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IP is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that accepts data from upper layers and forwards it in packets using source and destination IP addresses. IP addresses identify interfaces and are divided into network and host portions. There are five classes of IP addresses with different network and host portions. Subnet masks define subnets by specifying the number of network bits in an IP address. ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for communication within a local Ethernet network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and uses a much larger 128-bit address space to avoid future address exhaustion issues.

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37 views2 pages

9

IP is a connectionless, best-effort protocol that accepts data from upper layers and forwards it in packets using source and destination IP addresses. IP addresses identify interfaces and are divided into network and host portions. There are five classes of IP addresses with different network and host portions. Subnet masks define subnets by specifying the number of network bits in an IP address. ARP resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for communication within a local Ethernet network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and uses a much larger 128-bit address space to avoid future address exhaustion issues.

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INTERNET PROTOCOL

IP as a Routed Protocol

IP is a connectionless, unreliable, best-effort delivery protocol.

IP accepts whatever data is passed down to it from the upper layers and forwards the data in
the form of IP Packets.

All the nodes are identified using an IP address.

Packets are delivered from the source to the destination using IP address

Packet Propagation

IP Address

IP address is for the INTERFACE of a host. Multiple interfaces mean multiple IP addresses, i.e.,
routers.

32 bit IP address in dotted-decimal notation for ease of reading, i.e., 193.140.195.66

Address 0.0.0.0, 127.0.0.1 and 255.255.255.255 carries special meaning.

IP address is divided into a network number and a host number.

Also bits in Network or Host Address cannot be all 0 or 1.

IP Address

IP Address Class A : Address begins with bit 0. It has 8 bit network number (range 0.0.0.0-to-
127.255.255.255), 24 bit host number.

Class B : Address begins with bits 10. It has 16 bit network number (range 128.0.0.0-
to191.255.255.255), 16 bit host number.

Class C : Address begins with bits 110. It has 24 bit network number (range 192.0.0.0-
to223.255.255.255), 8 bit host number.

Class D : Begins with 1110, multicast addresses (224.0.0.0-to-239.255.255.255)

Class E : Begins with 11110, unused

Internet Protocol

Subnet Mask

Internet Protocol

Consider IP address = 192.168.2.25

First few bits (left to right) identify network/subnet

Remaining bits identify host/interface Number of subnet bits is called subnet mask, e.g.
Subnet IP Address range is 192.168.2.0 – 192.168.2.255 or Mask = 255.255.255.0 Subnet IP
Address range is 192.168.2.0 – 192.168.2.15 or Mask = 255.255.255.240

IP Address, Subnet Mask and Gateway

IPAddress and Subnet Mask define the Subnet For Example IP address 172.31.1.0 and Subnet
Mask of 255.255.240.0 means that the subnet address ranges from 172.31.0.0 to 172.31.15.255

Another notation is 172.31.1.0/28

The first Address is the Network Address and the last Address is the Broadcast Address. They are
reserved and cannot be assigned to any node.

The Gateway Address is the Address of the router where the packet should be sent in case the
destination host does not belong to the same subnet Internet Protocol

IP Configuration of an Interface

ARP

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used in Ethernet Networks to find the MAC address of a
node given its IP address.

Source node (say 192.168.2.32) sends broadcast message (ARP Request) on its subnet asking
``Who is 192.168.2.33’’.

All computers on subnet receive this request Destination responds (ARP Reply) since it has
192.168.2.33 Provides its MAC address in response

Internet Protocol

IPv6

Internet Protocol Version 4 is the most popular protocol in use today, although there are some
questions about its capability to serve the Internet community much longer.

IPv4 was finished in the 1970s and has started to show its age.

The main issue surrounding IPv4 is addressing—or, the lack of addressing—because many
experts believe that we are nearly out of the four billion addresses available in IPv4.

Although this seems like a very large number of addresses, multiple large blocks are given to
government agencies and large organizations.

IPv6 could be the solution to many problems posed by IPv4

Internet Protocol

IPv6 IPv6 uses 128 bit address instead of 32 bit address.

The IPv6 addresses are being distributed and are supposed to be used based on geographical
location.

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