Name: Anthony Gerges Date: December 10th, 2020

Student Exploration: Covalent (aka Molecular) Bonds

Vocabulary: covalent bond, diatomic molecule, Lewis diagram, molecule, noble gases,
nonmetal, octet rule, shell, valence, valence electron

Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

1. There are eight markers in a full set, but Flora and Frank each only have seven markers.
Flora is missing the red marker, and Frank is missing the blue marker.
What can they do so that each has a full set of markers?

Frank can share his red marker, and Flora can share her blue marker.

2. Otto and Olivia each have six markers. Otto is missing the purple and green markers, and
Olivia is missing the black and brown markers. What can they do so that each has a full set?

Otto can share his black, and brown markers, and Olivia can share her purple and green
markers.

Gizmo Warm-up
Just like the students described above, nonmetal atoms
can share electrons. As you will see in the Covalent Bonds
Gizmo, atoms form bonds in this way.

To begin, check that Fluorine is selected from the Select a

1. The outermost electrons in each atom are called

valence electrons. How many valence electrons does each fluorine atom have?

They each have 7 valence electrons.

2. Click Pause ( ). Drag an electron from the left atom to the right atom. Click Play.

What happens? The two atoms connect, and orbit the nucleus

3. Click Pause, drag an electron from the right atom to the left, and then click Play.

What happens now? Two electrons orbit the two atoms.

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 Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity A:
• Click Reset.
Sharing electrons • Select Hydrogen.

Introduction: The electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom are arranged into shells. The first
shell contains up to two electrons and the second contains up to eight electrons. Most elements
are stable when they have eight valence electrons—a rule of thumb known as the octet rule.
(Elements with less than five electrons are stable with two valence electrons.)

Question: What happens when atoms share electrons?

Atoms covalently bond with each other to become more stable by sharing their valence
electrons.

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1. Predict: Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron, but it needs two electrons to be
stable. How can both hydrogen atoms each achieve a stable configuration?

If they share their valence electrons with each other then it becomes H2 which is
stable.

2. Form a bond: Drag the electrons so that they move around both hydrogen atoms. Click Play
to observe them in orbit, and then click Check. You have created a covalent bond.

Congratulations, you have completed a molecule of hydrogen! Because the molecule has
two atoms, it is a diatomic molecule. Click the camera ( ) icon to take a snapshot of your
completed molecule. Right-click the image, and click Copy Image. Paste the image into a
blank document and label the image “H2.”

H2

3.Draw a diagram: Covalent bonds are shown in Lewis diagrams. In a Lewis diagram, dots
represent unshared valence electrons and dashes represent pairs of shared electrons.

Turn on Show Lewis diagram. What is the Lewis diagram for hydrogen, H2? H-H

4.Form a bond: Now select Fluorine and create a molecule of fluorine, F2. Take a snapshot of
this molecule and add it to your document. (Be sure to label each molecule you add.)

F2

What is the Lewis diagram for fluorine, F2?

It’s similar, because in both cases something is shared. It’s different, because the
shared electron pair is common to the two atoms and holds them together.

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 Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity B:
• Click Reset.
Building • Turn off Show Lewis diagram.
molecules • Select Oxygen.

Question: How do atoms share more than one pair of electrons?

1. Observe: Like fluorine and most other elements, oxygen atoms are most stable with a full
complement of eight valence electrons.

A. How many valence electrons does each oxygen atom have now?
8 valence electrons.

B. How many more electrons does each oxygen atom need to be stable?
2 valence electrons.

2. Form a bond: Drag electrons back and forth until the molecule of oxygen (O2) is stable. Click
Check to confirm your molecule is stable. Take a snapshot and paste the image into your
document (don’t forget to label it “O2”).

How many pairs of shared electrons are there in a stable molecule of oxygen? There are 4
shared electrons.

3. Draw a diagram: Draw a Lewis diagram of the oxygen molecule in the space below at left.
To check your work, turn on Show Lewis diagram. Draw the correct diagram on the right.

Actual:

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4. Practice: Create covalent bonds and stable molecules for the remaining substances. Take a
snapshot of each completed molecule and add it to your document. Draw Lewis diagrams
for each one. (As above, draw the diagram on your own before checking your work.)

Nitrogen

Ammonia
Chlorine

Water

Methane
Carbon dioxide

Formaldehyde

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Activity B (continued from previous page)

5. Count: Review the Lewis diagrams you drew on the previous page. Note that each element
tends to form a certain number of chemical bonds. This value is the valence of the element.

For each element in the table below, use the Gizmo to find the number of valence electrons
and the list the valence based on the Lewis diagram. Then find the sum of these numbers.

# of valence
Element Symbol Valence Sum
electrons
Fluorine F 7 1 8
Hydrogen H 1 1 2
Oxygen O 6 2 8
Nitrogen N 5 3 8
Chlorine Cl 7 1 8
Carbon C 4 4 8

6. Make a rule: If you knew the number of valence electrons in a nonmetal atom, how would
you determine the valence of the element? (Hint: Ignore hydrogen for now.)

Valency+valence electrons=8(stability)

7. Analyze: The first shell can hold a maximum of two electrons. How does this explain the
valence of hydrogen?
It explains it, because already has one electron and it needs one more.

8. Apply: Selenium has six valence electrons. What is the valence of selenium? 2

9. Think and discuss: The last column of the periodic table contains the noble gases,
elements that do not easily form chemical bonds.

Why don’t these gases tend to form chemical bonds?