrological cycle
• Water cycle also known as Hydrological cycle or Hydrolic cycle is
the continuous movement of water on above or below the surface
of land.
• Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being cycled through
the atmosphere, ocean, and land. This process, known as the
Water Cycle, is driven by energy from the sun. influenced by the
potential and kinetic energy.
• i.e. in the water cycle, water moves from bodies of water, land and
living things on earth surface to the atmosphere, and back to earth
surface.
• The hydrologic cycle has a profound effect upon climate prediction.
• Branch of science to study the movements and characteristics of
water under of over surface or earth is called Hydrology.
Hydrological cycle
Processes of Hydrological cycle
 Components of hydrological cycle

 Evaporation
 Evapo-Transpiration
 Condensation
 Precipitation
 Interception
 Infiltration
 Run off
 Storage
 Evaporation
• Evaporation occurs
when water changes
from liquid state to
gaseous state.
• Evaporation occurs on
water surfaces like
lakes, seas etc.
• Evaporated moisture is
lifted into atmosphere.
 Evapo-transpiration
• Evapo-transpiration is water
evaporating from the ground
and transpiration by plants.
• Evapo-transpiration is also
the way water vapour-
enters the atmosphere
• About 90% of atmospheric
water comes from
evaporation, while the
remaining 10% is from
transpiration.
• Water is evaporated from
lakes, streams, oceans, and
plants.
 Condensation
• Condensation is the process by which
water vapor changes into water. Water
vapor condenses to form dew, fog or
clouds.
• Condensation takes place due to
cooling of air. As water (in the form of
gas) rises higher in the atmosphere, it
starts to cool and become a liquid again.

• When a large amount of water vapor

condenses, it results in the formation of
clouds.
• Condensation can form: Fog, Dew,
and Clouds
 Condensation
Fog: Fog forms when air near the surface is cold and nearly saturated with water. Now
when water from the ground evaporates, it condenses immediately forming tiny
water droplets that create a low-lying cloud we call fog.
Dew: Dew forms at night when air becomes
saturated with water vapor. When this
saturated air comes in contact with plants or
other objects it condenses, leaving tiny water
droplets behind on the object.
Clouds: When the air containing water vapor is
heated by the sun, it rises into the
atmosphere by convection. The water vapor in
the air is then cooled by the colder air higher
in the atmosphere causing the relative
humidity to increase. The water vapor then
condenses into tiny water droplets around
particles of dust or salt in the air. These tiny
water droplets make up clouds.
 Transpiration
• Transpiration occurs when plants take in water through the roots and
release it through the leaves, a process that can clean water by removing
contaminants and pollution.
• Transpiration is the biological process that occurs mostly in the day.
• Water inside plants is transferred to the atmosphere as water vapor.
• Only a small portion of water is retained by the plants.
 Precipitation
• When the water in the clouds gets
too heavy, the water falls back to
the earth.
• This is called precipitation.
• Precipitation is the process that
occurs when water particles fall
from the atmosphere and reach the
ground.
• Precipitated water may fall into
water bodies or on land.
• It can then go to streams or
penetrate into the soil.
Types of precipitation
1.Drizzle , 4.Sleet
2.Rain 5.Snow
3.Freezing rain 6.Hail
 Interception
• Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the
soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves and branches of
plants and the forest floor.
 Infiltration
•Some precipitation seeps into the groundwater and is stored in layers of
rock below the surface of the Earth.
• This water stays there for varying amounts of time. Some water may
evaporate into the hydrologic cycle within days, while other water will stay
in the ground for centuries or more.
• This process of precipitation seeping into the groundwater is called
infiltration. It is measured in inches per hour or millimeters per hour. It is
measured using infiltrometer.
 RUN-OFF
• Runoff is precipitation that did not get absorbed into the soil,
or did not evaporate. Runoff causes erosion, and also carry
chemicals and substances on the ground surface.
 Storage
• There are three basic water storage places: in
• atmosphere, on earth’s surface, and in the ground. Surface
storage places are: ocean, lake, reservoirs, glaciers.
• Underground storage occurs in soil, in the cracks of rocks etc.
 Ecosystem
• All the organisms in a
community plus abiotic
factors
– ecosystems are
transformers of energy
& processors of matter
• Ecosystems are self-
sustaining
• What is needed?

 capture energy
 transfer energy
 cycle nutrients
 Ecosystem inputs

energy flows
constant input
of energy
through

nutrients cycle

Matter
Don’t cannot
forget
be created
the laws of or
Physics!
destroyed

nutrients inputs
can only  energy
cycle
biosphere  nutrients
 Nutrient cycle
• Nutrient cycling occurs at the
local level through the action
of the biota.
• Nutrient cycling occurs at the
global level through geological
processes, such as,
atmospheric circulation,
erosion and weathering.
• Nutrient cycling is the
biogeochemical process of
moving organic and inorganic
through the environment.
Nutrient cycles help soils and
the life in soils receive their
needed nutrients on a daily
basis.
Generalized
Nutrient
cycling consumers

producers
consumers

decomposers
decomposers
nutrients
ENTERnutrients
FOOD CHAIN
made available
= made available
to producers
to producers
return to
Decomposition abiotic
reservoir
connects all abiotic
abiotic
trophic levels reservoir
reservoir

geologic
geologic
processes
processes
 Nutrient cycle
 The atoms of earth and life are the same; they just find themselves
in different places at different times.
 Most of the calcium in your bones came from cows, who got it from
corn, which took it from rocks that were once formed in the sea.
 The path atoms take from the living (biotic) to the non-living
(abiotic) world and back again is called a biogeochemical cycle.
 The cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem are interlinked by an a
number of processes that move atoms from and through organisms
and to and from the atmosphere, soil and/or rocks, and water.
 C, H & O basic elements of life; making up from about 98% of plant
biomass.
 CO2 and O2 enter biota from the atmosphere.
 Producers convert CO2 and H2O into carbohydrates (CH2O
compounds) and release O2 from water.
 Producers, consumers and decomposers convert CH2O compounds,
using O2, back into CO2 and H2O.
 Carbon cycle
Carbon cycle is a biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged
among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and the
atmosphere of the earth.
It is a combined
processes, including
photosynthesis,
decomposition, and
respiration, where carbon
is the component of
various compound cycles
between its major
reservoirs- the
atmosphere, oceans and
living organisms.
 Carbon cycle
• CO2 exchanges between water and the atmosphere
• dissolves from the atmosphere into water (the hydrosphere)
• rises out of water into the atmosphere
• Plants use CO2 from the atmosphere to make glucose sugar
(C6H12O6)
 Carbon cycle

Carbon fixation: When CO2

leaves the atmosphere and
enters the biosphere (usually
photosynthesis)

• Carbon compounds are released

through solid waste into land and
water (the lithosphere and
hydrosphere)
 Carbon cycle
• Decomposition: Carbon is
decomposed (by bacteria and
other decomposers) into soil
• When plants and animals die, the
carbon in their bodies may be
turned into fossil fuels
• Under the right heat and pressure
 Carbon cycle
• Burning of fossil fuels: We can burn these fossils and use the energy
from them as fuel (coal, oil, and natural gas)
• CO2 is released when they are burnt
• Pollution - CO2 from the burnt fuels is released back into the
atmosphere
 Nitrogen cycle

• Nitrogen (N2) makes up 78% of

the atmosphere.
• Most living things, however,
cannot use atmospheric
nitrogen to make amino-acids
and other nitrogen containing
compounds.
• They are dependent on
nitrogen fixing bacteria to
convert N2 into NH3(NH4+).
• Biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted in to various
chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere, terrestrial and
marine ecosystems.
Nitrogen cycle
Nitrogen cycle
 Nitrogen cycle
• Human increase rate of nitrogen loss by clearing the forest and
grasslands.
• Human increases the nitrogen in water and air by using fertilizers
and by burning fossil fuels. Nitrogen enters the atmosphere as
pollution from our factories. Lithosphere to atmosphere.
• Too much or too little nitrogen can compromise plant health.
Significances
Consequences of population growth
Consequences of population growth
Consequences of population growth
Consequences of population growth
Consequences of population growth
 Consequences of air pollution
• CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but it also partially restricts
infrared radiation going back from the earth into space, which
produces the so- called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic
cooling of the Earth during the night. CO2 in atmosphere -->
GLOBAL WARMING
• The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen
oxides and sulphur oxides in the air. The water droplets combine
with these pollutants, become acidic and fall as acid rain which
damages human, animal and plant life.
• Air pollution is a risk for all-cause mortality as well as specific
diseases. The specific disease outcomes most strongly linked with
exposure to air pollution include stroke, ischaemic heart disease,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, pneumonia,
and cataract (household air pollution only).
 Consequences of Water pollution
• The waste we dump on water bodies gets accumulated on the
surface water and ground water, this will contaminate crops and
cause diseases to consumers and farm workers. Deposition of
deleterious chemicals also to loss of soil fertility.
• Ecosystem is destroyed by raising temperature in water, as coral
reefs are affected by the bleaching effect due to warmer
temperature.
• Contaminated water causes health problems like cancer,
reproductive problems, diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid,
hepatitis A, polio etc. Also kills life on water bodies.
• Treatment of contaminated water and improvement of water
quality are expensive and not adversely affects economy of a
country.
 Consequences of land pollution
• Soil pollution (which leads to a loss of fertile land for
agriculture),
• change in climate patterns (unseasonal weather activity, acid
rain, disastrous problems, including flash floods and irregular
rainfalls, etc) ,
• causes air pollution,
• Environmental impact (global warming & green house gases),
• affect human health,
• distraction of tourist,
• affects wildlife (endangerment and extinction of species in
wildlife), etc.